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The data layers provided show current values for seawater temperature, pH, calcite and aragonite saturation (%), oxygen concentration, and particulate organic carbon (POC) flux to the seafloor at different depths (500, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000m) at the present day (1951-2000) and changes in these variables expected between 2041-2060 and 2081-2100 under different RCP scenarios. The data layers were generated following the methods described in Levin et al. (2020). In short, in 2019, we obtained the present day and future ocean projections for the different years which were compiled from all available data generated by Earth Systems Models as part of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Three Earth System Models, including GFDL‐ESM‐2G, IPSL‐CM5A‐MR, and MPI‐ESM‐MR were collected and multi-model averages of temperature, pH, O2 , export production at 100-m depth (epc100), carbonate ion concentration (co3), and carbonate ion concentration for seawater in equilibrium with aragonite (co3satarg) and calcite (co3satcalc) were calculated. The epc100 was converted to export POC flux at the seafloor using the Martin curve (Martin et al., 1987) following the equation: POC flux = export production*(depth/export depth)0.858. The export depth was set to 100 m, and the water depth using the ETOPO1 Global Relief Model (Amante and Eakins, 2008). Seafloor aragonite and calcite saturation were computed by dividing co3 by co3satarg and co3satcalc. All variableswere reported as the inter-annual mean projections between 1951-2000, 2041-2060, and 2081-2100. The data for calcite and aragonite saturation can be found in Morato et al. (2020).
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary layer on top of all oceans and is crucial for all exchange processes between the ocean and atmosphere. This less than 1 mm thick layer is heavily influenced by biological processes and events like algal blooms. To quantify the influence of an algal bloom in a controlled environment, we conducted a mesocosm study at the Sea sURface Facility (SURF) of the Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM) in Wilhelmshaven, Germany (53.5148 °N, 8.1463°E). SURF is an 8.5 m long, 2 m wide and 1 m deep water basin, which can directly be filled with seawater from the Jade Bay, North Sea. The facility is equipped with a retractable roof, pumps for water circulation and dedicated mounts for multiple sensor systems. The mesocosm experiment was conducted from 18 May to 16 June 2023 as part of the project BASS (Biogeochemical processes and Air-sea exchange in the Sea-Surface microlayer). SURF was filled with seawater a few days before the start of the experiment (water depth 0.7 m). The water was then filtered and the surface skimmed to remove initial pollution. To prevent particle and microbial sedimentation during the experiment, the pumps operated at low speed to maintain gentle mixing of the water column. The roof of SURF was closed during the night, while it was open during the day except when it rained. To induce an algal bloom, a mix of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and silicate) was added on 26 May, 30 May and 01 June. Based on the chlorophyll measurements which show the development of the bloom, three phases of the experiment were determined: the pre-bloom phase (18 May to 26 May), the bloom phase (27 May to 04 June) and the post-bloom phase (05 June to 16 June). Several physical, chemical and biological parameters were measured, which will be published in other datasets. To evaluate the impact of the algal bloom within the SML, oxygen concentration, pH, and temperature were measured in situ using microsensors (UNISENSE, Denmark) mounted on a MicroProfiling System (UNISENSE, Denmark). With this setup, direct in situ measurements inside both the thermal boundary layer and diffusion boundary layer at the sea surface can be made. One oxygen microsensor, two pH microsensors and three temperature microsensors were mounted on the microprofiler with their tips pointing upward to avoid disturbance in the SML. They were positioned a few centimeters apart. The microprofiler was used to automatically move the sensors down, from the air through the SML and into the underlying water over a total distance of 10 000 µm in steps of 125 µm (250 µm at the start of the experiment). At each depth, the sensors stayed for about 10 s, giving a mean value and a standard deviation over that time. Three of these measurements were taken at every depth before the sensor moved down to the next step. After completing a profile, the microprofiler returned to its initial position with the tips in the air to start the next profile. The resulting profiles mostly took between 40 to 50 minutes. These profiles were conducted continuously during day and night, except for small breaks to clean and if needed replace or readjust the sensors and recalibrate the pH sensors. The sensors' height required manual adjustment to position the tip precisely at the water surface (0 µm). Through this manual adjustment, small inaccuracies may occur. As a result, the sensor depth readings form the microprofiler system may not reflect the true sensor position, which can also vary between the sensors. The true sensor positions can later be obtained by analysing the measured profiles.
This database expands the Poulton et al., 2018 (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.888182) database of pelagic calcium carbonate (CP) rate measurements from isotopic tracer uptake in incubated discrete water samples, as discussed in Daniels et al., 2018 (doi:10.5194/essd-10-1859-2018), and accompanies Marsh et al. (in prep.). The database now includes more CP (new data n = 400; complete database n = 3165), net primary production rate (PP) (new data n = 399; complete database n = 3150), total coccolithophore cell counts (new data n = 240; complete database n = 1512), and Emiliania huxleyi cell counts (new data n = 27; complete database n = 612). This expanded database maintains the record of data, including the principal investigator, expedition, OS region, doi reference (where available), collection date and year, sample ID, latitude, longitude, sampling and light depth, and method of measuring CP. We further expand the Poulton et al. (2018) data collection by including ancillary and environmental data, including: optical depth (OD, n = 3165), pHtotal (hereinafter referred to as pHT, n = 398), temperature (n = 1160), salinity (n = 1161), and the concentrations of chlorophyll a (n = 1363), NOx (NO3 or the sum of NO3 + NO2, n = 1161), silicic acid (Si(OH)4, n= 1156), phosphate (PO4, n = 1232), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, n = 318), total alkalinity (TA, n = 307), bicarbonate ion concentration (n = 349), and carbonate ion concentration (n = 352). All data was matched to CP, sample bottle identifiers (Niskin bottle numbers), and/or sampling depth values. This global database (81 °N - 64 °S, 132 °E - 174 °W) now covers expeditions and upper ocean measurements (0 - 193 m) from 1989 to 2024. Global in-situ geolocated data spanning time is valuable for modelling, satellite algorithms, and capturing calcium carbonate production in the global ocean. This expanded database, including the environmental, nutrient, chlorophyll a, and carbonate chemistry data, also allows for analysis of factors influencing calcium carbonate production on a global scale. This data amalgamation contributes to understanding the biogeochemistry of the oceans, global carbon cycle, and ocean acidification.
Dieser Darstellungs-Dienst (WMS) der Marinen Dateninfrastruktur Deutschland (MDI-DE) stellt Copernicus-Daten für die Ostsee zur Verfügung. Die Daten wurden für den Zeitraum 2022-2024 aggregiert (gemittelt) sowie zeitvariant ausgewertet und können u.a. für das MSRL Reporting genutzt werden. Bereitgestellte Parameter sind: Cyanobakterien, Trübung, Salinität, Temperatur und Azidität. Die Daten werden über unterschiedliche Zeiträume (täglich, monatlich, saisonal, 2-wöchentlich, MSRL-abgestimmt Jul-Aug) aggregiert, repräsentiert durch statistische Kennziffern.
Die Marine Dateninfrastruktur Deutschland (MDI-DE) stellt Copernicus-Daten für die Ostsee zur Verfügung. Die Daten wurden für den Zeitraum 2022-2024 aggregiert (gemittelt) sowie zeitvariant ausgewertet und können u.a. für das MSRL Reporting genutzt werden. Bereitgestellte Parameter sind: Cyanobakterien, Trübung, Salinität, Temperatur und Azidität. Die Daten werden über unterschiedliche Zeiträume (täglich, monatlich, saisonal, 2-wöchentlich, MSRL-abgestimmt Jul-Aug) aggregiert, repräsentiert durch statistische Kennziffern.
Bei den hier abrufbaren Daten handelt es sich um ungeprüfte Rohdaten, die mit Fehlern und Datenlücken behaftet sein können. Aus diesem Grund kann für die Vollständigkeit und Richtigkeit dieser Daten keine Gewähr übernommen werden. Diese Daten sind für Simulationen, Berechnungen, Analysen usw. nicht geeignet und können zu massiven Fehlaussagen führen. Geprüfte Daten finden Sie im Fachinformationssystem ELWAS oder auf https://open.nrw/ Zur Nutzung von Daten für Simulationen, Berechnungen, Analysen usw. können Sie bei Bedarf Kontakt mit den zuständigen Stellen im LANUK aufnehmen, damit dort eine Einschätzung zur Verwendbarkeit der vorhandenen Daten für den von Ihnen vorgesehenen Zweck vorgenommen werden kann
Data were collected between August 2018 and January 2022 as part of the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems) of the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Measurements were conducted almost bi-/monthly on experimental islands and salt marsh enclosed plots located in the back barrier tidal flat and salt marsh of the island of Spiekeroog (Germany). Field-based in situ measurements of salinity, temperature, and pH were conducted using portable hand-held instruments in groundwater (filter tubes within experimental plots) and in surface waters from a tidal channel (ITC) adjacent to the experimental islands and a tidal pond (STP) in the pioneer zone of the salt marsh. Measurements were performed and samples were taken during the day between 3 hours before and 3 hours after low tide. From August 2018 to September 2019 a HQ40D digital two-channel multi meter equipped with a pre-calibrated Intellical CDC401 field 4-pole graphite conductivity cell (Hach Lange GmbH, Germany) was used to measure temperature (°C) and salinity (psu). The same device was used for pH measurements with an Intellical PHC101 field low maintenance gel filled pH electrode (Hach Lange GmbH, Germany). The pH electrode was calibrated before each fieldwork using single-use pH buffer solutions (pH 4.01, 7.00, 10.01, Hach Lange GmbH, Germany). Since October 2019, salinity and temperature were measured using a Multi 3510 IDS SET 4 handheld device equipped with a TetraCon® 925/LV 4-Pol-IDS conductivity electrode with graphite cells (WTW, Xylem Analytics Germany GmbH, Germany). Fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM, ppb QSE) was measured using an AquaFluor Modell 80000-010 for UV-420 (Turner Designs Inc., USA), pre-calibrated in the laboratory. For this, water samples were taken from the field to a nearby mobile central field unit and were filtered within 1-2 hours after sampling using 25 mm Nuclepore syringe filters (0.2 µm pore size) directly into sample-pre-rinsed measurement cuvettes. Data quality control (QC) was performed using MATLAB (R2024b). Outlier detection was conducted both visually and statistically using z-score analysis (|z| > 3) per sampling campaign and plot. Each data point was assigned a Quality Control Flag (QC).
Data presented here were collected between January 2023 to August 2023 within the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems) of the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Experimental islands and saltmarsh enclosed plots were created in the back barrier tidal flat and in the saltmarsh zone of the island of Spiekeroog. Sediment samples for the determination of pH, water content and loss on ignition were taken bi-/monthly in surface sediments (0-3 cm depth) from the experimental plots. Samples were taken between 3 hours before and 3 hours after low tide. Samples were stored dark and cool (8 °C) until measurement. Samples were measured in the laboratory within two months after sampling. Water content (w, [-]) was determined by first weighing the fresh sample (mf; ~ 3-7 g) in pre-weighed aluminium trays and than placed in the drying chamber at 105 °C for 12 hours. After placing samples in the exsiccator for 60 min., samples were re-weight to determine dry weight (md). Water content was calculated using w = (mf - md) / md . Afterwards, samples were placed in the muffle furnace for 2 hours at 430 °C within their aluminium trays, and placed again in the exsiccator for 60 min. Samples were re-weighed to determine the new dry weight (mgl) to calculate loss on ignition (LOI, [%]) using LOI = ((md – mgl) / md ) * 100 . Values of pH were measured according to DIN ISO 10390. Therefore, soil samples were weighed in pre-weighed Falcon™ 50 mL conical centrifuge tubes. Sediment samples were homogenized using a pestle. Ultrapure water was used to measure pH directly within the tubes using a HQ40D digital two channel multi meter and an Intellical PHC101 field low maintenance gel filled pH electrode (Hach Lange GmbH, Germany). The pH electrode was calibrated before measurement using singlet pH buffer sets (pH 4.01, 7.00, 10.01) for single use (Hach Lange GmbH, Germany). Post-processing of measured values were done using MATLAB (R2024b). Quality control was performed by (a) visually checks, and hence (b) the classification into quality control flags using quality check algorithms.
Wasserstoffdrucktanks für Brennstoffzellenfahrzeuge bestehen aus einem Polyamid-6-Liner, der durch eine Umwickelung aus Endloscarbonfasern verstärkt wird. Um die notwendige Gas- und Druckdichtigkeit zu gewährleisten, sind derzeit dickwandige Liner und mehrere Kohlefaserlagen erforderlich. Dies führt zu hohen Kosten und einem erhöhten Gewicht der Tanks, was besonders für Mobilitätsanwendungen nachteilig ist. Zusätzlich stellen die Betriebsdrücke von bis zu 700 bar potenzielle Sicherheitsrisiken dar. Ziel des Projekts ist es, die Materialeigenschaften der Drucktanks durch Strahlenvernetzung der Liner sowie eine potenzielle Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaften der Carbonfasern zu optimieren. Dies wird die Herstellung leichterer, kosteneffizienter und sichererer Tanks ermöglichen. Es gibt Veröffentlichungen darüber, dass die Wasserstoffpermeation in Polymeren durch eine Vernetzung gesenkt werden kann. Allerdings handelt es sich bei den Kunststoffen in diesen Publikationen nicht um Polyamid 6 und die erreichten Netzwerkdichten sind höher. Das Hauptziel des Projekts 'RayHy' ist daher der Nachweis, dass die Strahlenvernetzung die Wasserstoffpermeation in Polyamid-6-Linern signifikant verringern kann. Weiter soll die Auswirkung der Strahlenvernetzung auf die Schlagzähigkeit untersucht werden. Die Veränderung der Zugfestigkeit von Carbonfasern durch Elektronenbestrahlung wird geprüft. Für eine erfolgreiche Strahlenvernetzung von Polyamid 6 ist der Einsatz von Additiven, sogenannten Vernetzungsverstärkern, erforderlich. Einige Allylamide sind physiologisch unbedenklich und thermisch äußerst stabil. Sie können daher in Kunststoffverarbeitungsprozessen mit langer Verweilzeit in der Schmelze oder mit hohen Oberflächen, wie dem Blasformen von Polyamid 6 - Linern, eingesetzt werden. Für die Stromversorgung schwerer SUV und Nutzfahrzeuge ist die Brennstoffzellentechnologie günstiger als die Batterie. Größere, zuverlässige Tanks steigern die Reichweiten dieser Fahrzeuge.
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