Der View Service stellt Anlagen nach Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz (BImSchG) im Land Brandenburg dar. Datenquelle ist das Anlageninformationssystem LIS-A. Die Anlagen werden zum einen gruppiert nach Anlagenarten 1. Ordnung (ohne Anlagenteile), zum anderen nach Tierhaltungs- und Aufzuchtanlagen, nach Blockheizkraftwerken und nach großen Feuerungsanlagen. Die BImSchG-Anlagen 1. Ordnung werden unterschieden nach: - Wärmeerzeugung, Bergbau und Energie (Nr. 1) - Steine und Erden, Glas, Keramik, Baustoffe (Nr. 2) - Stahl, Eisen und sonstige Metalle einschließlich Verarbeitung (Nr. 3) - Chemische Erzeugnisse, Arzneimittel, Mineralölraffination und Weiterverarbeitung (Nr. 4) - Oberflächenbehandlung mit organischen Stoffen, Herstellung von bahnenförmigen Materialien aus - Kunststoffen, sonstige Verarbeitung von Harzen und Kunststoffen (Nr. 5) - Holz, Zellstoff (Nr. 6) - Nahrungs-, Genuss- und Futtermittel, landwirtschaftliche Erzeugnisse (Nr. 7) - Verwertung und Beseitigung von Abfällen und sonstigen Stoffen (Nr. 8) - Lagerung, Be- und Entladen von Stoffen und Gemischen (Nr. 9) - Sonstige Anlagen (Nr. 10) Die Tierhaltungs- und Aufzuchtanlagen werden gemäß 4. BImSchV unterteilt in: - Geflügel (Nr. 7.1.1 bis 7.1.4) - Rinder und Kälber (Nr. 7.1.5 und 7.1.6) - Schweine (Nr. 7.1.7 bis 7.1.9) - gemischte Bestände (Nr. 7.1.11) Die großen Feuerungsanlagen werden gemäß 4. BImSchV unterteilt in: - Wärmeerzeugung, Energie (Nr. 1.1, 1.4.1.1, 1.4.2.1) - Zementherstellung (Nr. 2.3.1) - Raffinerien (Nr. 4.1.12, 4.4.1) - Abfallverbrennung (Nr. 8.1.1.1, 8.1.1.3). Es werden nur Anlagen gemäß 13. und 17. BImSchV berücksichtigt. Die Blockheizkraftwerke werden hinsichtlich ihrer elektrischen Leistung unterschieden. Windkraftanlagen werden nicht dargestellt! Maßstab: 1:500000; Bodenauflösung: nullm; Scanauflösung (DPI): null
Der Download Service ermöglicht das Herunterladen von Geodaten zu Anlagen nach Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz (BImSchG) im Land Brandenburg. Datenquelle ist das Anlageninformationssystem LIS-A. Die Anlagen werden zum einen gruppiert nach Anlagenarten 1. Ordnung (ohne Anlagenteile), zum anderen nach Tierhaltungs- und Aufzuchtanlagen, nach Blockheizkraftwerken und nach großen Feuerungsanlagen. Die BImSchG-Anlagen 1. Ordnung werden unterschieden nach: - Wärmeerzeugung, Bergbau und Energie (Nr. 1) - Steine und Erden, Glas, Keramik, Baustoffe (Nr. 2) - Stahl, Eisen und sonstige Metalle einschließlich Verarbeitung (Nr. 3) - Chemische Erzeugnisse, Arzneimittel, Mineralölraffination und Weiterverarbeitung (Nr. 4) - Oberflächenbehandlung mit organischen Stoffen, Herstellung von bahnenförmigen Materialien aus - Kunststoffen, sonstige Verarbeitung von Harzen und Kunststoffen (Nr. 5) - Holz, Zellstoff (Nr. 6) - Nahrungs-, Genuss- und Futtermittel, landwirtschaftliche Erzeugnisse (Nr. 7) - Verwertung und Beseitigung von Abfällen und sonstigen Stoffen (Nr. 8) - Lagerung, Be- und Entladen von Stoffen und Gemischen (Nr. 9) - Sonstige Anlagen (Nr. 10) Die Tierhaltungs- und Aufzuchtanlagen werden gemäß 4. BImSchV unterteilt in: - Geflügel (Nr. 7.1.1 bis 7.1.4) - Rinder und Kälber (Nr. 7.1.5 und 7.1.6) - Schweine (Nr. 7.1.7 bis 7.1.9) - gemischte Bestände (Nr. 7.1.11) Die großen Feuerungsanlagen werden gemäß 4. BImSchV unterteilt in: - Wärmeerzeugung, Energie (Nr. 1.1, 1.4.1.1, 1.4.2.1) - Zementherstellung (Nr. 2.3.1) - Raffinerien (Nr. 4.1.12, 4.4.1) - Abfallverbrennung (Nr. 8.1.1.1, 8.1.1.3) Es werden nur Anlagen gemäß 13. und 17. BImSchV berücksichtigt. Die Blockheizkraftwerke werden hinsichtlich ihrer elektrischen Leistung unterschieden.
Der INSPIRE View Service stellt Anlagen nach Industrieemissions-Richtlinie (IED) im Land Brandenburg dar. Datenquelle ist das Anlageninformationssystem LIS-A. Die Anlagen werden in der Darstellung nach Kategorien von Tätigkeiten gemäß Artikel 10 der Richtlinie 2010/75/EU unterschieden: Energiewirtschaft (Nr. 1), Herstellung und Verarbeitung von Metallen (Nr. 2), Mineralverarbeitende Industrie (Nr. 3), Chemische Industrie (Nr. 4), Abfallbehandlung (Nr. 5), Intensivtierhaltung und -aufzucht (Nr. 6.6), Holz- und Papierherstellung (Nr. 6.1.a, 6.1.b), Sonstige Tätigkeiten (Nr. 6 außer 6.1.a, 6.1.b, 6.6). Maßstab: 1:500000; Bodenauflösung: nullm; Scanauflösung (DPI): null
Der interoprable INSPIRE-Viewdienst (WMS) Production and Industrial Facilities gibt einen Überblick über die Anlagen nach Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz (BImSchG) in Brandenburg. Der Datenbestand beinhaltet die Punktdaten zu BImSchG-Betriebsstätten und BImSchG-Anlagen (ohne Anlagenteile). Datenquelle ist das Anlageninformationssystem "LIS-A". Gemäß der INSPIRE-Datenspezifikation "Production and Industrial Facilities" (D2.8.III.8_v3.0) liegen die Inhalte der BImSchG-Anlagen INSPIREkonform vor. Der WMS beinhaltet 2 Layer: "ProductionFacility" (Betriebsstätte) und "ProductionInstallation" (Anlage). Der ProductionFacility-Layer wird gem. INSPIRE-Vorgaben nach Wirstschaftszweigen (BImSchG-Kategorie 1. Ordnung) untergliedert in: - PF.PowerGeneration: Wärmeerzeugung, Bergbau und Energie (BImSchG-Kategorie: Nr. 1) - PF.ConstructionMaterialProduction: Steine und Erden, Glas, Keramik, Baustoffe (BImSchG-Kategorie: Nr. 2) - PF.MetalProcessingAndProduction: Stahl, Eisen und sonstige Metalle einschließlich Verarbeitung (BImSchG-Kategorie: Nr. 3) - PF.ChemicalProcessing: Chemische Erzeugnisse, Arzneimittel, Mineralölraffination und Weiterverarbeitung (BImSchG-Kategorie: Nr. 4) - PF.PlasticsManufacturing: Oberflächenbehandlung mit organischen Stoffen, Herstellung von bahnenförmigen Materialien aus Kunststoffen, sonstige Verarbeitung von Harzen und Kunststoffen (BImSchGKategorie: Nr. 5) - PF.WoodAndPaperProcessing: Holz, Zellstoff (BImSchG-Kategorie: Nr. 6) - PF.FoodAndAgriculturalProduction: Nahrungs-, Genuss- und Futtermittel, landwirtschaftliche Erzeugnisse (BImSchG-Kategorie: Nr. 7) - PF.WasteProcessing: Verwertung und Beseitigung von Abfällen und sonstigen Stoffen(BImSchGKategorie: Nr. 8) - PF.MaterialStorage: Lagerung, Be- und Entladen von Stoffen und Gemischen(BImSchG-Kategorie: Nr. 9) - PF.OtherProcessing: Sonstige Anlagen (BImSchG-Kategorie: Nr. 10) Maßstab: 1:500000; Bodenauflösung: nullm; Scanauflösung (DPI): null
Bebauungspläne und Umringe der Gemeinde Heusweiler (Saarland), Ortsteil Obersalbach:Bebauungsplan "Metallbearbeitung Dahlem" der Gemeinde Heusweiler, Ortsteil Obersalbach
The regulations for backfilling of mining cavities and for landfilling contain concentration limits for the recovery of certain metals. The research project examined whether the applicable concentration limits could be reduced, whether further types of metal should be examined and limited, and whether the regulations should also be applied to the waste to be disposed of at landfills. The aim is to improve resource conservation by increasing the recovery of metals from waste, e.g. which would be irretrievably lost after the shift in mining cavities. Therefore the metal contents were investigated in quantity-relevant waste streams, their binding forms, suitable technical processing methods and the winning costs, in order to be able to evaluate in advance the effectiveness of possible limit value changes. Veröffentlicht in Texte | 75/2016.
In the project, it was determined that approximately 1000 plants for chromium plating and pickling of plastics are operated in Germany, in which PFOS has been mainly substituted by 6:2 FTS. Many process alternatives already exist for the use of wetting agents or Cr(VI). The results of the project can be used, among others, for the reporting obligations under the POPs Regulation and the exchange on Best Available Techniques at EU level. In the project, a comprehensive overview of the chromium-plating and plastic etching plants was collected. The aim of this research project was to determine the state of the art in chromium plating and plastic pickling as well as existing process alternatives. German version below Veröffentlicht in Texte | 13/2022.
Nicht Risiken, sondern nachhaltige Lösungen exportieren Das Umweltbundesamt (UBA) will Chemikalien international sicherer machen und schlägt eine globale Chemikalien-Strategie vor: „Produktion und Nutzung von Chemikalien sind in einer globalisierten Welt schon lange keine nationale Angelegenheit mehr. Belastungen von Mensch und Umwelt machen ebenfalls keinen Halt vor Staatsgrenzen. Daher müssen wir das internationale Chemikalienmanagement ausbauen und hochwertige Standards für den nachhaltigen Umgang mit Chemikalien für alle Staaten etablieren“, sagte UBA-Präsident Jochen Flasbarth am 6. Oktober 2011 auf der internationalen Konferenz „Sustainable Chemistry“ in Berlin. Der UBA-Präsident lobte dort den von der internationalen Staatengemeinschaft ins Leben gerufenen „Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management“ (SAICM). Ziel der Strategie müsse sein, immer mehr chemische Prozesse und Produkte so zu gestalten, dass viel weniger Energie, Roh- und Hilfsstoffe zum Einsatz kommen. Ebenso müssten Luft, Boden und Wasser möglichst gering belastet und der Chemieabfall minimiert werden. Das UBA rät auch dazu, besonders problematische Chemikalien für bestimmte Anwendungen ganz zu verbieten. Flasbarth verwies auf aktuelle internationale Verhandlungen mit dem Ziel, das giftige Schwermetall Quecksilber weiter zu minimieren. Stoffregulierungen hätten in der Vergangenheit positive Innovationen hervorgebracht: „Das europaweite Anwendungsverbot der kurzkettigen Chlorparaffine - ein Kühlmittelzusatz in der Metallverarbeitung - hat in Europa dafür gesorgt, dass viele Prozesse in der Metallverarbeitung heute komplett ohne Kühlschmierstoffe auskommen. Intelligente staatliche Regulierung hilft also, innovative Verfahren marktreif zu machen.“ Ähnlich positiv bewertete der UBA-Präsident das Verbot langlebiger, organischer Schadstoffe. Im Stockholmer-Abkommen sei es in kurzer Zeit gelungen, ein weltweites Verbot hochgiftiger Pestizide wie Chlordan oder DDT und anderer langlebiger, organischer Substanzen durchzusetzen. „Nachhaltige Lösungen ergeben sich aber nicht nur durch internationale Regulierung, gerade Unternehmen können kooperativ zusammen arbeiten“, so Flasbarth. Paradebeispiel ist das so genannte Chemikalienleasing. Hier verdient ein Chemikalienlieferant nicht am Verkauf möglichst vieler Chemikalien, sondern vermietet diese - etwa ein Lösemittel zur Platinenherstellung. Dieses nimmt er dann zurück, um es aufzubereiten und gegebenenfalls erneut anzubieten. Ein Chemikaliennutzer kauft also lediglich die Funktion der Chemikalie nebst fach- und umweltgerechter Entsorgung. Beim Chemikalien-Leasing verdient der Anbieter an seinem Know-how. Das entlastet die Umwelt, da großer Anreiz besteht, weniger Stoffe einzusetzen und der Chemieabfall und Emissionen deutlich verringern. Ein anderes Beispiel ist die Krankenhaushygiene: wo spezialisierte Anbieter Desinfektionsmittel wesentlich effizienter einsetzen. Die Industriestaaten mit ihrer großen Innovationskraft ermutigte Flasbarth, schon heute die Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländern beim nachhaltigen Umgang mit Chemikalien zu unterstützen: „Allein die Massenproduktion unseres Bedarfs an Kleidung und Schuhen in den Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländern verursacht erhebliche Probleme für die globale Umwelt und vor Ort. Wir reiche Länder sollten stärker dafür sorgen, dass wir mit unseren Chemieprodukten und -prozessen auf dem Weltmarkt keine Risiken exportieren, sondern nachhaltige Lösungen.“ 06.10.2011
technologyComment of platinum group metal mine operation, ore with high palladium content (RU): imageUrlTagReplace6250302f-4c86-4605-a56f-03197a7811f2 technologyComment of platinum group metal, extraction and refinery operations (ZA): The ores from the different ore bodies are processed in concentrators where a PGM concentrate is produced with a tailing by product. The PGM base metal concentrate product from the different concentrators processing the different ores are blended during the smelting phase to balance the sulphur content in the final matte product. Smelter operators also carry out toll smelting from third part concentrators. The smelter product is send to the Base metal refinery where the PGMs are separated from the Base Metals. Precious metal refinery is carried out on PGM concentrate from the Base metal refinery to split the PGMs into individual metal products. Water analyses measurements for Anglo Platinum obtained from literature (Slatter et.al, 2009). Mudd, G., 2010. Platinum group metals: a unique case study in the sustainability of mineral resources, in: The 4th International Platinum Conference, Platinum in Transition “Boom or Bust.” Water share between MC and EC from Mudd (2010). Mudd, G., 2010. Platinum group metals: a unique case study in the sustainability of mineral resources, in: The 4th International Platinum Conference, Platinum in Transition “Boom or Bust.” technologyComment of treatment of automobile catalyst (RoW): After collection and transportation to the intermediary dealer, the scrap is ground in a mill. The resulting material is fed to specialised refineries. The metallurgical step consists of an arc-furnace. Same refining process as in primary production assumed (selective precipitation) technologyComment of treatment of automobile catalyst (RER): The production process consists of three steps: Collection, Beneficiation and Refining. COLLECTION: Spoiled automotive catalysts are bought by specialised enterprises from different origins. Part of it originates from scrap dealer recycling end-of-life cars. Further more during the cars operating phase, defective catalysts are exchanged in garages. The third sources is the production waste, i. e. defective catalysts which do not reach market. In most cases, there are fix agreements between the different supplier and the intermediary trade. Although the trade with PGM containing scrap is risky. Motor car manufacturer built up their own internal recycling systems with their contractor garages and gained access to exchanged catalysts. Emissions: Emissions during collection are gases from transportation and dust from dismantling. Also in this step the combustion leads to emissions of SO2. No serious water emissions are reported. BENEFICIATION: The catalysts are dismantled and then sold to refining companies. Refineries too have long-term contracts with the intermediary trade. Emissions: Emissions during beneficiation are gases from transportation and dust from dismantling. Also in this step the combustion leads to emissions of SO2. No serious water emissions are reported. REFINING: The scrap first is shredded and then pyrometallurgicaly processed: The scrap is smelted in an electric arc furnace, and the ceramic wafer is slagged. The PGMs are concentrated in the collector metal, usually copper. Low-content PGM scrap is often smelted together with other non-ferrous metal matte. This is cheap, but effects a high loss in PGM. The collector matte from the furnace then is treated hydrometallurgically by re-precipitation. In this step usually production scrap from other industries (glass, chemical laboratories) is joined. The overall PGM-yield is 98 % for platinum and 85 % for rhodium. Emissions: Dust and metals are generally emitted from incinerators and furnaces. VOC can be emitted from solvent extraction processes, while organic compounds, namely dioxins, can be emitted from smelting stages resulting from the poor combustion of oil and plastic in the feed material. All these emissions are subject to abatement technologies and controlling. Effluents from refining contain considerable amounts of metals and organic substances. Waste: Solid residues from pyrometallurgical step are usually re-used in copper facilities, final residues generally comprise hydroxide filter cakes. References: Hagelücken C. (2001b) Die Märkte der Katalysatormetalle Platin, Palladium und Rhodium. In: Autoabgaskatalysatoren, Vol. 612. pp. 95-115. Expert Verlag, Renningen. Online-Version under: http://www.dmc-2.de/pmc_eng/Veroeffentlichungen_2/Die%20M%C3%A4rkte%20der%20Katalysatormetalle%20Pt%20Pd%20Rh.pdf.
technologyComment of cobalt production (GLO): Cobalt, as a co-product of nickel and copper production, is obtained using a wide range of technologies. The initial life cycle stage covers the mining of the ore through underground or open cast methods. The ore is further processed in beneficiation to produce a concentrate and/or raffinate solution. Metal selection and further concentration is initiated in primary extraction, which may involve calcining, smelting, high pressure leaching, and other processes. The final product is obtained through further refining, which may involve processes such as re-leaching, selective solvent / solution extraction, selective precipitation, electrowinning, and other treatments. Transport is reported separately and consists of only the internal movements of materials / intermediates, and not the movement of final product. Due to its intrinsic value, cobalt has a high recycling rate. However, much of this recycling takes place downstream through the recycling of alloy scrap into new alloy, or goes into the cobalt chemical sector as an intermediate requiring additional refinement. Secondary production, ie production from the recycling of cobalt-containing wastes, is considered in this study in so far as it occurs as part of the participating companies’ production. This was shown to be of very limited significance (less than 1% of cobalt inputs). The secondary materials used for producing cobalt are modelled as entering the system free of environmental burden. technologyComment of platinum group metal mine operation, ore with high palladium content (RU): imageUrlTagReplace6250302f-4c86-4605-a56f-03197a7811f2 technologyComment of platinum group metal, extraction and refinery operations (ZA): The ores from the different ore bodies are processed in concentrators where a PGM concentrate is produced with a tailing by product. The PGM base metal concentrate product from the different concentrators processing the different ores are blended during the smelting phase to balance the sulphur content in the final matte product. Smelter operators also carry out toll smelting from third part concentrators. The smelter product is send to the Base metal refinery where the PGMs are separated from the Base Metals. Precious metal refinery is carried out on PGM concentrate from the Base metal refinery to split the PGMs into individual metal products. Water analyses measurements for Anglo Platinum obtained from literature (Slatter et.al, 2009). Mudd, G., 2010. Platinum group metals: a unique case study in the sustainability of mineral resources, in: The 4th International Platinum Conference, Platinum in Transition “Boom or Bust.” Water share between MC and EC from Mudd (2010). Mudd, G., 2010. Platinum group metals: a unique case study in the sustainability of mineral resources, in: The 4th International Platinum Conference, Platinum in Transition “Boom or Bust.” technologyComment of processing of nickel-rich materials (GLO): Based on typical current technology. technologyComment of smelting and refining of nickel concentrate, 16% Ni (GLO): Extrapolated from a typical technology for smelting and refining of nickel ore. MINING: 95% of sulphidic nickel ores are mined underground in depths between 200m and 1800m, the ore is transferred to the beneficiation. Widening of the tunnels is mainly done by blasting. The overburden – material, which does not contain PGM-bearing ore – is deposed off-site and is partially refilled into the tunnels. Emissions: The major emissions are due to mineral born pollutants in the effluents. The underground mining operations generate roughly 80 % of the dust emissions from open pit operations, since the major dust sources do not take place underground. Rain percolate through overburden and accounts to metal emissions to groundwater. Waste: Overburden is deposed close to the mine. Acid rock drainage occurs over a long period of time. BENEFICIATION: After mining, the ore is first ground. In a next step it is subjected to gravity concentration to separate the metallic particles from the PGM-bearing minerals. After this first concentration step, flotation is carried out to remove the gangue from the sulphidic minerals. For neutralisation lime is added. In the flotation several organic chemicals are used as collector, frother, activator, depressor and flocculant. Sometimes cyanide is used as depressant for pyrite. Tailings usually are led to tailing heaps or ponds. As a result, nickel concentrates containing 7 - 25% Ni are produced. Emissions: Ore handling and processing produce large amounts of dust, containing PM10 and several metals from the ore itself. Flotation produce effluents containing several organic agents used. Some of these chemicals evaporate and account for VOC emissions to air. Namely xanthates decompose hydrolytically to release carbon disulphide. Tailings effluent contains additional sulphuric acid from acid rock drainage. Waste: Tailings are deposed as piles and in ponds. Acid rock drainage occurs over a long period of time. METALLURGY AND REFINING: There are many different process possibilities to win the metal. The chosen process depends on the composition of the ore, the local costs of energy carrier and the local legislation. Basically two different types can be distinguished: the hydrometallurgical and the pyrometallurgical process, which paired up with the refining processes, make up five major production routes (See Tab.1). All this routes are covered, aggregated according to their market share in 1994. imageUrlTagReplace00ebef53-ae97-400f-a602-7405e896cb76 Pyrometallurgy. The pyrometallurgical treatment of nickel concentrates includes three types of unit operation: roasting, smelting, and converting. In the roasting step sulphur is driven off as sulphur dioxide and part of the iron is oxidised. In smelting, the roaster product is melted with a siliceous flux which combines with the oxidised iron to produce two immiscible phases, a liquid silicate slag which can be discarded, and a solution of molten sulphides which contains the metal values. In the converting operation on the sulphide melt, more sulphur is driven off as sulphur dioxide, and the remaining iron is oxidised and fluxed for removal as silicate slag, leaving a high-grade nickel – copper sulphide matte. In several modern operations the roasting step has been eliminated, and the nickel sulphide concentrate is treated directly in the smelter. Hydrometallurgy: Several hydrometallurgical processes are in commercial operation for the treatment of nickel – copper mattes to produce separate nickel and copper products. In addition, the hydrometal-lurgical process developed by Sherritt Gordon in the early 1950s for the direct treatment of nickel sulphide concentrates, as an alternative to smelting, is still commercially viable and competitive, despite very significant improvements in the economics and energy efficiency of nickel smelting technology. In a typical hydrometallurgical process, the concentrate or matte is first leached in a sulphate or chloride solution to dissolve nickel, cobalt, and some of the copper, while the sulphide is oxidised to insoluble elemental sulphur or soluble sulphate. Frequently, leaching is carried out in a two-stage countercurrent system so that the matte can be used to partially purify the solution, for example, by precipitating copper by cementation. In this way a nickel – copper matte can be treated in a two-stage leach process to produce a copper-free nickel sulphate or nickel chloride solution, and a leach residue enriched in copper. Refining: In many applications, high-purity nickel is essential and Class I nickel products, which include electrolytic cathode, carbonyl powder, and hydrogen-reduced powder, are made by a variety of refining processes. The carbonyl refining process uses the property of nickel to form volatile nickel-carbonyl compounds from which elemental nickel subsides to form granules. Electrolytic nickel refineries treat cast raw nickel anodes in a electrolyte. Under current the anode dissolves and pure nickel deposits on the cathode. This electrorefining process is obsolete because of high energy demand and the necessity of building the crude nickel anode by reduction with coke. It is still practised in Russia. Most refineries recover electrolytic nickel by direct electrowinning from purified solutions produced by the leaching of nickel or nickel – copper mattes. Some companies recover refined nickel powder from purified ammoniacal solution by reduction with hydrogen. Emissions: In all of the metallurgical steps, sulphur dioxide is emitted to air. Recovery of sulphur dioxide is only economic for high concentrated off-gas. Given that In the beneficiation step, considerable amounts of lime are added to the ore for pH-stabilisation, lime forms later flux in the metallurgical step, and decomposes into CO2 to form calcite. Dust carry over from the roasting, smelting and converting processes. Particulate emissions to the air consist of metals and thus are often returned to the leaching process after treatment. Chlorine is used in some leaching stages and is produced during the subsequent electrolysis of chloride solution. The chlorine evolved is collected and re-used in the leach stage. The presence of chlorine in wastewater can lead to the formation of organic chlorine compounds (AOX) if solvents etc. are also present in a mixed wastewater. VOCs can be emitted from the solvent extraction stages. A variety of solvents are used an they contain various complexing agents to form complexes with the desired metal that are soluble in the organic layer. Metals and their compounds and substances in suspension are the main pollutants emitted to water. The metals concerned are Cu, Ni, Co, As and Cr. Other significant substances are chlorides and sulphates. Wastewater from wet gas cleaning (if used) of the different metallurgical stages are the most important sources. The leaching stages are usually operated on a closed circuit and drainage systems, and are therefore regarded as minor sources. In the refining step, the combustion of sulphur leads to emissions of SO2. Nitrogen oxides are produced in significant amounts during acid digestion using nitric acid. Chlorine and HCl can be formed during a number of digestion, electrolytic and purification processes. Chlorine is used extensively in the Miller process and in the dissolution stages using hydrochloric acid and chlorine mixtrues respectively. Dust and metals are generally emitted from incinerators and furnaces. VOC can be emitted from solvent extraction processes, while organic compounds, namely dioxins, can be emitted from smelting stages resulting from the poor combustion of oil and plastic in the feed material. All these emissions are subject to abatement technologies and controlling. Large quantities of effluents contain amounts of metals and organic substances. Waste: Regarding the metallurgical step, several co-products, residues and wastes, which are listed in the European Waste Catalogue, are generated. Some of the process specific residues can be reused or recovered in preliminary process steps (e. g. dross, filter dust) or construction (e. g. cleaned slag). Residues also arise from the treatment of liquid effluents, the main residue being gypsum waste and metal hydroxides from the wastewater neutralisation plant. These residuals have to be disposed, usually in lined ponds. In the refining step, quantities of solid residuals are also generated, which are mostly recycled within the process or sent to other specialists to recover any precious metals. Final residues generally comprise hydroxide filter cakes (ironhydroxide, 60% water, cat I industrial waste). References: Kerfoot D. G. E. (1997) Nickel. In: Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemis-try (ed. Anonymous). 5th edition on CD-ROM Edition. Wiley & Sons, London. technologyComment of smelting and refining of nickel concentrate, 7% Ni (CN): The nickel concentrate (6.78% beneficiated - product of the mining and beneficiation processes) undergoes drying, melting in flash furnace and converting to produce high nickel matte. The nickel matte undergoes grinding-floating separation and is refined through anode plate casting and electrolysis in order to produce electrolytic nickel 99.98% pure. Deng, S. Y., & Gong, X. Z. (2018). Life Cycle Assessment of Nickel Production in China. Materials Science Forum, 913, 1004-1010. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.913.1004 technologyComment of treatment of metal part of electronics scrap, in copper, anode, by electrolytic refining (SE, RoW): Production of cathode copper by electrolytic refining.
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