Swath sonar bathymetry data used for that dataset was recorded during RV MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM51/1 using Kongsberg EM1002 multibeam echosounder. The cruise took place between 01.02.2016 and 27.02.2016 in the Baltic Sea. The cruise aimed to perform seismo- and hydroacoustic surveys, sampling of Holocene sediments and to investigate the water column wintertime mixing close to sea-ice limits. These surveys improved the understanding of variations in the ventilation of the deeper Baltic, considering not only external climate forcing but also the effects of postglacial sealevel rise and isostatic uplift [CSR]. CI Citation: Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de) as responsible party for bathymetry raw data ingest and approval. During the MSM51-1 cruise, the moonpooled KONGSBERG EM1002 multibeam echosounder (MBES) was utilized to perform bathymetric mapping in shallow depths. 111 beams are formed for each ping while the seafloor is detected using amplitude and phase information for each beam sounding. For further information on the system, consult https://www.km.kongsberg.com/. Postprocessing and products were conducted by the Seafloor-Imaging & Mapping group of MARUM/FB5, responsible person Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de). The open source software MB-System (Caress, D. W., and D. N. Chayes, MB-System: Mapping the Seafloor, https://www.mbari.org/products/research-software/mb-system, 2017) was utilized for this purpose. A sound velocity correction profile was applied to the MSM51-1 data; there were no further corrections for roll, pitch and heave applied during postprocessing. A tide correction was applied, based on the Oregon State University (OSU) tidal prediction software (OTPS) that is retrievable through MB-System. CTD measurements during the cruise were sufficient to represent the changes in the sound velocity throughout the study area. Using Mbeditviz, artefacts were cleaned manually. NetCDF (GMT) grids of the edited data as well as statistics were created with mbgrid. The published bathymetric EM1002 grid of the cruise MSM51-1 has a resolution of 15 m. No total propagated uncertainty (TPU) has been calculated to gather vertical or horizontal accuracy. A higher resolution is, at least partly, achievable. The grid extended with _num represents a raster dataset with the statistical number of beams/depths taken into account to create the depth of the cell. The extended _sd -grid contains the standard deviation for each cell. The DTMs projections are given in Geographic coordinate system Lat/Lon; Geodetic Datum: WGS84.
Salt marshes along the Wadden Sea coast are often shaped by anthropogenic alterations to their hydrology and sedimentation. To investigate the effects of hydrological restoration through summer dike openings on soil carbon storage capacities, soil samples were collected from four study sites along the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea coast, Germany. Each site featured restored areas, i.e., former summer polders reconnected to tidal exchange, and reference salt marshes adjacent to the polders. The polders varied in restoration age, i.e., 0 (control, not restored), 8, 14, and 28 years, forming a chronosequence for temporal analysis, while the reference salt marshes remained unchanged. Soil samples were taken along transects that represented different marsh zones, including pioneer, lower salt marsh, and upper salt marsh. The soil samples covered soil layers down to a depth of 100 cm and were collected in five sections of 20 cm using an Edelman corer. Total carbon, organic carbon, and inorganic carbon were analyzed using CN-elementary analysis and calcimeter methods. This dataset provides valuable insights into the potential of hydrological restoration measures to enhance soil carbon sequestration in salt marshes.
Low-lying coral reef islands harbour a distinct, yet highly threatened biological and cultural diversity that is increasingly exposed to climate change impacts. The combination of low elevation, small size, sensitivity to changes in boundary conditions (sea level, waves and currents, locally generated sediment supply) and at some locations high population densities, is why low-lying reef islands (LRIs) are considered among the most vulnerable environments on Earth to climate change. To date, their global distribution and influence of climatic, oceanographic, and geologic setting are only poorly documented or restricted to smaller scales. Here, I present the first detailed global analysis of LRIs utilising freely available global datasets to produce a global reef island database (GRID) and associated intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics that can be used within a coastal vulnerability index (CVI). All datasets used to create the GRID were released between 30 November 2015 and 3 August 2023, while the current version of the GRID database was completed in November 2024. When developing the GRID, LRIs are defined as landmasses <30 km² located on or within 1 km of coral reef and with an elevation of <16 m. Development of the GRID required: 1) the creation of a global shoreline vector file containing the geographic distribution of LRIs and 2) the development of a comprehensive global database of LRIs including eight intrinsic and ten extrinsic variables extracted from global datasets. Intrinsic variables include: 1) human populations, 2) island area, 3) island perimeter, 4) mean elevation, 5) island circularity/shape, 6) underlying reef type, 7) geographic isolation and 8) distance to the nearest neighbouring reef island. Extrinsic variables include: 1) mean water depth, 2) standard deviation of mean water depth, 3) mean annual significant wave height, 4) mean annual wave period, 5) mean spring tidal range, 6) relative tidal range, 7) wave-tide regime, 8) relative wave exposure, 9) relative tropical storm exposure and 10) year-2100 projected median sea level rise rate. The GRID was initially derived from version 2.1 of the UNEP-WCMC Global Island Database, a global shoreline vector file based on geometry data from Open Street Map® (OSM) and released in November 2015. The initial vector file was projected using the Mollweide projection, an equal-area pseudo cylindrical map projection chosen for its accurate derivation of area, especially in regions close to the equator, where most LRIs are located. The final GRID contains 34,404 individual LRIs distributed throughout tropical regions of the world's oceans, amassing a total land area of nearly 11,000 km² with approximately 60,740 km of shoreline and housing around 2.6 million people. While intrinsic variables are typically spatially homogenous, LRIs are generally highly spatially clustered throughout the GRID with respect to extrinsic variables. The spatial distribution of LRIs within the GRID was validated using: 1) published data and 2) quantitative accuracy assessments using satellite imagery. Spatial distributions of LRIs captured in the GRID are extremely consistent with those published in the literature (r² = 0.96) and those derived from independent analysis of satellite imagery (r² = 0.94). Finally, the GRID was used to develop an island vulnerability index (IVI) for each LRI on a scale of 0-1 with 0 representing no vulnerability and 1 representing maximum vulnerability. The GRID database is provided as a tab-delimited text file as well as ESRI shapefiles (points and polygons in WGS84 and Mollweide projection) and a comma-separated value file.
Veranlassung
Vor dem Hintergrund verschiedener WSV-Anfragen zur Beratung in wasserwirtschaftlichen Fragestellungen in Tieflandregionen mit Bundeswasserstraßen (Eider, NOK, obere Havel) versucht die BfG seit einigen Jahren über Vorstudien/Einzelprojekte das erforderliche Wissen für die WSV-Auftragsbearbeitung scheibchenweise zu generieren und Schritt für Schritt Verständnislücken für die modelltechnische Abbildung des Wasser- und Bodenhaushalts zu schließen. So ist ein Strauß an Erkenntnissen und Modellen/Methoden entstanden bzw. noch am Entstehen.
Die Bundeswasserstraßen im Norden Deutschlands (wie zum Beispiel der NOK und die nördlich angrenzende Eider) stehen vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels und des gesellschaftlichen Wandels vor großen zukünftigen Herausforderungen. Der steigende Meeresspiegelanstieg reduziert die Möglichkeiten zur Ableitung von Wasser aus dem Einzugsgebiet im Freigefälle. Eine veränderte Niederschlagsverteilung über das Jahr mit ausgeprägteren Feucht- und Trockenzeiten erfordert eine angepasste Bewirtschaftung (in Form von Be- und Entwässerung) und Moorböden verlangen aus Sicht des Klimaschutzes nach einer anderen Form der Kultivierung. Eine veränderte Wasserbewirtschaftung des Einzugsgebietes, die diese Aspekte mit einbezieht, Ersatzbauten für marode wasserbauliche Anlagen, Neubauten von Pumpwerken, eine Veränderung der Vorflut - all dies sind Optionen, die durchdacht, modelliert und hinsichtlich ihrer Wirksamkeit bewertet werden müssen. Dies sind die gegenwärtigen Fragestellungen der WSV für die nachfolgend näher charakterisierten Gebiete, zu deren Beantwortung die BfG im Rahmen ihrer Beratungsaufträge Fachbeiträge liefern muss. Voraussetzung dafür ist in einem ersten Schritt, den Wasserhaushalt und die Wasserbewirtschaftung modelltechnisch ausreichend detailliert und belastbar abzubilden.
Nord-Ostsee-Kanal (NOK)
Der NOK verbindet als BWaStr. auf einer Länge von ca. 100 km die Nordsee über die Unterelbe bei Brunsbüttel mit der Ostsee in der Kieler Förde. Neben seiner Hauptfunktion als Schifffahrtsstraße dient er auch zur Entwässerung des umgebenden Einzugsgebietes. Mit einem Einzugsgebiet von ca. 1530 km² ist der NOK der größte künstliche Vorfluter Schleswig-Holsteins.
Eider
Das ca. 2000 km² große Einzugsgebiet der Eider befindet sich im norddeutschen Tiefland nördlich des NOK und ist hydrologisch und wasserwirtschaftlich dominiert durch die Gezeiten der Nordsee und anthropogenen Steuerungen eines komplexen Entwässerungssystems bestehend aus Längs- und Quergräben, Wehren, Sielen und Schöpfwerken.
Obere Havel
Das obere Havelgebiet (Einzugsgebietsfläche bis zur Schleuse Spandau 3500 km²) ist ebenfalls eine Tieflandregion im Nordosten Deutschlands. Im Unterschied zum Eider- und NOK-Gebiet gibt es hier eine Vielzahl an durchflossenen Seen und die Havel selbst weitet sich an vielen Stellen seenartig auf. Damit kommt der Gewässerverdunstung ebenso wie der Interaktion zwischen Grundwasser- und Oberflächengewässer eine besonders große Bedeutung zu.