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Estimating gross employment effects of environmental protection

In der Öffentlichkeit und bei politischen Entscheidungsträgern besteht ein großes Interesse am Thema Umweltschutzbeschäftigung. Die Debatte wird jedoch dadurch erschwert, dass es eine Vielzahl von unterschiedlichen Definitionen und damit von Schätzungen von Umweltschutzbeschäftigung gibt. Aus diesem Grund ist es von großer Bedeutung, für jede Schätzung der Umweltschutzbeschäftigung die verwendeten Abgrenzungen und Methoden sorgfältig zu dokumentieren. Diese Veröffentlichung dokumentiert einen kombinierten angebots- und nachfrageorientierten Schätzansatz für die Bruttoumweltschutzbeschäftigung, also für die Anzahl von Personen, die eine Beschäftigung auf Grund von durchgeführten Umweltschutzaktivitäten haben. Dieser Ansatz wurde in einer Reihe von Untersuchungen für Deutschland angewandt, die vom DIW Berlin durchgeführt wurden.<BR>Diese Veröffentlichung erläutert zuerst die in diesen Studien gewählte Abgrenzung der Umwelt-schutzbeschäftigung vor dem Hintergrund der von Eurostat entwickelten Klassifikationen CEPA und CReMA. Danach beschreibt sie die verwendeten Schätzansätze für Umweltschutzbeschäftigung. Umweltschutzbeschäftigung, die aus der Produktion von Umweltschutzgütern resultiert, wird mit einem nachfrageorientierten Ansatz geschätzt, der unter Nutzung der Input-Output-Analyse von den Ausgaben für Umweltschutz ausgeht. Umweltschutzbeschäftigung, die auf der Bereitstellung von Dienstleistungen beruht, wird mit einem angebotsorientierten Ansatz quantifiziert, der auf einer Vielzahl von Datenquellen über Beschäftigung in Wirtschaftseinheiten beruht, die für die Umwelt vorteilhafte Dienstleistungen anbieten. Es wird anschließend erläutert, welche Dimensionen der Umweltschutzbeschäftigung in den angesprochenen Studien dargestellt werden. Zum Abschluss werden Überlegungen angestellt, welche zusätzlichen Dimensionen in zukünftigen Studien von Interesse sein könnten.<BR>Quelle:Forschungsbericht

Employing trend analysis in environmental research and policy

Dieses Methodenpapier skizziert für die Umweltpolitik, wie das Instrument der "Trendanalyse" für die Untersuchung von umweltrelevanten Entwicklungen nutzbar gemacht werden kann. Durch Trendanalysen können die verschiedenen Facetten eines Trends beschrieben werden und diese systematisch hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkungen auf die Umwelt analysiert werden. Trendanalysen können so dazu beitragen, die Umweltpolitik im Sinne einer antizipativen Politikgestaltung handlungsfähig zu machen. Quelle: Forschungsbericht

DE-LIGHT Transport

Das Projekt "DE-LIGHT Transport" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Center of Maritime Technologies e.V. durchgeführt. DE-LIGHT Transport is a multi-national initiative supported by the European Commission's Framework 6 programme that is investigating the design and manufacturing of lightweight sandwich structures in the marine, rail and freight container industries. Sandwich materials, consisting of two thin facings separated by a low density core, can be used to produce structures that are both light and stiff. They also offer opportunities for parts reduction through design integration, improved surface finish and lower assembly and outfitting costs. DE-LIGHT Transport aims to further promote the use of sandwich materials by developing key technologies that will support the practical realisation of robust sandwich designs. Specifically, this will include: - A multi-material sandwich design tool. Previous work has often focussed on a particular type of sandwich construction (e.g. laser-welded steel or composite). This has tended to yield niche results with limited applicability. DE-LIGHT Transport will implement a more generic design approach that will allow the evaluation and optimisation of a wide range of material and structural mixes according to the requirements of a given application. - Strategies for joining, assembly and outfitting ? the bringing together and integration of separate sandwich panels and/or sub-components to produce finished structures. In particular, modular approaches for the off-line production of sandwich assemblies to exploit economies of scale will be developed. Testing and validation procedures ? to provide accurate and reliable methods of determining fitness for purpose. The above technologies will be demonstrated within the project through the design and manufacturing of six prototype structures. These will include deck and deckhouse structures for ships, a rail vehicle cab, and a freight container. Risk-based design principals will be applied throughout to ensure that the new designs comply with existing regulatory frameworks. It is anticipated that DE-LIGHT Transport will provide designers of vehicles and vessels with practical approaches to the implementation of sandwich solutions as an alternative to traditional stiffened-plate designs. In this way, the benefits of sandwich construction will be unlocked for a wider range of applications.

Protected Areas Management Effectiveness Assessments in Europe: a review of data, methods and results - Durchführung einer internationalen Tagung an der INA Vilm vom 01.11. bis 05.11.2009

Das Projekt "Protected Areas Management Effectiveness Assessments in Europe: a review of data, methods and results - Durchführung einer internationalen Tagung an der INA Vilm vom 01.11. bis 05.11.2009" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Bundesamt für Naturschutz durchgeführt.

Fire - climate feedback in the Earth System

Das Projekt "Fire - climate feedback in the Earth System" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie durchgeführt. Fires are an integral Earth System process, which is controlled by climate and at the same time impacts climate in multiple ways. As such fires form a feedback mechanism in the Earth System, which might amplify or dampen climate change. At present this feedback is not well understood nor is it represented in current generation Earth System models used to study climate change. The proposed research project aims to quantify the fire-climate feedback by incorporating the integral role of fires into an Earth System Model (ESM). Together with improved observational based process understanding the project will analyze how fires have developed throughout Earth history and how single fire driven processes contribute to the overall fire climate impact. A mechanistic terrestrial biosphere fire model will be implemented into the ESM and fire mediated climate relevant processes will be coupled between the different ESM compartments, including the atmosphere, ocean and cryosphere. This cross-disciplinary research project will foster the understanding of past climate change and will hopefully allow a better assessment of human induced future climate change by further constraining the climate sensitivity of the Earth system.

D02, F03, D06: Schwarzer Kohlenstoff in Böden und Sedimenten als Indikator für Mensch-Umwelt-Indikatoren in den letzten 190.000 Jahren

Das Projekt "D02, F03, D06: Schwarzer Kohlenstoff in Böden und Sedimenten als Indikator für Mensch-Umwelt-Indikatoren in den letzten 190.000 Jahren" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Institut für Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften und Ressourcenschutz (INRES), Bereich Bodenwissenschaften, Allgemeine Bodenkunde und Bodenökologie durchgeführt. Klima-, Vegetations- und Landnutzungsänderungen im Zuge der Menschheitsentwicklung wurden häufig von regionalen Bränden begleitet. In der Folge blieb 'Black Carbon' (BC) zurück. Ziel des Projektes ist es, BC im Boden als Marker für Brandereignisse der letzten 190.000 Jahre zu nutzen. Hierzu werden wir mittels sequenzieller Oxidation und mittels Biomarker-, Isotopen- und infrarotspektroskopischen (MIR) Analysen erforschen, (1) welche Brandbedingungen aus BC-Analysen abzuleiten sind, (2) wie alt BC in Böden und Sedimenten ist und (3) unter welchen Bedingungen (Klima, Vegetation, Landnutzung) Brände am häufigsten waren.

E 1.2: Multi-layer drying models for optimising high value crop drying in small scale food industries

Das Projekt "E 1.2: Multi-layer drying models for optimising high value crop drying in small scale food industries" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Agrartechnik, Fachgebiet Agrartechnik in den Tropen und Subtropen durchgeführt. Fruit tree cultivation is a suitable option for erosion control in mountainous regions of Southeast Asia. However, seasonal overproduction and insufficient access to markets can cause economic losses. The possibility of processing fruits locally could contribute considerably to increase and stabilize farm income. Currently, fruit drying methods in these areas are yielding products of inferior quality. Pre-treatments such as sulphurizing are commonly used, but can make the product undesirable for international markets. In addition, high energy requirements increase production costs significantly. Therefore, the objective of subproject E1.2 is to optimize the drying process of small-scale fruit processing industries in terms of dryer capacity, energy consumption and efficiency and end product quality. During SFB-phase II in E1.1, drying fundamentals for the key fruits mango, litchi and longan were established. In laboratory experiments, impacts of drying parameters on quality were investigated and numerical single-layer models for simulation of drying kinetics have been designed. In SFB-phase III this knowledge will be expanded with the aim of optimizing practical drying processes. Therefore, the single-layer models will be extended to multi-layer models for simulating bulk-drying conditions. The Finite Element Method (FEM) will be adapted to calculate heat and mass transfer processes. Thermodynamic behavior of batch and tray dryers will be simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. Drying facilities will be optimized by systematic parameter variation. For reduction of energy costs, the potential of solar energy and biomass will be investigated in particular. Further research approaches are resulting from cooperation with other subprojects. A mechanic-enzymatic peeling method will be jointly used with E2.3 for studying the drying behavior of peeled litchi and longan fruits. Furthermore, a fruit maturity sensor based on Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy (ARS) will be developed in cooperation with E2.3 and B3.2. Finally, an internet platform will be built for exchange of farmer-processor information about harvest time and quantities to increase utilization of the processing facilities.

Towards a Guideline for Digital Soil Mapping in Ecuador

Das Projekt "Towards a Guideline for Digital Soil Mapping in Ecuador" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bayreuth, Abteilung Bodenphysik durchgeführt. Research experience in digital soil mapping (DSM) shall be extended and deepened in two further research areas in order to develop a guideline for DSM in Ecuador. The guideline will give an overview: a) about the DSM approach, b) the different sampling designs developed according to the area size, accessibility and terrain complexity, c) the various methods from the field of supervised machine learning to develop digital soil maps, and d) the implementation with open source software. The soil-landscapes of the three investigation areas will be analysed and soil-landscape models will be developed by supervised machine learning techniques, in order to spatially predict soil properties from point data based on environmental prediction parameters. By using the so developed digital soil maps as principal input, a functional soil-landscape analysis is carried out to determine landslide, erosion and anthropogenic disturbance risk zones as well as estimate the soil organic carbon stocks and soil fertility.

Standardization of Ice Forces on Offshore Structures Design (STANDICE)

Das Projekt "Standardization of Ice Forces on Offshore Structures Design (STANDICE)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Dr. J. Schwarz durchgeführt. Objective: During the past six years two RTD-projects have been performed by a consortium of seven European partners to investigate ice forces on marine structures. The aim of this work has been to establish new methods for ice load predictions. The work has been supported by the EC under the projects LOLEIF and STRICE. The data compiled by these projects are of great importance for the future development of offshore wind energy converters, OWECS, in the ice-covered seas of Europe. Because the ice forces on marine structures are internationally heavily disputed the present design codes for OWECS as well as for all marine structures in ice-infested waters are not been considered reliable. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to contribute to the development of an international standard for the design of marine structures such as OWECS against ice loads with special emphasis on European sub-arctic ice conditions.

Soil-gas transport-processes as key factors for methane oxidation in soils

Das Projekt "Soil-gas transport-processes as key factors for methane oxidation in soils" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Freiburg, Institut für Geo- und Umweltnaturwissenschaften, Professur für Bodenökologie durchgeführt. Methane (CH4) is a major greenhouse gas of which the atmospheric concentration has more than doubled since pre-industrial times. Soils can act as both, source and sink for atmospheric CH4, while upland forest soils generally act as CH4 consumers. Oxidation rates depend on factors influenced by the climate like soil temperature and soil moisture but also on soil properties like soil structure, texture and chemical properties. Many of these parameters directly influence soil aeration. CH4 oxidation in soils seems to be controlled by the supply with atmospheric CH4, and thus soil aeration is a key factor. We aim to investigate the importance of soil-gas transport-processes for CH4 oxidation in forest soils from the variability the intra-site level, down to small-scale (0.1 m), using new approaches of field measurements. Further we will investigate the temporal evolution of soil CH4 consumption and the influence of environmental factors during the season. Based on previous results, we hypothesize that turbulence-driven pressure-pumping modifies the transport of CH4 into the soil, and thus, also CH4 consumption. To improve the understanding of horizontal patterns of CH4 oxidation we want to integrate the vertical dimension on the different scales using an enhanced gradient flux method. To overcome the constraints of the classical gradient method we will apply gas-diffusivity measurements in-situ using tracer gases and Finite-Element-Modeling. Similar to the geophysical technique of Electrical Resistivity Tomography we want to develop a Gas Diffusivity Tomography. This will allow to derive the three-dimensional distribution of soil gas diffusivity and methane oxidation.

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