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Quantitative descripton of marine litter at the seafloor of the Baltic Sea

Marine litter at the seafloor comprises different materials. Plastic is the most frequent material of marine litter found at the seafloor of the Baltic Sea (55,6%). "Abandoned, lost, discarded or otherwise lost fishing gear" (ALDFG) is a subgroup of plastic litter with special importance for environmental assessment because it has a defined source and may pose a health risk to animals. With the data provided, marine litter at the seafloor of the Baltic Sea was quantified and characterized with special regard to fishery as source. 72 litter items (LI) were collected within fishery catches by bottom trawling during three cruises in 2020 and 2021. The data were used to quantify litter at the seafloor of the Baltic Sea (9.2 LI/km²) including 2.2 LI/km² ALDFG and 0.4 LI/km² fishery nets. We conclude that fishery is an important source of litter and ALDFG represent a considerable share of marine litter with 22.2%.

Raumordnung der Küstenländer in Meeres- und Küstenzone (WFS)

Die deutschen Anteile an Nord- und Ostsee sind in die Territorial- und Küstengewässer der Küstenbundesländer sowie die Ausschließliche Wirtschaftszone unterteilt. Jedes Küstenbundesland und der Bund für die AWZ sind für die Aufstellung von Raumordnungsplänen (-programmen, -konzepten) zuständig. Da allerdings die Nutzung des Meeres grenzüberschreitend erfolgt, besteht der Bedarf für ein harmonisiertes Produkt das das gesamte deutsche Meeresgebiet abdeckt. Dieser Download-Dienst (WFS) der Marinen Dateninfrastruktur Deutschland (MDI-DE) stellt unterschiedliche Nutzungen aus den Raumordnungsplänen der Küstenländer harmonisiert zur Verfügung. Die Daten schließen nahtlos and den Raumordnungsplan AWZ des BSH an und enthalten die Nutzungen Schifffahrt, Windenergie, Leitungen, Natur und Landschaft, Fischerei, Tourismus sowie Rohstoffe und Küstenschutz. Datenquellen: Landesraumordnungsprogramme und -entwicklungspläne sowie Flächennutzungspläne der Küstenländer. Harmonisierte Attribute: Nutzung, Vorrang- / Vorbehaltsgebiet, Gültigkeit, Lizenz, Planungsdokument sowie an die EU Raumordnung angeglichene fachliche Typisierung.

Methane measurements at lander_2 in a coastal peatland at the German Baltic Sea in 2021

Rewetting peatlands is an important measure to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, after rewetting, the areas are highly heterogeneous in terms of GHG exchange, which depends on water level and source, vegetation, previous use, and duration of rewetting. These challenging conditions require new technologies that go beyond discrete sampling. Here we present data from two autonomous lander platforms deployed at the sediment-water interface (bottom lander) of a shallow coastal peatland (approx. 1 m water depth) that was rewetted by brackish water from the Baltic Sea, thus becoming part of the coastal water through a permanent connection. These landers were equipped with six commercially available state-of-the-art sensors, and temporal high-resolution measurements of physico-chemical variables, including partial pressures of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), were made. The resolution of the field data ranged from 10 seconds to 120 minutes and was obtained for partial pressure of CO2 (Contros HydroC-CO2) and CH4 (Contros HydroC-CH4), temperature, salinity, pressure (water depth), oxygen (O2) (CTD-O2 with SBE-37SMP-ODO), the concentrations of phosphate (SBE HydroCycle PO4), nitrate (SBE SUNA V2), chlorophyll a and the turbidity (both with SBE-FLNTUSB ECO) as stationary measurements at two different locations in close proximity. The CTD and oxygen measurements provide exact water depth data for the respective lander locations. In the other data sets (e.g., CO2 measurements) rounded data are inserted instead of the exact depth data, which is 0.6 m for lander_1 and 0.9 m for lander_2. SUNA raw data are provided for completeness. However, we found them of insufficient quality to estimate nitrate concentrations due to interferences and biofouling. The deployment and recovery of the landers, and thus the measurements, took place between 02 June 2021 and 09 August 2021, and the sensors were operated under permanent wired power supply and a centralized timestamp. The sensors were maintained and cleaned bi-weekly. Results show considerable temporal fluctuations expressed as multi-day, diurnal, and event-based variability, with spatial differences caused by biologically-dominated variables.

Bottom water data of sediment incubation experiments under anoxic conditions

Enhanced mineral dissolution in the benthic environment is currently discussed as a potential technique for ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. This study explores how biogeochemical processes affect the dissolution of alkaline minerals in surface sediments during laboratory incubation experiments. These involved introducing dunite and calcite to organic-rich sediments from the Baltic Sea under controlled conditions in an anoxic to hypoxic environment. The sediment cores were incubated with Baltic Sea bottom water. Eight sediment cores were positioned vertically in a rack. Since the sediment surface was slightly oxidized by the bottom water (∼125 μmol l−1 upon recovery), the cores were left plugged on the top for 13 days to settle after recovery until the sediment surface was anoxic. To achieve chemical conditions that are expected in the natural system, 500l of retrieved sea water were degassed via bubbling with pure dinitrogen gas in batches of 100 l. Afterwards, between 50 and 60 l were transferred into an evacuated gas tight bag. After the transfer, pH and total alkalinity (TA) were measured to determine the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of the water. Afterwards the DIC was increased via adding pure CO2 until a CO2 partial pressure (pCO2 ) of ∼2,300–∼3,300 μatm was established mimicking conditions prevailing in Boknis Eck during summer. Stirring heads were installed on the cores. To prevent the development of oxic conditions, it was ensured that as little gas phase as possible was left in the cores. Elimination of pelagic autotrophs, heterotrophs, and suspended particles was achieved by flushing the cores with modified bottom water for 2 days with a flow rate of 1.5 mml min−1. Afterwards, a continuous throughflow of 700 μl min−1 from the reservoir of modified bottom water was applied, leading to a residence time of ∼2.1 days inside the cores. For the experimental incubations, six cores received additions of alkaline materials, three with calcite (Cal1 - Cal3) and three cores with dunite (Dun1 - Dun3), leading to three replicates per treatment. Two control cores remained untreated (C1, C2). The amount of added substrate was based on the rain rate of particulate organic carbon observed in Boknis Eck (0.5 mmol cm−2 a−). The incubation lasted for 25 days. The volume of water in each core was determined at the end of the experiment via measuring the height of the water column after removing the stirring heads. Bottom water samples were taken from the outflow of each core over a time period of several hours. Thus, samples represent the average outflow over the respective time period. Sampling intervals increased from daily during the first two weeks to every three to four days and weekly towards the end of the experiment. All samples were filtered through a 0.2 µm cellulose membrane filter and refrigerated in 25 ml ZinsserTM scintillation vials. Samples for TA were analyzed directly after sampling by titration of 1 ml of bottom water with 0.02N HCl. Titration was ended when a stable purple color appeared. During titration, the sample was degassed by continuous bubbling with nitrogen to remove any generated CO2 and H2S. The acid was standardized using an IAPSO seawater standard. Acidified sub-samples (30 μl suprapure HNO3- + 3 ml sample) were prepared for analyses of major and trace elements (Si, Na, K, Li, B, Mg, Ca, Sr, Mn, Ni and Fe) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Varian 720-ES).

Freisetzungspotential, Mobilität und Umwandlungsprozesse von Spurenelementen, PFAS und weiteren organischen Schadstoffen in Spülfeldern

Veranlassung Baggergut das aufgrund erhöhter Nährstoffkonzentrationen für eine Umlagerung in der Ostsee nicht geeignet ist, wird häufig auf Spülfeldern im Küstenbereich abgelagert, um anschließend verwertet zu werden. Gelegentlich kann das Überschreiten von Grenzwerten des Arsens (As) im Eluat dazu führen, dass das Ausleiten des Überstandwassers seitens der zuständigen Landesbehörden nicht genehmigt wird, wodurch das Abtrocknen des Sediments, und somit der wichtigste Prozess der As-Retention, verlangsamt wird. Die Aussagekraft der Eluattests zur Abschätzung der Metall(oid)-Freisetzung aus den Spülfeldsedimenten ist sehr begrenzt, da die an Organik reichen, anaeroben Sedimente der Ostsee nach dem Aufbringen auf ein Spülfeld zeitlichen Änderungen von z.B. Temperatur- und Redoxbedingungen unterliegen. Darüber hinaus ist damit zur rechnen, dass diese Situation klimawandelbedingt durch ein häufigeres Auftreten von Trockenheitsereignissen weiter erschwert wird, da es zu einer Verstärkung vertikaler pH- und Redox-Gradienten und einer beschleunigten Mobilisierung von Cadmium, Nickel oder Zink unter oxischen Bedingungen als Folgewirkung der Sulfid-Oxidation kommt. Es besteht ein hoher Bedarf die Möglichkeiten der Verwertung von Spülfeldsedimenten zu verbessern und die Kapazitäten der Spülfelder für zukünftig anfallendes Baggergut zu erhalten. Kenntnisse über die Zusammenhänge der Metall(oid)mobilität mit zeitlich dynamischen Sedimenteigenschaften können hierzu einen wichtigen Beitrag liefern. Darüber hinaus soll in diesem Projekt untersucht werden inwieweit Unterschiede je nach Alter und Herkunft der Spülfeldsedimente bei der Transformation von PFAS-Vorläufersubstanzen hin zu Perfluorcarbonsäuren bestehen. Dies ist für Spülfeldsedimente der Ostsee bisher nicht bekannt. Grundsätzlich ist davon auszugehen, dass relevante Grenzwerte nicht überschritten werden, da auch andere ubiquitäre Schadstoffe gewöhnlich in unterdurchschnittlichen Mengen auftreten. Vor dem Hintergrund ihrer guten Wasserlöslichkeit sind vertiefte Kenntnisse zur Bildung der Perfluorcarbonsäuren allerdings von hoher Bedeutung. Eine Optimierung der Verwertungsmöglichkeiten des Baggerguts der Ostsee-Spülfelder liefert auch für Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsämter (WSA) der Binnenbereiche eine wichtige theoretische Arbeitsgrundlage. Dies betrifft einerseits die Handhabung des Baggerguts aus WSA-Talsperren, in denen ebenfalls schadstoffarmes, nährstoffreiches und stark organikhaltiges Baggergut anfällt, und welches somit im Beräumungsfall einer Problematik ähnlich den Ostsee-Spülfeldsedimenten unterliegt. Andererseits befinden sich im norddeutschen Raum zahlreiche WSA-Spülfelder deren Betrieb innerhalb der letzten Dekade eingestellt oder stark zurückgefahren wurde. Hier könnten die Projektergebnisse als Orientierung dienen, wenn eine Reaktivierung dieser Spülfelder gewünscht wird. Ziele - Erfassung des Einflusses verschiedener Bearbeitungstechniken auf die Mobilität anorganischer und organischer Schadstoffe in aufgespültem Baggergut - Erarbeitung detaillierter Kenntnisse zur Mobilität verschiedener Arsenspezies und weiterer Metall(oid)e, zu den dabei relevanten mikrobiologischen Prozessen sowie zu Möglichkeiten der Reduzierung der Arsenfreisetzung - Untersuchung des Freisetzungsverhaltens perfluorierter Verbindungen (PFAS) im Kontext des Reifungsprozesses von Baggergut sowie in Abhängigkeit des fluvialen Sedimenttransports - Ableitung und Anwendung geeigneter Remediationstechniken zur Behandlung von anoxischem Überstandwasser.

One-year high-resolution time series of organic trace substances in a Baltic Sea urban estuary and adjacent areas in Germany (2022–2023)

A highly temporally and spatially resolved measurement campaign was conducted over a one-year period to analyze water samples for a total of 35 pharmaceuticals, pesticides and UV-filters. Between spring 2022 and spring 2023, surface water samples were collected twice a week at 14 sites at the Warnow estuary and its adjacent areas in Rostock, Germany, as part of the OTC-Genomics sampling campaign. The sampling area included one upstream freshwater site before the river enters the estuary, seven sampling sites along the estuary - surrounded by the urban area of Rostock - and six sites along the Baltic coastline. Sampling was conducted every Monday and Thursday, always three hours after sunrise. After enrichment with solid phase extraction, 1307 samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Additional to the dataset included here, the same samples were analyzed for prokaryotic and eukaryotic community composition (16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing), cell abundances (flow cytometry), and physico-chemical environmental parameters.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (EM 1002 echosounder entire dataset) of RV MARIA S. MERIAN during cruise MSM51/1

Swath sonar bathymetry data used for that dataset was recorded during RV MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM51/1 using Kongsberg EM1002 multibeam echosounder. The cruise took place between 01.02.2016 and 27.02.2016 in the Baltic Sea. The cruise aimed to perform seismo- and hydroacoustic surveys, sampling of Holocene sediments and to investigate the water column wintertime mixing close to sea-ice limits. These surveys improved the understanding of variations in the ventilation of the deeper Baltic, considering not only external climate forcing but also the effects of postglacial sealevel rise and isostatic uplift [CSR]. CI Citation: Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de) as responsible party for bathymetry raw data ingest and approval. During the MSM51-1 cruise, the moonpooled KONGSBERG EM1002 multibeam echosounder (MBES) was utilized to perform bathymetric mapping in shallow depths. 111 beams are formed for each ping while the seafloor is detected using amplitude and phase information for each beam sounding. For further information on the system, consult https://www.km.kongsberg.com/. Postprocessing and products were conducted by the Seafloor-Imaging & Mapping group of MARUM/FB5, responsible person Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de). The open source software MB-System (Caress, D. W., and D. N. Chayes, MB-System: Mapping the Seafloor, https://www.mbari.org/products/research-software/mb-system, 2017) was utilized for this purpose. A sound velocity correction profile was applied to the MSM51-1 data; there were no further corrections for roll, pitch and heave applied during postprocessing. A tide correction was applied, based on the Oregon State University (OSU) tidal prediction software (OTPS) that is retrievable through MB-System. CTD measurements during the cruise were sufficient to represent the changes in the sound velocity throughout the study area. Using Mbeditviz, artefacts were cleaned manually. NetCDF (GMT) grids of the edited data as well as statistics were created with mbgrid. The published bathymetric EM1002 grid of the cruise MSM51-1 has a resolution of 15 m. No total propagated uncertainty (TPU) has been calculated to gather vertical or horizontal accuracy. A higher resolution is, at least partly, achievable. The grid extended with _num represents a raster dataset with the statistical number of beams/depths taken into account to create the depth of the cell. The extended _sd -grid contains the standard deviation for each cell. The DTMs projections are given in Geographic coordinate system Lat/Lon; Geodetic Datum: WGS84.

Methane measurements at lander_1 in a coastal peatland at the German Baltic Sea in 2021

Rewetting peatlands is an important measure to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, after rewetting, the areas are highly heterogeneous in terms of GHG exchange, which depends on water level and source, vegetation, previous use, and duration of rewetting. These challenging conditions require new technologies that go beyond discrete sampling. Here we present data from two autonomous lander platforms deployed at the sediment-water interface (bottom lander) of a shallow coastal peatland (approx. 1 m water depth) that was rewetted by brackish water from the Baltic Sea, thus becoming part of the coastal water through a permanent connection. These landers were equipped with six commercially available state-of-the-art sensors, and temporal high-resolution measurements of physico-chemical variables, including partial pressures of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), were made. The resolution of the field data ranged from 10 seconds to 120 minutes and was obtained for partial pressure of CO2 (Contros HydroC-CO2) and CH4 (Contros HydroC-CH4), temperature, salinity, pressure (water depth), oxygen (O2) (CTD-O2 with SBE-37SMP-ODO), the concentrations of phosphate (SBE HydroCycle PO4), nitrate (SBE SUNA V2), chlorophyll a and the turbidity (both with SBE-FLNTUSB ECO) as stationary measurements at two different locations in close proximity. The CTD and oxygen measurements provide exact water depth data for the respective lander locations. In the other data sets (e.g., CO2 measurements) rounded data are inserted instead of the exact depth data, which is 0.6 m for lander_1 and 0.9 m for lander_2. SUNA raw data are provided for completeness. However, we found them of insufficient quality to estimate nitrate concentrations due to interferences and biofouling. The deployment and recovery of the landers, and thus the measurements, took place between 02 June 2021 and 09 August 2021, and the sensors were operated under permanent wired power supply and a centralized timestamp. The sensors were maintained and cleaned bi-weekly. Results show considerable temporal fluctuations expressed as multi-day, diurnal, and event-based variability, with spatial differences caused by biologically-dominated variables.

WMS MSRL: D8-Schadstoffe (sh-llur), Mittelwert 2005-2010

Der WMS umfasst Schadstoffe im Wasser und im Sediment, die an Messstationen des LLUR erfasst werden. Parameter: Quecksilber, Blei, Kupfer, Nickel, Arsen, Cadmium, Chrom, Zink.

Element concentrations from two benthic chambers and the ambient bottom water during an in-situ incubation experiment in July 2025

The dataset contains major and trace element concentrations measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) from water samples collected during a 16-day in-situ incubation experiment in the Baltic Sea (2025-07-12 to 2025-07-29). Samples were collected using an automated glass-syringe sampler deployed within two benthic chambers of a Biogeochemical Observatory (BIGO, Sommer et al., 2009) at 54° 34.432' N, 10° 10.776' E, at 22 m water depth. In one chamber, 29 g of fine calcite powder were added to the bottom water to assess the potential of enhanced benthic calcite weathering as an ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) strategy. Seven samples per chamber and from the ambient bottom water were analyzed to trace elemental changes associated with calcite dissolution.

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