technologyComment of fluorspar production, 97% purity (GLO): Open cast mining of resource. Separation by crushing, grinding and flotation. technologyComment of scandium oxide production, from rare earth tailings (CN-NM): See general comment.
technologyComment of rare earth oxides production, from rare earth oxide concentrate, 70% REO (CN-SC): This dataset refers to the separation (hydrochloric acid leaching) and refining (metallothermic reduction) process used in order to produce high-purity rare earth oxides (REO) from REO concentrate, 70% beneficiated. ''The concentrate is calcined at temperatures up to 600ºC to oxidize carbonaceous material. Then HCl leaching, alkaline treatment, and second HCl leaching is performed to produce a relatively pure rare earth chloride (95% REO). Hydrochloric acid leaching in Sichuan is capable of separating and recovering the majority of cerium oxide (CeO) in a short process. For this dataset, the entire quantity of Ce (50% cerium dioxide [CeO2]/REO) is assumed to be produced here as CeO2 with a grade of 98% REO. Foreground carbon dioxide CO2 emissions were calculated from chemical reactions of calcining beneficiated ores. Then metallothermic reduction produces the purest rare earth metals (99.99%) and is most common for heavy rare earths. The metals volatilize, are collected, and then condensed at temperatures of 300 to 400°C (Chinese Ministryof Environmental Protection 2009).'' Source: Lee, J. C. K., & Wen, Z. (2017). Rare Earths from Mines to Metals: Comparing Environmental Impacts from China's Main Production Pathways. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(5), 1277-1290. doi:10.1111/jiec.12491 technologyComment of sodium chloride production, powder (RER, RoW): For the production of dry salt, three different types of sodium chloride production methods can be distinguished namely, underground mining of halite deposits, solution mining with mechanical evaporation and solar evaporation. Their respective products are rock salt, evaporated salt and solar salt: - Underground mining: The main characteristic of this technique is the fact that salt is not dissolved during the whole process. Instead underground halite deposits are mined with traditional techniques like undercutting, drilling and blasting or with huge mining machines with cutting heads. In a second step, the salt is crushed and screened to the desired size and then hoisted to the surface. - Solution mining and mechanical evaporation: In this case, water is injected in a salt deposit, usually in about 150 to 500 m depth. The dissolution of the halite or salt deposits forms a cavern filled with brine. This brine is then pumped from the cavern back to the surface and transported to either an evaporation plant for the production of evaporated salt or transported directly to a chemical processing plant, e.g. a chlor-alkali plant. - Solar evaporation: In this case salt is produced with the aid of the sun and wind out of seawater or natural brine in lakes. Within a chain of ponds, water is evaporated by sun until salt crystallizes on the floor of the ponds. Due to their natural process drivers, such plants must be located in areas with only small amounts of rain and high evaporation rates - e.g. in the Mediterranean area where the rate between evaporation and rainfall is 3:1, or in Australia, where even a ratio up to 15:1 can be found. There are some impurities due to the fact that seawater contains not only sodium chloride. That leads to impurities of calcium and magnesium sulfate as well as magnesium chloride. With the aid of clean brine from dissolved fine salt, these impurities are washed out. As a fourth form on the market, the so-called 'salt in brine' may be found, which is especially used for the production of different chemicals. In this case, the solution mining technique without an evaporation step afterwards is used. This dataset represents the production of dry sodium chloride by underground mining (51%) and by solution mining (49%) with modern solution mining technology (thermo compressing technology). References: Althaus H.-J., Chudacoff M., Hischier R., Jungbluth N., Osses M. and Primas A. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals. ecoinvent report No. 8, v2.0. EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, CH.
technologyComment of salt production from seawater, evaporation pond (GLO): No comment present
technologyComment of graphite production (RoW): Data approximated with data from lime mining, crushing and milling. technologyComment of graphite production (RER): Technology for limestone mining, crusching and milling assumed as a first approximation. Overall yield of 95% is assumed.
technologyComment of boric acid production, anhydrous, powder (RER, RoW): This dataset models the production of boric acid from colemanite minerals (calcium borates) with the aid of sulfuric acid, with process yield of 95%. As by-product, gypsum (CaSO4) is produced. The production of boric acid can be summarized with the following reaction equation: (2CaO.3B2O3.5H2O) + 2 H2SO4 → 3 (B2O3.3H2O) + 2 CaSO4
Average transport requirements used to deliver products within Europe. technologyComment of peat production (NORDEL): No specific information available.
technologyComment of potash salt production (RER): This datasets corresponds to the technology used in Europe for potash mining.
technologyComment of stone meal production (CH, RoW): Values refer to a commonly used technology for this product.
technologyComment of dolomite production (RER): This datasets corresponds to the technology used in Europe for limestone mining. Crushing and milling assumed as a first approximation. An overall yield of 95% is assumed.
technologyComment of phosphate rock beneficiation (RER): This datasets corresponds to the technology used in Europe for phosphate rock mining and beneficiation.