Am 30. August 2013 bezog das Umweltbundesamt (UBA) das besonders umweltgerechte Bürogebäude „Haus 2019“ in Berlin-Marienfelde. Es ist das erste Null-Energie-Haus des Bundes. Das Bürogebäude, in dem 31 Beschäftigte arbeiten, soll sich komplett selbst mit Energie versorgen. Dieses hochgesteckte Ziel wird ein detailliertes Monitoring ein Jahr lang verfolgen. „Erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz im Gebäudesektor sind zentrale Bausteine der Energiewende. Die Anstrengungen zur Treibhausgassenkung bei Neubauten wie auch im Gebäudebestand müssen in Zukunft deutlich verstärkt werden. Der Neubau des UBA in Berlin-Marienfelde soll dazu ein deutliches Signal setzen“, so Jochen Flasbarth, Präsident des UBA bei der Eröffnung. Der Name „Haus 2019“ bezieht sich auf die Richtlinie der EU zur Gesamtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuden. Diese sieht einen Standard für Niedrigstenergiegebäude vor, sogenannte Null-Energie-Häuser. Für Gebäude öffentlicher Institutionen gilt dieser Standard bereits ab 2019, für alle anderen ab 2021.
Das Projekt "Grid connected pv system for familiy to use (Saarbrücken house)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Stadtwerke Saarbrücken durchgeführt. Objective: To demonstrate a grid connected PV system with a new type of inverter. A 77 kWp roof mounted PV array and inverter supplies ac power for a family house in Saarbrücken. Excess power is fed to the grid, which provides back-up when the output from the PV -array is insufficient. The inverter is a new, highly efficient fully electronic, line-communated type, developed and made by the Fraunhofer Institute. General Information: Should the cost of PV modules become low enough, power generation using PV modules will become economically interesting, even in areas already supplied by the grid. The cost of storing electrical energy in batteries is high and in grid connected areas it may be simpler and cheaper to use the grid as a storage system. Grid connected PV systems need inverters, which to date have often had low efficiencies when operating at partial loads. In this project a new fully electronic inverter, with a high efficiency even at low loads, will be demonstrated. The 7.68 kWp array of AEG polycrystalline modules, type PQ10/40/01, will be integrated into the roof of a single family house in Saarbrücken. The PV modules are arranged in 5 fields so that each field produces a voltage which is a multiple of 14V, i.e. 14V, 28V, 42V, 84V, and 168V. The array is connected to an electronic inverter, which builds up a sine wave by gradually switching in the different fields. Transistors first switch in the first field of 14V, this is then switched off and the second field of 28V switched on. In this way the voltage is raised to a peak of 322V in steps of 14V. The rate at which the fields are switched in is determined by the inverter which senses the grid voltage. An analog to digital converter scans the grid voltage and converts it into a sequence of binary signals, which are directly used to control the transistors which switch in the PV fields. The inverter thus follows all voltage and frequency fluctuations in the grid. When power is produced which is surplus to the requirements of the house, it is fed to the grid via the inverter. The 8 kW inverter has an efficiency of greater than 90 per cent for partial loads down to 5 per cent. This type of system is not competitive with grid produced electricity at the present time, and will not become competitive until there is a very substantial reduction in PV costs. The monitoring system uses a Krückmann data acquisition system and Hewlett Packard HP 86Bmicrocomputer. Parameters are read every 10 seconds and averaged and recorded on disc every 15 minutes. Monitoring is carried out since October 1989 in accordance with JRC Ispra guidelines.
Das Projekt "Entwicklung von Messverfahren zur Bestimmung von CO, H2, H2CO, Hg und N2O in Luft und Wasser" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (Otto-Hahn-Institut) durchgeführt. Zielsetzung: Erforschung der Kreislaeufe der o.g. Gase in der Atmosphaere. Dazu gehoert u.a. die Bestimmung der Verteilung dieser Gase in der Atmosphaere, die Erfassung moeglicher Quellen und Senken sowie Bestimmung der Abbau- bzw. Produktionsraten. Da kommerziell verfuegbare Geraete, die zu diesen Untersuchungen benoetigt werden, nicht ueber die ausreichende Empfindlichkeit verfuegen, muessen Nachweismethoden und Messgeraete selbst entwickelt werden.
Das Projekt "18 Reihenhaeuser 'Am Lindenwaelde' in Freiburg" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Siedlungsgesellschaft Freiburg durchgeführt. Objective: To demonstrate that the energy consumption of a single family house can be reduced by 40 per cent in comparison to conventional built terrace houses without increasing the building cost. General Information: The 18 houses are constructed in three fan shaped terraces, designed so that the south facade is wider than the north facade. There are unheated buffer sheds to the north side to reduce heat losses and provide shelter. A double glaced sunspace is attached to the south elevation. The living rooms are orientated to the south with large windows. The passive solar features are increased solar penetration into the interior by split floor levels and an open staircase to allow the warm air to rise into the building and the cooler air into the sunspace. To make the passive solar system function, the doors to the sunspace and to the stair case have to be opened. The houses have 200 mm thick fairfaced on-site casted concrete party walls which are unplastered but painted. The rest of the house is of lightweight construction. The wooden floor joist, which are of untreated timber, are supported on wall plates fixed to the party walls. The external walls are clad with timber and insulated with100 mm rockwool between batterns to give an average U-value of 0.38 W/m2k. The global calculated heat loss coefficient is 347 W/k for a middle house and 406 W/k for a corner house. The concrete pary walls and the stone floor in the living area serve as a heat buffer. The gas boiler for the conventional heating system is installed in the gable to avoid a chimney and to facilitate the later installation of a solar domestic hot water system. The heating system includes a storage tank of 300 l to avoid frequent switching of the gas boiler. The costs of the houses are 30 per cent less than those for a conventionally designed and built terrace house. Achievements: Monitoring was from July 1985 to June 1987 with two of the houses being extensively monitored. The individual total energy demand varied in 17 of the 18 houses from 13,000 kWh/yr to 22,000 kWh. The remaining house had an extremely high consumption of 41,000 kWh/yr, as the inhabitants like room temperatures above 23 C. The averages of the 17 normal houses was approximately: total :15,000 kWh/yr; electricity: 4 4,000 KWh/yr; domestic hot water: 3,000 to 4,000 kWh/yr; space heating: 8,000 to 9,000 kWh/yr. The specific values are: 50 to 60 kWh/m2 heated floor area or 15 to 16 kWh/m3 heated volume. The solar contribution to space heating was approximately 15 per cent. The savings due to improved design and insulation is estimated to be 45 per cent in comparison with a conventional built terrace house. In 1986 the bill for electricity was higher than for gas. Further energy savings would be only possible with forced ventilation systems combined with heat recovery from the exhaust air. The users respond was mixed. All the owners enjoy the lightness and warmth of the houses and the sunspace which is used ...
Das Projekt "PV for decentralized relief of mains supply (3 Okal Houses)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Institut für Industrialisierung des Bauens, Weber Forschungs-, Entwicklungs- und Planungs-Gesellschaft mbH durchgeführt. Objective: To demonstrate that pv generators can be integrated harmoniously into the roofs of prefabricated houses (Fertighäuser) and that the other pv system components can be integrated as well in industrially produced houses. The pv supply is used for peak load lopping in grid connected houses. General Information: Three prefabricated houses in Lauenstein (site I), Roetenbach near Neustadt/Baden (site II) and Berlin (site III) are equipped with an integral PV system consisting of a 1.85 kWp roof mounted array (42 AEG monocrystalline modules of type PQ/10/44/01). Battery charging is made through a charge controller, type 'SOLARMATIC' (AEG), based on measurements of (temperatures compensated) battery voltages. The system in the Lauenstein house has a 420 Ah/216 V battery with recombination, the Roetenbach house a 532 Ah/216 V battery with ceramic plugs and the Berlin house a 315 Ah/21 V sealed battery. Each house is equipped with an AEG inverter type 'TRANSSOLAR' or 'TRANSOPULS', 5 kVA, monophase, self-commutated, an adapted UPS unit. Operation of the systems are based on the principle of peak lopping: When the electricity consumption in the house rises above a predefined level, the automatic control system draws the extra power required from the PV system rather than from the grid. Each house has a data logger DAM-800 (AEG). Data are available (with interruptions) for the periods from June 1988 to July 1991. Achievements: The general satisfactory operation of all three systems continues with the concept of the decentralized mains relief, except at site III (Berlin) were due to the type of user (office building) no peak demand occurs. It was found, that the option to feed excess energy into the mains would increase the efficiency of such systems; hence the option of feeding excess power into the mains will be possibly explored at all three sites, especially at Berlin. After solution of some minor structural problems (bending of modules, dirt accumulation on horizontal profiles, solved by elastic joints) the project has shown, that pv modules can be integrated into the roofs with satisfactory constructional and aesthetical features. The average annual energy production of one system is 1040 kWh. Energy cost is calculated to be 10.4 Ecu/kWh (2.9 Ecu/kWh for a replication) and 1.6 Ecu/kWh for grid connected systems without battery.
Das Projekt "Passive Solarenergie fuer die Beheizung von Wohn- und Gewerberaeumen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Ingenieurbüro Welker durchgeführt. Objective: The aim of the project is to demonstrate the reduction of energy need of a mixed building complex (commercial use and dwellings) by strict application of advanced energy saving construction principles. The remaining energy requirement of the dwellings will be met by use of waste heat from the commercially used part of the building with the help of a gas driven heat pump and by intensive use of passive solar energy. General Information: The project provides the construction of a building covering a surface of 3 000 m2, comprising different floors: three sub-basement floors for parkings, ground-floor and 1-floor for commercial use, 2. and 3. floor comprising 42 social dwellings. The building is situated in the center of Heppenheim, a small town on the Westside of the Odenwald (Hessen). The reduction in energy requirement is mainly obtained by the reduction of heat-transfer coefficients for walls, windows and roofs which are more severe than these imposed by the official German regulations in this field. The average in values are: outside wall: 0,3 W/m3 K - roof: 0,3 W/m3 K - windows day: 2,6 W/m3 K - windows night: 1.3 W/m3 K - walls to the solar courtyard: 0,6 W/m3 K. The back-up heating system of the building is based on gas-fired conventional boilers of a total capacity of 915 kW feeding into a hot air heating system. The heat of the exhaust air of this part of the building is used, by the means of gas driven heat pump to heat the dwellings with a maximum heating capacity of 471 kW. The use of passive solar energy takes place by increased glass surfaces of the dwellings to the south and a large common patio on the level of the dwellings covered by an important glass structure. The heat captured by this kind of greenhouse is partly (if the temperature is high enough) used for space heating or serves as a heat source for the heat-pumps. Shadowing facilities for high insolation periods are provided. It is expected that the energy need for space-heating of the dwellings for the months of October till March will be reduced by 50 per cent. An extensive 2-years monitoring programme will be carried out considering the energetic aspects of the project as well as the acceptance behaviour of the inhabitants of the dwellings. Achievements: The Fraunhofer Institute Freiburg is responsible for the monitoring campaign. A first study of the results of the solar passive system has been submitted by the Technische Universität Darmstadt, Insitute for Thermal Systems Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Kast, reporting period March 15th to April 14th 1987. The gas driven heat pump was unfortunately not performing during this period. The passive solar impact of the solar courtyard on the adjacent dwellings is minimal and is smaller than the impact of the individual heating patterns of the tenants. Further monitoring results are needed to investigate the solar contribution to space heating. The building is finished; all space used for commercial purposes and as ...
Das Projekt "Integrated heating, ventilation and natural air conditioning in an office building" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Vorwerk & Co. Elektrowerke KG durchgeführt. Objective: A 2400 m2 existing office building has to be refurnished to allow the proper use of monitors, micro-computers etc... . The building is to be equipped with an integrated HVAC installation. The relevant electricity consumption should not exceed 34 MWh/yr and the inside temperature should not be higher than 26 degree of Celsius. except during a maximum of 100 hrs per year. General Information: An additional 95 mm hollow floor is provided for the flexible distribution of wires for data transmission and of cables for power supply to the monitors, computers,... . The project integrates the design for the heating, ventilation and air conditioning of the offices with the design of flexible wiring and cabling. The ventilation of the offices will be performed through floor grills, supplied with air distributed through the cavities of the hollow floor instead of through the existing air ducts. During the night, fresh cool outdoor air will flow through the cavities and cool the concrete floor. During the summer the absorbed cold can be released through the air supplied to the offices, and by this way perform free cooling. During the winter the system can be used for (air) floor heating. Heat recuperation is provided on the warm air rejected during the cold season. Phases of the project are as follows: 1. Design 2. Implementation 3. Monitoring 4. Assessment of results. Achievements: During Phase 1 the team was faced with technical problems regarding space needed for the air ducts as well as regarding the limited floor-to-floor heights. A warm air supply under the windows had to be cancelled and the shape of the air ducts could not be optimized. During Phase 2, the team was faced with higher bids than estimated. This was partially due to the problems mentioned above as well as to the innovative character of the installation. No important modifications had to be brought to the initial project neither in Phase 1, nor in Phase 2. Within Phase 3 the heating system was (partially) tested during the very cold period of winter 86-87. All rooms were adequately warm except some corner rooms where complaints were expressed about too low temperatures (although measurements showed 20 degree of Celsius). A change in the automatic control would manage these complaints. No new estimates for the savings were made. It was stated that the number of operating hours with an inside temperature exceeding 26 degree of Celsius was 175 hr/year (vs 100 as predicted) and that the electricity consumption approximated 52340 kWh/year (vs 34000 as predicted).
Das Projekt "Windenergie fuer die bebaute Umgebung" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Baukonstruktion und Entwerfen Lehrstuhl 1 durchgeführt. General Information: Acceptability of wind turbines has met much opposition in recent years, partially because they are frequently seen as sharply contrasting intrusions into the natural landscape, since no other man-made structures are normally found around them. This proposal will address the acceptability issues by developing and integrating turbines into built environment in order to bring power generation closer to usage and also to contribute to the 'zero energy building' goal. It is also recognised that most built-up areas in Europe have low-to-moderate wind speed regime, partially because of the effect that increased surface roughness has on an atmospheric boundary layer profile. For these reasons wind applications in built-up areas have to fulfils several specific requirements which will be addressed in the proposal. The key objectives are: 1. to develop wind enhancement and integration techniques for low to moderate wind speed areas (2.5 to 5 m/s annual average) in order to increase the 'qualifying land mass area' for wind utilization in the AEU by improving the annual energy yield per installation. Particular attention would be given to wind concentration techniques using optimised building forms and purpose-made solid structures to create the 'accelerated wind environment'. 2. to develop turbine specification to cater for the above applications. Additionally these turbines would have to be closely controllable, with low noise emissions and be suitable for sensitive environmental integration in or around inhabited areas. All important environmental implications would be investigated. 3. to prove/demonstrate the above techniques on a scaled model in the field. 4. to assess and improve prospects for social, aesthetical and planning acceptability of such wind energy applications. There are specific requirements that wind turbines for inhabited areas must satisfy in response to specific problems related to this type of application. They are going to be specifically addressed in this project. 1. Physical Safety. Prevention of injury to humans, birds, etc. will be an important aspect of urban application. Safety could be compromised due to reasons like blade rotation, high winds and possible blade shedding due to material fatigue. 2. Noise. The noise levels at neighbouring properties would not normally be allowed to exceed the level of background noise or 45 dB(A), whichever is higher. For this reason, quiet turbines are needed. The mechanical gear would have to be placed in an acoustic enclosure. Special types of control may have to be implemented in order to control the rotational speed in accordance with the background noise level at reference points in the surroundings. 3. Vibration and Resonance. Special structural provisions at the interface between the turbines and surrounding structures may be needed to avoid these effects... Prime Contractor: BDSP Partnership, London.
Das Projekt "Deutsche Mitarbeit zu der IEA-Task 22" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Klimasystemtechnik Esdorn Jahn durchgeführt. Verbesserung der Zuverlaessigkeit und Anwendbarkeit von Simulationsprogrammen fuer Solar- und Niedrigenergiekonzepte. Es soll eine technische Grundlage fuer die Analyse von Solar- und Niedrigenergiegebaeuden mittels Simulationsprogrammen geschaffen werden: Dazu werden: a) Die Genauigkeit von Simulationsprogrammen unter Beruecksichtigung von Solar- und Niedrigenergiekonzepten festgestellt. b) Modelle fuer die zukuenftige Verwendung in Simulationsprogrammen gesammelt und dokumentiert. c) Die Wirkung der verbesserten Simulationsprogramme bei der Analyse von Solar- und Niedrigenergiegebaeuden festgelegt und dokumentiert. d) Die Ergebnisse an Nutzer, Industrie und Regierungsstellen verbreitet. Das Vorhaben soll im Rahmen eines internationalen Forschungsvorhabens IEA (Annex 22) durchgefuehrt werden.
Das Projekt "Solarenergie-Haus Ebersberg mit passivem und aktivem Solarsystem" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Bauherrengemeinschaft Sonnenhaus Ebersberg durchgeführt. Objective: Aim of the project is to demonstrate that by using various passive and active solar systems the energy consumption of a multifamily building can be reduced by 60 per cent compared with a well insulated building, or by 80 per cent compared with a conventionally insulated building. General Information: The multiflat building is located on the Southwest area of greater Munic, Baveria. The basic design dates from 1975. Six housing units are grouped together with a communal patio. On the North facing sides the garages form am additional thermal buffer, three offices are also included in the Northern part of the building. The total volume of the building is 7600 m3 with a heated are of 1200 m2. The specific energy demand at an ambient of - 14 deg. C is 30 W/m2. To achieve a reduction of the energy demand of a similar built house by 60 per cent numerous technics are used; active, passive photovoltaic, heat recovery, mouvable blinds, and an absorption heat pump. The following passive systems are used: - totally glazed South side (320 m2, 112 000 kWh/y) - trombe wall (40 m2, 12000 KWh/y) - winter gardens (90 m2, 18000 kWh/y) - insulating roll shutters of synthetic material (320 m2, 64000 kWh/y) - horizontally mouvable shutters (40 m2, 10000 kWh/y). Active systems are: - air solar collectors (140 m2, 35000 kWh/y) - water solar collectors (80 m2, 40000 kWh/y) - exhaust air heat exchanger (39000 kWh/y) - photovoltaic solar generator (1kW) - absorption heat pump (40 kW; 100000 kWh/y). The building is equipped with a decentralised air-circulation heating system. An emergency power system is installed, coupled with the photovoltaic generator which will, in the case of black-outs of the public grid, automatically supply the Mai pumps and fans with electricity and also the main appliances in the dewellings. During normal operation one office is supplied with electricity independently from the grid. Achievements: The multiple use of solar energy proved to be more complicated. The owners of the different houses are involved in law cases, unfortunately. The monitoring is not performed as originally planned, but started in July 86 finally. No results were submitted until December 1987.