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Sulfate reduction rates in sediments and bottom water from Kiel Bight, SW Baltic Sea 2023 to 2025

This dataset presents microbial sulfate reduction rates (SRR) from eight stations, in Kiel Bight, near Fehmarn and Flensburg Fjord. Sediments and water column samples were taken during the research cruises BE-09/2023 (12.09.2023), L23-13 (13.09.2023 – 15.09.2023), AL618 (18.08.2024 – 08.09.2024), Sagitta24-1 (16.09.2024), Sagitta24-2 (23.09.2024), Hai24VE2 (24.09.2024), BE01/2025 (23.01.2025), L25-2b (09.02.2025 – 17.02.2025) and EMB374 (04.09.2025 - 13.09.2025). Sediment cores were recovered using Multicorer or Rumohrlot. Subcores were taken from the cores and 35S radiotracer was added centimeter-wise, incubated for 17-24 hours at in-situ temperature of the retrieved cores, sliced, transferred in zinc acetate and stored at -20°C until analysis. Water samples were collected by a CTD/Rosette at 3 different water depth (1, 2, 6 m asf) and from bottom water of the sediment cores. 35S radiotracer was added directly to the samples incubated for 17-24 hours at in-situ temperature and proceeded as for sediments. The analysis followed in the laboratory at the home institute and sulfate reduction rates were quantified after Kallmeyer et al. (2004), using cold chromium distillation, with modifications after Roy et al. (2014). The data set provides the first spatial overview of SRR variability in Kiel Bight and reveals differences between the late summer conditions in the years 2023, 2024 and 2025, as well as winter conditions from 2025. Together with microbiological, geochemical, sensor, and benthic chamber data the results help to better understand spatial and temporal variations in sedimentary sulfide production, retention and emission to the bottom water of Kiel Bight.

Sensor data from a benthic chamber experiment in the Kiel Bight, SW Baltic Sea from 2025

This dataset consists of sensor data from field experiments with time-series point measurements. These benthic MiniChamber experiments were run at five stations for 20 h during cruise EMB374 (04.09.2025 - 13.09.2025). An O2 optode with integrated temperature sensor (Aanderaa, Norway), as well as pH and sulfide micro sensor (Unisense, Denmark), were measuring within the benthic chamber during the 20 h experimental run. The data set will be used to highlight similarities and differences in the benthic system of the Kiel Bight. Oxygen respiration and sulfide flux rates from the benthic chamber can be extrapolated to larger areas of Kiel Bight, providing insights into more widespread occurrences of sulfide emissions.

Sedimentary sensor data from the Kiel Bight, SW Baltic Sea from 2024 and 2025

This dataset consists of sensor data from eight stations, in Kiel Bight, near Fehmarn and Flensburg Fjord. It includes vertical depth profiles. For the vertical depth profiles sediments were taken during research cruises Sagitta24-1 (16.09.2024), Sagitta24-2 (23.09.2024), BE01/2025 (23.01.2025), L25-2b (09.02.2025 – 17.02.2025) and EMB374 (04.09.2025 - 13.09.2025). In 2024, oxygen, pH and sulfide were measured, whereas redox potential and hydrogen were additionally measured in 2025. Micro sensor equipment of Unisense (Aarhus, Denmark) was used for all sediment profiles. The data set will be used to highlight small-scale vertical gradients that are putatively microbial induced and altered as well as geochemical differences between the upper sediment of Kiel Bight. Together with microbiological and geochemical data and rate measurements the data will show the close interlinkages between sediment properties and communities.

Oxygen consumption, heart rate, and ventilation rate of Lithodes santolla in response to declining oxygen partial pressures measured in 2016 in the laboratory in Germany

This dataset comprises physiological measurements of the southern king crab, Lithodes santolla, exposed to different oxygen conditions. Physiological variables include oxygen consumption, heart rate, and ventilation rate. The dataset was generated to evaluate the physiological responses of L. santolla to environmental variation in temperature and oxygen availability. Physiological data were collected in 2016 at the Alfred Wegener Institute, List/Sylt, Germany, using animals transported from Punta Arenas, Chile, during the PS98 expedition (10 April to 11 May 2016). Oxygen concentration was measured using optical oxygen sensors (PSt3, PreSens GmbH, Germany). Heart and ventilation rates were recorded by infrared photoplethysmography (photoplethysmographs and amplifiers from iSiTEC GmbH, Germany) and digitized using a PowerLab acquisition system (ADInstruments, United Kingdom).

Oxygen consumption, heart rate, and ventilation rate of Lithodes santolla in response to different temperatures and oxygen levels measured in 2016 in the laboratory in Germany

This dataset comprises physiological and metabolic measurements of the southern king crab, Lithodes santolla, exposed to different temperatures (0–25 ºC) and two oxygen conditions (Normoxia: 21 kPa and Reduction: 12 kPa). Physiological variables include oxygen consumption, heart rate, and ventilation rate. The dataset was generated to evaluate the physiological responses of L. santolla to environmental variation in temperature and oxygen availability. Physiological data were collected in 2016 at the Alfred Wegener Institute, List/Sylt, Germany, using animals transported from Punta Arenas, Chile, during the PS98 expedition (10 April to 11 May 2016). Oxygen concentration was measured using optical oxygen sensors (PSt3, PreSens GmbH, Germany). Heart and ventilation rates were recorded by infrared photoplethysmography (photoplethysmographs and amplifiers from iSiTEC GmbH, Germany) and digitized using a PowerLab acquisition system (ADInstruments, United Kingdom).

Discrete water sample data from a benthic chamber experiment in the Kiel Bight, SW Baltic Sea from 2025

This dataset consists of geochemical parameters like hydrogen sulfide, total alkalinity (TA), phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, silicate, ammonium, chloride, bromide and sulfate data from five stations with benthic chamber experiments during EMB374 (04.09.2025 - 13.09.2025) in the Kiel Bight. Samples were collected with a syringe sampler within the benthic chamber at the end of incubation time as well as from ambient bottom water by Niskin bottles mounted to the MiniLander at around 20 cm above the seafloor. Sampling took place at the same time as with the syring sampler within the benthic chamber. Concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were measured photometrically, TA was titrated with a dosimeter, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, silicate, ammonium were measured with an autoanalyzer and chloride, bromide, sulfate with an ion chromatograph. Together with the sensor measurements, this data set provide key parameters necessary for understanding biogeochemical processes, calculating oxygen respiration rates and sulfide emission rates from the sediment to the water column within the benthic chamber.

Microbial sulfate reduction rates, geochemical micro profiles and benthic chamber experiment data in the Kiel Bight, SW Baltic Sea from 2023 to 2025

This dataset collection presents measurements of microbial sulfate reduction rates (SRR), mircrosensor profiles, and benthic chamber experiments from eight stations, in Kiel Bight, near Fehmarn and Flensburg Fjord from 2023 to 2025. Sediment cores were recovered using multicorer (MUC), minicorer (MIC) or Rumohr lot (RL), with multiple core liners (MUC/MIC) used per deployment for microbial, geochemical, and sensor analysis. The dataset provides the first spatial and temporal overview of sulfide production in sediment and water column of Kiel Bight, small-scale putatively microbial influenced vertical gradients of the upper sediment, and flux rates between sediment and bottom water. Further geochemical data from the same deployments can be found in Spiegel et al. 2026 https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988013. Together these datasets enable assessments of microbial-geochemical controls on sulfide production, retention, and emission to the bottom water of Kiel Bight under changing regimes.

Oxygen consumption rate, organic carbon and grain size data for intertidal sediments and oxygen concentration of pore waters data of Spiekeroog Island North Beach, May 2022 to April 2023

The permeable sandy sediments of beach aquifers receive a high input of electron acceptors, such as oxygen (O2), as well as fresh organic matter through seawater infiltration, driving the biogeochemical turnover in the subterranean estuary. Here, we experimentally determined seasonal sedimentary O2 consumption rates of intertidal sediments along a transect in the seawater infiltration zone at Spiekeroog Island North Beach, Germany, and present the data together with measurements of organic carbon and grain sizes, oxygen concentration of pore waters and beach topography. The samples were taken down to 1 m depth during two-monthly sampling campaigns from May 2022 to April 2023. Preliminary investigations of O2 consumption rates took place in in March, June and August 2017. Sediment and porewater sampling procedures were carried out as described by Massmann et al. (2023). O2 consumption rates were determined in slurry incubations of the retrieved sediments using gas tight vials (Labco Exetainer® 12 ml) equipped with O2 sensor spots (Pyroscience, OXSP5). Incubations were carried out in the dark at in situ temperatures, and vials were mounted on a rotating wheel to mimic porewater advection. The sediment's total organic carbon content was determined in a CS analyser (Eltra CS 800). Additionally, the fine fraction of the sediment was washed out and the organic carbon content of the fine sediments was measured in a CHNSO analyser (Hekatech Euro EA). The grain size distribution of the sediments was detemined using dynamic image analysis (Sympatec QICPIC). The O2 concentration in the pore water along the transect was measured immediately after the sample was taken using a flow-through oxygen optode (Pyroscience, OXFTC). The data was collected to investigate the impact of seasonal inputs and filtration efficiency on the O2 consumption during seawater infiltration into the permeable sands of beach aquifers.

Beach topography data of Spiekeroog Island North Beach, May 2022 to April 2023

Sandy beaches are highly dynamic land-ocean transition zones. For two-monthly sampling campaigns from May 2022 to April 2023, the beach topography along a sampling transect in the seawater infiltration zone at Spiekeroog Island North Beach, Germany, was obtained using Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) derived from aerial imagery during drone flights and manual Real-Time-Kinematic (RTK) differential GPS-surveys. In December 2022, the data was obtained using differential GPS measurements (Stonex S9 III Plus GNSS) because of unfavorable conditions for drone flights. These measurements were carried out in connection with sediment and pore water sampling along the transect during the campaigns. The data was collected to investigate the impact of morphodynamics on the O2 consumption during seawater infiltration into the permeable sands of beach aquifers.

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