SeaCause cruise SO186-2, aboard the RV Sonne, was carried out off northern Sumatra between 21st January and 24th February 2006, with mobilisation and demobilisation in Singapore and Penang, Malaysia, respectively. The geophysical survey acquired multichannel seismic data (MCS) using a 240 channel, 3 km Sercel streamer, and a tuned airgun array comprising 16 airguns with a total capacity of 50.8 litres. Bathymetry data, using the 12 kHz Simrad swath system, subseabed data using the hull mounted high resolution Parasound profiler together with gravity and magnetic data were also acquired. The main scientific objective of the survey was to investigate the southern part of the rupture zone of the 26th December 2004 9.3 magnitude earthquake, that caused the catastrophic tsunami of that date, and the rupture zone of the 8.7 magnitude earthquake of March 28th 2005. Specifically, to identify the segment boundary between the two earthquakes, as recognised by the distribution of their aftershocks. This was to be achieved by mapping the structure of the subduction zone including the dip angle of the subducted plate, the architecture of the accretionary prism and the structure of the forearc basins, particularly their strike-slip fault systems. Also to be investigated was whether there was a contribution to the 2004 tsunami from major submarine failures. During the survey a total of 5358 line kilometres of MCS data were acquired, mainly on lines oriented orthogonal to the subduction zone and extending from the ocean basin across the trench and accretionary prism to the forearc basins offshore Sumatra. The orthogonal survey lines were located on average approximately 40 km apart. The survey was planned using the bathymetry from the HMS Scott, RV Natsushima and RV Sonne cruises carried out in 2004. The morphology of the trench and sediment thickness varies from north to south. In the north the trench is poorly defined with shallow seabed dip but with sediment thickness of ~3.5 secs (TWT). The seafloor dips increase southwards, but sediment thickness decreases to ~2.5 secs (TWT) off Nias. Both the ocean basin and trench sediments are dissected by numerous normal faults, oriented subparallel to the plate boundary, with many that penetrate the oceanic crust. In the south Fracture Zones were identified. The structure of the deformation front on the seaward margin of the accretionary prism is highly variable. While the younges main thrust are predominantly landward vergent there are examples for seaward verging thrusts. The frontal fold develops in some cases already in the french while in most cases the frontal fold is at the beginning of the accretionary wedge. At some locations there are large sediment slumps on the frontal thrusts, the slope angle of the prism varies between 6 to 15 degrees, an angle that explains the large scale slumping. The width of the accretionary prism is widest in the north of the area at 140 km and narrows southwards until in the vicinity of the islands it is 40 km. In the north and central parts of the survey area the passage from the deformation front landwards into the older prism is rapid and the seabed gradients steep. The dip of the oceanic crust remains low and there is an obvious twofold increase (6-7 seconds TWT) in the sediment thickness. The basal decollement of the thrusts at the deformation front is in the lower sediment layer overlying oceanic basement. This is traced northeastward. A possible explanation for the increase in thickness of the prism is therefore considered to be the formation of a thrust duplex. Perhaps this is due to the subducted sediment thickness. In this region the prism forms a plateau and the internal pattern of the uppermost sediments shows striking similarities to the trench fill. Offshore of Simeulue Island the prism structure changes and it forms the more usually seen taper. The offscraped sediment forms a thinner section, the thrusts are more steeply dipping. The dip of the subducted plate here is greater than in the north. Three forearc basins were surveyed. In the north the western margin of the Aceh Basin lies along the West Andaman Fault. Within the main basin the sediments are internally undeformed. Farther south in the Simeulue Basin the northern and central parts there are numerous, active steeply dipping faults. In southern part of the basin there is a transpressional fault similarly to the Mentawi Fault off southern Sumatra. There are notable ‘bright spots’ in the upper section that may indicate the presence of hydrocarbon gas. There are also widespread Bottom Simulating Reflectors indication the presence of gashydrates and there may be also one double BSR. At the southern end of the surveyed area the Nias Basin may be subdivided along its length into two parts by a northnorthwest to southsoutheast trending carbonate platform development. The basin has had a varying subsidence history, in the south the subsidence was completed before the northern part started.
The SUMATRA cruise SO189 Leg 1, aboard the RV SONNE, was carried out off Sumatra between 3rd August and 3rd September 2006, with mobilisation in Penang, Malaysia and demobilisation in Jakarta, Indonesia, respectively. The survey was dedicated to marine geophysical measurements and acquired multichannel seismic data (MCS) using a 240 channel streamer, and a tuned airgun array comprising 16 airguns with a total capacity of 50.8 litres. Bathymetry data, using the 12 kHz Simrad swath system, sub-seabed data using the hull mounted high resolution PARASOUND profiler together with gravity (G) and magnetic (M) data were also acquired. Along two lines with a total length of ~ 390 km refraction/wide-angle seismic experiments were carried out. During the survey a total of 4,375 line kilometres of MCS, M and G data were acquired and an additional 990 km with M and G alone. The 41 MCS lines cover as close grid three fore-arc basins. Five lines extend nearly orthogonal to the subduction front and, thus, cover the whole subduction system from the adjacent oceanic plate, the trench and accretionary prism over the Outer Arc High to the forearm basins offshore Sumatra. The survey was planned using the bathymetry from the HMS SCOTT, RV NATSUSHIMA, RV MARION DUFRESNE and RV SONNE cruises carried out in 2004, 2005 and 2006. The main scientific objective of the project SUMATRA is to determine or estimate the hydrocarbon (HC) system (source rocks, HC generation, HC migration and reservoir rocks) of the Sumatra fore-arc region (mainly the fore-arc basins). Cruise SO189 Leg 1 was designed to investigate the architecture, sedimentary thickness, sedimentary evolution and subsidence history of the fore-arc basins Siberut, Nias and Simeulue off Sumatra. In the Simeulue Basin it was possible to connect the seismic lines to three industry wells and to correlate the seismic horizons to the results from the wells. The Simeulue Basin is divided into a northern and southern sub-basin. Carbonate build-ups were found in the northern sub-basin only on the very shallow shelf in the north-east. The maximum thickness was determined to be ~ 3 s TWT. In the southern sub-basin carbonate build-ups (which were already identified on some lines of the SEACAUSE project), bright spots and Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs) are wide spread. The narrowest basin surveyed was the Nias Basin. As the Simeulue Basin the Nias Basin is divided into two sub-basins which are separated by a structural high. Although the basin has a maximum width of only 55 km the maximum sediment thickness exceeds 5 s TWT. The largest fore-arc basin is the Siberut Basin. It extends from the equator to ~ 5°S over 550 km and has a maximum width of 140 km between the island of Siberut and Sumatra. The maximum sediment thickness in this basin is 4.8 s TWT. The basin geometry is uniform along its axis. At the basins termination on the western side to the Outer Arc High the Mentawai Fault Zone could be traced. The geometry of this major fault changes significantly along strike. In some areas it is traceable as one single fold whereas in other areas it spreads in up to three different branches indicating splay faults originating from a main fault. In the Siberut Basin BSRs are very wide spread and very good recognizable over the Mentawai Fault Zone. Along the Mentawai Fault and along the eastern rim of the basin the seismic data show strong indications for active venting. The morphology of the Sunda Trench and its sedimentary cover varies from north to south. In the north the trench is poorly defined with shallow seabed dip but with sediment thickness of ~ 3.5 s TWT. The seafloor dips increase southwards, but sediment thickness decreases to ~ 2.5 s TWT off Nias. Both the ocean basin and trench sediments are dissected by numerous normal faults with a maximum displacement of 0.6 s TWT. Along strike the deformation front between Nias and Siberut displays several incipient folds. As offshore northern Sumatra, both landward (BGR06-228) and seaward verging folds (BGR06-227) are developed at the deformation front. For the first time landward verging folds have now been imaged in this domain of the Sunda subduction zone. In contrary to first thoughts during the expedition SO186-2 SEACAUSE, landward verging folds are not limited to the area off Aceh. Two refraction lines were acquired parallel to the subduction front at 2°30'N and 1°30'S approximately 40 - 50 km seaward of Simeulue and Siberut Island, respectively. The lines were designed to identify the segment boundaries in the subduction system as well as to detect and decipher the subducted aseismic Investigator Ridge. The gravity data set consists now of over 38,000 line km (combining the GINCO, SEACAUSE I and II and the SUMATRA data). With this it was possible to compile a map of the free-air gravity from the northern tip of Sumatra (~ 6°30'N/95°E) to Mid Java( ~8°30'S/110°E). Gravity modelling in parallel with refraction seismic data interpretation was carried along two lines during the cruise. The preliminary results show that the incoming oceanic plate is unusual thin both in the north off Simeulue (6 km) and in the south off Nias (5 km).
In the scope of International Geoscientific Programs and in close cooperation with PETRONAS, Malaysia, and in agreement with the Bureau of Mineral Resources (BMR) and the Bureau of Energy Development (BED), Manila, the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) carried out a geophysical survey on the continental margin off Sabah during the period from 20th July to 10th August, 1986, and in the Northwestern Sulu Sea during the period from 12th August to 28th August, 1986, using the PRAKLA-SEISMOS vessel EXPLORA chartered by the BGR. The research cruise is a continuation of BGR’s marine geoscientific studies in the South China Sea and in the Sulu Sea with the German research vessels VALDIVIA (1977), SONNE (1982/83) and EXPLORA (1984). The previous investigations provided new information regarding the geological and tectonic history of the southern part of the South China Sea in the context of plate tectonics. According to the interpretation of the large amount of geophysical, geological and geochemical data collected by BGR on previous cruises the widely accepted hypotheses of the presence of an ancient subduction zone beneath the Sabah-Palawan Trough has to be revised. The main objective of the EXPLORA cruise was to search for an Oligocene-Early Miocene carbonate platform off Sabah and in the western Sulu Sea. On the continental margin off Sabah 27 lines were surveyed with gravity and multichannel reflection seismics and partly with magnetics, with a total length of 3,126 km. A strong reflector interpreted as reflector BLUE of previous BGR cruises off Palawan was recognizable beneath the Sabah Trough in depth between 4 and 7 sec (TWT). The isochrones of the reflector strike approximately 50°N. The surface of the reflector dips with 2 to 3 degree towards southeast. Toward the north-western part of the Sabah Trough the reflector is disrupted by a basement high. According to the preliminary interpretation of the gravity data, the prominent free-air anomaly associated with the Sabah Trough and adjacent areas has the same shape as the anomaly observed across the Palawan Trough. Therefore it is concluded that the Sabah Trough is underlain by a thinned continental crust.
The main objectives of the BGR cruise BGR01 POPSCOMS (Properties of a Gas Hydrate Province on a Subduction-Collision Related Margin off Sabah) off Sabah/Malaysia with M/V AKADEMIK NEMCHINOV from 4th November to 3rd December 2001 in co-operation with PETRONAS Malaysia are the research on (1) Marine Methane Gas Hydrates: Detection, distribution and formation; relation to the adjacent highly productive "conventional" gas province in the specific tectonic setting of the collisional belt off Sabah. (2) Tectonic development of the (accretionary) margin off Sabah: Improve the tectonic stratigraphic hypothesis of the subducted Proto-South-China-Sea and continental crust under the accretionary wedge, respectively in the subducted plate. Open questions and targets of the survey: Within the help of the already existing magnetic data and other seismic measurement methods (e.g. special refraction seismic with ocean-bottom hydrophones [OBH], which presumably is an exellent and adequate method) we try to discern between oceanic and continental crust in the subducted plate, to investigate the nature of the transition and get information on the subduction angle. This is important in relation to the Cagayan Ridge (Sulu Sea) that is interpreted as an island arc that is related to the subduction of the proto-South China Sea. Another aim was to enable the determination of seismic anisotropy, distribution of BSR's and hydrates in the area and their v(p) to v(s) ratios. Are the gas hydrates related to the adjacent highly productive "conventional" gas province? What is the structural character of the transition zone between the hydrate province and the adjacent conventional gas bearing province further up-slope? Conversely, are there indication for a possible deepwater source? Can initial conclusions be drawn regarding their biogenic or thermogenic origin? Is there an impact of sedimentation conditions, compressional behaviour (e.g. at active margins) and/or structural properties on the genesis and stability of gas hydrates and BSRs (Bottom Simulating Reflectors)? How do the findings under different conditions compare in that regard? Which are the favorable conditions for the genesis of gas hydrates, and can they be detected by geophysical methods even if there are no BSR's? The findings are expected to provide a contribution to the assessment of the deepwater hydrocarbon potential along the continental margin off Sabah. Results: In the study area the BSRs were identified on the base of their polarity reversal with respect to the seafloor and when they transect reflectors from the strata. The widely distributed BSRs along the seismic lines of the survey deliver an indirect indicator for the presence of gas hydrates in the study area (BSR's in post Miocene sediments). The BSR depths below seafloor vary between 250 and 350 m. Differences in the reflection coefficient of the BSRs are mainly related to the amount of free gas beneath the Gas Hydrate Stability Zone.
Am 28. Januar 2011 zeichneten die unabhängige entwicklungspolitische Organisation „Erklärung von Bern“ und Greenpeace Schweiz parallel zum Jahrestreffen des Weltwirtschaftsforums (WEF) in Davos zwei Unternehmen mit dem Public Eye Awards 2011 aus. Mit dem Schmähpreis werden Unternehmen, die exemplarisch für WEF-Mitglieder und Unternehmen stehen, für besonders menschen- und umweltverachtende Geschäftspraktiken prämiert. Der Publikumspreis ging via Internet-Voting an den finnischen Energiekonzern Neste Oil. Die Nichtregierungsorganisationen werfen dem finnischen Unternehmen Neste Oil vor, verantwortlich für Landnahme, Vertreibung von Menschen und die Zerstörung von Regenwald und Mooren vornehmlich in Malaysia und Indonesien ist. Den Jurypreis erhielt der südafrikanische Minenkonzern AngloGold Ashanti. Dem Bergbau-Unternehmen werfen die EvB und Greenpeace die Verschmutzung und Austrocknung von Flüssen sowie Vergiftung von Menschen und Land beim Goldabbau in Ghana und Menschenrechtsverletzungen vor.
Am 25.Mai 2010 sind der in Malaysia registrierte Öltanker Bunga Kelana 3 und das im Inselstaat Vincent und die Grenadinen registrierte Frachtschiff MV Wally zusammengestoßen. 2000 Tonnen Öl liefen ins Meer. Der Zusammenstoß ereignete sich in der Straße von Singapur, 13 km südöstlich des Luftwaffenstützpunktes Changi Air Base East.
Stromerzeugungsmix in Malaysia, Daten nach #1
Stromerzeugungsmix in Malaysia, Daten nach #1
Im Königreich Thailand fand vom 27. bis zum 29. Januar 2010 die erste asiatische Ministerkonferenz zum Schutz der Tiger im Badeort Hua Hin statt. An dem Treffen nahmen Regierungsvertreter, Tierschützer und Wissenschaftler aus 13 Ländern (China, Thailand und Kambodscha, Bangladesch, Bhutan, Indien, Indonesien, Laos, Malaysia, Birma, Nepal, Russland und Vietnam) teil um über die Rettungsmöglichkeiten für die Großkatzen zu beraten. Das erklärte Ziel der Konferenz ist es, die Anzahl der wildlebenden Tiger bis zum Jahr 2022 durch geeignete Schutzmaßnahmen zu verdoppeln.
Stromerzeugungsmix in Malaysien, Daten nach #1
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