Das Projekt "Sub project E" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Zentralinstitut für Engineering, Elektronik und Analytik (ZEA), Analytik (ZEA-3) durchgeführt. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist die Identifizierung der Reaktionswege, die zu T&O-Komponenten führen. Auf Basis dieser Reaktionswege werden Maßnahmen vorgeschlagen, die zur Reduzierung der T&O-Komponenten führen. Dabei soll auf Oxidations-Methoden zurückgegriffen werden, die bereits in der Wasseraufbereitung des Wasserwerks in Wuxi eingesetzt werden. Durch die Kombination von High-End-Analytik, Simulation von Abbauprozessen und die Optimierung der Oxidation wird eine Verbesserung der Wasseraufbereitung für die extrem komplexe Situation am TaiHu vorgeschlagen. Erstmals wird hier die Simulation von Abbauprozessen zur Optimierung der Wasseraufbereitung eingesetzt. Diese Kombination der High-End-Analytik, Simulation von Abbauprozessen und Oxidationsoptimierung stellt einen neuen Ansatz zur Vermeidung von T&O-Komponenten dar. Die Arbeitsplanung sieht daher eine möglichst vollständige Charakterisierung des Rohwassers vor. Zusätzlich wird das Oxidationsverhalten der identifizierten T&O Komponenten untersucht. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse fließen anschließend in die Optimierung der Oxidation ein. Danach erfolgt eine Bewertung der Ergebnisse auf der Basis von Analytik und Toxikologie. Der Transfer findet zunächst an die Tongji-Universität statt und wird dann gemeinsam mit den Kollegen von der Tongji-Universität an die Wasserwerke am TaiHu übergeben.
Das Projekt "Safety studies with nuclear fuels, 1988-1991" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC). Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) durchgeführt. Objective: To study mechanisms and properties determining fuel and fission product behaviour during both, base and off-normal conditions. This activity involves unirradiated and irradiated 'classical' and 'improved' fuel samples of various composition and over a wide range of temperatures, up to very high burn-up, and makes use of appropriate computer models. The final aim of the activity is the improvement of the safety of fuel operation in a reactor. General Information: Progress to end 1990. The Laboratory continued its cooperation with the International Fission Gas Release Project Riso III (Dk) by incorporating the extensive experimental data resulting from the programme into the OFT data bank and evaluating them with existing TU fuel performance codes. - The OECD-coordinated activity for analysing fuel and fuel debris of the Three Mile Island (TMI) damaged reactor has been concluded. An apparatus for thermal diffusivity measurements on active specimens with the laser flash technique has been constructed. - Nitride fuels with a 'tailored' structure and heterogeneous fuels (U, Pu)O2 and UN) were fabricated for short-term irradiations in the HFR-reactor. Irradiations of fuels for future reactors to test their behaviour at the beginning of life (BOL) and at the end of life (EOL), NILOC (HFR) and NIMPHE (PHENIX), respectively, have been continued. Out-of-pile tests were performed to study changes in structure and composition of mixed nitride fuel pins in an axial temperature gradient. - Measurements of the heat capacity of UO2 up to 8000K were concluded and the results are being analysed. Radiative properties of oxides (thoria, urania, zirconia) were measured in the solid and the liquid range. A model for the total emissivity of urania was developed. - The code MITRA has been adapted to perform source term calculations. A computer code for the calculation of the thermo chemical equilibrium of fission products was written and a database for fission product compounds has been implemented with interface to the SOLGASMIX/MITRA codes. A shielded Knudsen cell for irradiated UO2 fuel has been assembled. - Work in 1990 on the safety of nuclear fuels has resulted in 33 (status September '90) contributions to conferences, articles in scientific journals, reports and chapters in books; two patents were granted. Detailed description of work foreseen in 1991 (expected results). Riso III results will undergo final evaluation and fuel work will concentrate on MOX fuel and on the structural and chemical changes at local burn-ups of up to 15 per cent . Laboratory work will principally deal with SIMFUEL with 6 and 8 per cent burn-up. Modelling work will continue. Annealing tests will be performed under oxidizing and reducing atmosphere on U02 samples irradiated up to 55 GWd/t, in order to determine fission gas release as a function of O/M . A remotely controlled thermal diffusivity apparatus will be mounted in a hot cell. BOL and EOL irradiations NILOC and ...
Das Projekt "Verbesserung der Qualitaet von Biogas mit dem Ziel der Erhoehung seines Heizwertes auf Heizgasstandard" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Tiefbauamt durchgeführt. Objective: To construct a plant for the purification of biogas produced in a sewage treatment plant and to upgrade its calorific value. A projected 10 000 m3 of biogas will be processed daily. General Information: The biogas, which contains a high percentage of CO2, has a calorific value of 7.45 Kwh/m3. In addition, for final use H2S should be eliminated from the biogas. In order to reach the prescribed calorific value of 11.2 Kwh/m3 it may be necessary to add some hydrocarbons such as propane. The CO2 and H2S are removed in a regenerative alcanolamin process (MEA) for which the required steam of the MEA-lye is obtained from the sludge incineration plant. The condensate is conveyed back to the boiler on the sludge incineration plant. For purification the sewage gas has to go through the following process: - removal of CO2 and H2S by means of regenerative alcanolamine scrubbing; - drying, compression and absorption on activated aluminium oxide; - analysis of the CO2 content and dew point of the purified gas; - odorization with a pungent substance added by metering pump; - conditioning of the purified gas with LPG, to comply with the prescribed calorific value for fuel gas. Achievements: Experimental operation of the plant carried out from 5/9 to 11/9/1985 with the agreement of the Public Works Department and the City Gas Company was successfully completed. During this period approx. 40000 m3 purified sewage gas of natural gas quality were fed into the city's mains gas supply. The plant was thus deemed to be accepted and was transferred to the authority of the Public Works Department on 12/9/1985. Output Data of the plant were the following: Crude gas approx. 606 Nm3/h CO2 approx. 36 - 38 per cent vol. H2S approx. 270 - 320 mg/Nm3 N2 + 02 approx. 0.6 - 1.8 per cent vol. t approx. 20 deg. C. Purified gas max. 369 Nm3/h min. 128 Nm3/h. From commissioning in September 1985 until the end of 1988 3.8 million m3 of purified gas have been produced. This is equivalent to 3.7 million litres or 3.2 million kg of heating oil. The guaranteed performance of the plant is exceeded and the consumption of operating materials falls below the stated values. Despite increased output the guaranteed composition of purified gas is below the required levels. Operating costs of the main sewage plant are slightly reduced by sewage gas processing.
Das Projekt "Pufferschichten durch ILGAR Bandbeschichtung für Cu (In, Ga) (S. Se ) 2 Solarzellen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH durchgeführt. Es wurde eine low-cost Roll-to-roll- / in-line Pufferschicht -Abscheidung für Dünnschichtsolarzellen mit der Spray-ILGAR Methode entwickelt. Ergebnisse: Detaillierte Erforschung des Reaktionsmechanismus mittels Massenspektrometer, Steuerung der Zusammensetzung und Effekt auf die PV Performance als Grundlage für zertifizierten Effizienz-Weltrekord für In2S3 gepufferte Zellen (16,1%). Neue ILGAR Methode für nanodot Filme. ZnS nanodots als Passivierungspuffer in Kombination mit In2S3 Deckschichten (Punktkontaktpuffer) ergeben bis 1% höhere Effizienz als In2S3 allein. Beste Wirkungsgrade: Zellen16.4% (nach dem Projekt 16.8%), Module (30x30 cm2) 13.7% (ILGAR in-line, 10mm/s), gleichwertig mit CdS-Referenzen, ebenso wie in der CIS-Solartechnik Pilotline für CIGSe Solarzellen auf Stahlband.
Das Projekt "Verbrennung von Kohle fuer das Brennen von Ziegelsteinen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Gebrüder Löhlein Ziegelwerke durchgeführt. Objective: To convert a brick kiln fired with heavy oil to coal firing and to examine the effects of the burning of coal on the specific heat consumption, the quality of the product and the occurring ashes. On the basis of preliminary examinations on other kilns, an energy saving of more than 55 per cent is anticipated compared with oil-firing. General Information: The brick tunnel kiln to be converted to coal firing is to be equipped with an intermittent coal firing facility and tested. For this purpose, the necessary coal preparation facilities (feed bunker, transport systems, hammer mill, daily bunker and coal stokers at the blowing in points) and the special burner systems are to be developed and adapted to suit the specified tunnel kiln. The overall system will then be tested and, if necessary, modified depending on the product quality. Finally, the operating efficiency of the coal firing facility is to be tested during a longer demonstration operation period. The concept for the coal firing facility was based on the use and testing or different types of coal with various grain sizes to be able to optimize the requirements on coal quality and grain size both for separation and charging. The driest possible fine coal with a grain size of 0 - 6 mm is necessary for the blowing device. The erected preparation facilities comprise a feed bunker, from which the rough coal is conveyed to the hammer mill via a dispatch belt. After being ground to the necessary grain size, the fine coal is transported by pipe chain conveyers to the dosing appliances on the tunnel kiln in the form of coal stockers. They intermittently charge a coal-air mixture into the combustion planes of the kiln through lateral slits via so-called guide tubes. The ends of the tubes, which are fitted with baffle plates, protrude into the combustion channel. They are incandescent (hot bulb ignition) and cause the ignition of the mixture. Charging is effected in a 30-second rhythm alternating with every fourth row of the burner tubes. In the cases of intermittent charging, the coal-air mixture is pressed against the baffle plate with a high pressure and passes into the furnace area via the lateral slits in the incandescent tubes. Combustion is almost explosive. The intermittent control of the air feed is effected by a central closed-loop control facility via solenoid valves. Achievements: In a 26 week operation period, a mean fuel consumption of 1500 kJ/kg of fired bricks including drying was achieved. This corresponds to an energy saving of about 42 per cent when compared to operation with heavy heating oil. Although the target was not achieved, a considerable saving quota was realized. In the meantime, the facility has been demonstrated to several hundred interested parties from the brick industry and has therefore made an important contribution to the necessary spread of the experience and information gained in the course of this project.
Das Projekt "Erzeugung von Wasserstoff fuer die Hydrierung von Schweroel und Kohle" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Veba Öl AG durchgeführt. Objective: The aim of the overall project were the planning, construction and industrial testing of a commercial-size entrained-flow gasification plant for the generation of hydrogen, which can be operated on solid fuels, e.g. pyrolysis coke and coal just as well as on liquid hydrogenation residues. The objectives of this project were the determination of data enabling an evaluation of the technical feasibility, the possibilities for official approval and the economic viability of the demonstration plant before the final decision on its construction was taken. Parallel to the planning of the demonstration plant, gasification tests were to be made in an existing pilot plant. These tests were in the first place to determine the design data for the demonstration plant as well as to test and to improve the solid feeding-system and the gasification burner. See project LG/20/84/DE. General Information: For the hydrogenation of coal or heavy oil, a major consideration is the economical and environment-friendly utilization of the hydrogenation residues containing heavy metals which become available as unavoidable by products. As against possible combustion, the gasification of the hydrogenation residues provides the advantage that, in addition to environmentally safe disposal of the residues, it is also possible to produce the hydrogen required after the hydrogenation units. For energetic reasons the direct feeding of the hot hydrogenation residues to the gasification seems to be the most appropriate solution. Because of the interconnection of the gasification and the hydrogenation plants is, therefore, largely dependent on the availability of the residue gasification. In order to avoid this it is necessary to provide for the disconnection of the two processes. This disconnection requires the solidification of the liquid residues and the intermediate storage of the solidified residues. Solidification can be effected by pyrolysis of the hydrogenation residues in indirectly heated rotary drums. The coke from the pyrolysis can be used for hydrogen generation. Because of the production of pyrolysis oil, the residue pyrolysis enables an increase of the total oil yield of hydrogenation plants. The dosage of the solid fuels to the pressurized gasification reactor would be carried out with an extruder feeding-system developed on pilot plant scale by VEBA OEL AG and Maschinenfabrik Werner and Pfleiderer. This feeding system consists essentially of a twin-screw extruder. The finely ground fuel and a small portion of a liquid binding-agent are metered pressure-free into the extruder. Hydrocarbons (heavy oils, used oils) as well as water can be used as binding agents. In the extruder, the solid fuel and the binding agent are first mixed, whereupon the mixture is compressed to a pressure above the reactor pressure. The optimum liquid content for the operation of the extruder depends greatly on the type and granulation of the solid fuel. The compacted fuel leaves ...
Das Projekt "Environmental control with the aid of sensor technilogies for GAS sensing" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Tübingen, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Abteilung Analytische Chemie durchgeführt. General Information: The objective of the project consists in the finding of new methods for the monitoring of indoor and ambient air quality by using novel types of gas sensors. The project aims to combine the knowledge of partners from EU and CCE/NIS countries in a synergetic research during which a double transfer will take place. The EU countries will transfer modern sensor testing equipment - one set up for routine and response time measurements and one set up for long term measurements - and knowledge about sensor quality requirements, in line with European environmental policy. They also will train young doctoral students of CCE/NIS partners. The CCE/NIS countries will transfer their extensive knowledge about sensitive materials properties and technological methods for obtaining such materials. IPC will ensure the coordination of the project. The gas stations will be constructed in IPC by doctoral students from CCE/NIS partners, under IPC coordination. IPC will train these students in using the gas stations and will transfer all the needed software. IPC will coordinate the change of information between partners and ensure the concentration of their efforts. IPC will also assist the CCE/NIS partners by forming surface spectroscopical studies and testing of their samples. INFM will assist the CCE/NIS partners in their efforts by making bulk spectroscopic analysis of their materials and by coordinating the set up of gas testing stations for long term measurements. The IPTM efforts will concentrate on the study of a new diode-type sensor, which will be operated in the reverse conduction regime. The main advantage of this new sensor will be the control of the sensitivity towards water vapour and reducing gases by means of suitable choice of the reverse applied voltage and of the temperature of operation. The already obtained samples, using tin oxide as sensing material and in a geometry similar to the one of commercial Figaro gas sensors, show stable asymmetric I-V characteristics. IPTM will attempt to use also the materials prepared by SRIPCP and the substrate prepared by AVANGARD. The SRIPCP efforts will go on further to the development of sol-gel technologies for obtaining ceramic sensitive materials on the basis of metal oxides. Sol-gel technique offers a better control of sensors microstructure and a prospective of lowered dimension and as a consequence a low power consumption. It will perform also investigation of the gas-sensitive films to establish the features of the oxide films structure, the electronic states of the elements in the mixed oxide matrix, the character of structure and phase transformation under thermal treatment of oxide films in different gas ambient and the influence of the factors mentioned above on the gas-sensitive properties of the films. ... Prime Contractor: Universität Tübingen, Fakultät Chemie und Pharamazie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Tübingen; Germany.
Das Projekt "Teilprojekt A" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Department Seenforschung durchgeführt. Gelöster organischer Kohlenstoff (DOC) entsteht aus den Abbauprodukten von Pflanzen im Boden. Der DOC kann in Oberflächengewässer transportiert werden, die Farbe und den Geschmack des Wassers verändern und Aufwendungen in der Trinkwasseraufbereitung verursachen. Seit 15 Jahren steigt die Konzentration des DOC in Gewässern Nordeuropas und Nordamerikas. Betroffen in Deutschland sind insbesondere Mittelgebirge und damit auch Trinkwassertalsperren. Örtlich erreichen die Mehrkosten in der Trinkwasseraufbereitung eine kritische Höhe. Ziel des Projekts ist es, die Prozesse bei der Mobilisierung und beim Abbau des DOC zu identifizieren und Empfehlungen für eine integrative Bewirtschaftung unter Einbeziehung des DOC zu erarbeiten. Es werden Prognose-Instrumente entwickelt, mit denen für jede Talsperre das Potential der zukünftigen DOC-Belastung eingeschätzt werden kann. Das Projekt basiert auf einem integrativen Ansatz. In verschiedenen hydrologischen Situationen werden die Quellen des DOC und die Mechanismen der Mobilisierung identifiziert und der Abbau bzw. die Entfernung des DOC in den Zuflüssen, in der Talsperre und in der Aufbereitung untersucht. Die Charakterisierung des DOC erfolgt durch hochauflösende Massenspektrometrie und Altersbestimmung. Experimente und Felduntersuchungen richten sich auf die Flockbarkeit des DOC verschiedener Quellen, die Konsequenzen der Wiedervernässung von Mooren, die Rolle der Talsperren-Sedimente und den Zusammenhang von Trophie und DOC-Belastung.
Das Projekt "Study of reactions between dry rocks and heat exchange fluids" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Karlsruhe, Mineralogisches Institut durchgeführt. Objective: To study the reaction between water and rock in order to obtain a better understanding of reactions that happen in a hot dry rock system. General information: reactions between rocks and heat exchange fluid change both the structure and chemical composition of the heated source rocks. Since the surfaces are of foremost interest, the investigations will be mainly concerned with these. The reaction mechanisms will be determined on the basis of measured reaction rates and reaction products. Major and trace elements will be measured in solution as well as surface structures and secondary minerals. Hdo will be used to study the possible replacement of metal cations by h3o+. Solids and liquids will be analysed with sims and mass spectrometry. See also contracts 0001/b, 0079/b, 0002/d, 0057/uk and 0010/f. Advancement: this contract started on 1.10.86 as a continuation of contract 0002/D. Achievements: The aim of the work has been to get closer understanding of water rock interaction at the conditions of hot dry rock energy exploitation by studying its initial reaction. Investigations have been carried out to prove the idea that during the initial phase of the reaction between feldspars and aqueous fluids an exchange between alkali and alkaline earth cations with hydronium ions takes place building a hydronium feldspar at the very outer layers of the mineral. The compositions of the reaction fluids were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and the investigations on the solid samples were carried out by infrared (IR) spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray Guinier camera and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Investigations on thin cleaved fragments with the IR method did not show any change of the absorption bands compared to the starting material. XRD investigations on powdered samples gave some evidence for the existence of (D3O) AlSi3O8 by the splitting of the (201) reflection. However these results were not unambiguous. They could not be substanciated with the X-ray Guinier method. SIMS investigations gave a clear direct indication for the incorporation of deuterium in feldspar along with simultaneous depletion of both potassium and aluminium. This result indicates an exchange reaction of deuterium oxide (D3O) for potassium and a disintegration reaction of the (Al, Si)O4 network to occur simultaneously.
Das Projekt "Advanced cobalt based catalyst for fischer-tropsch synthesis" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie (LTC) durchgeführt. General Information/Objectives: The aim of the programme is the development of an advanced catalyst presenting a higher activity for paraffins synthesis from syngas and used in a new generation of slurry Fischer-Tropsch process utilizing natural gas as feedstock. The partners will master the deposition of the promoters, allowing to increase the activity of cobalt based catalysts, through original manufacturing techniques, and evaluate the catalyst performances in slurry reactors. Furthermore, some characterization techniques will be adapted to the in-situ characterization of the best catalytic formulations. The association of the in-situ techniques with kinetic measurements will also provide an advanced understanding of the reaction mechanism and the catalyst reconstruction under syngas. Technical Approach A first phase will consist in the standardization and/or calibration of characterization methods and test equipments which are intended to be used by the partners. The second phase will be devoted to the design and screening of new active phases. In parallel, kinetic studies and in-situ characterization of the catalysts will be performed to understand how catalysts operate and evolve under reaction conditions. The third phase will be devoted to the final development at lab-scale of the best catalytic formulation including the support and its adaptation to slurry phase operation. The fourth phase will allow to synthesize the results obtained during the previous phases through the achievement of a technical file for development studies. A fifth phase devoted to the management, intermediate and final reporting, simultaneously to the other phases. A first economic study will be performed using catalytic performances obtained at the end of phase 2 (mid term assessment), and a second one near the end of the project using the data of the advanced Fischer-Tropsch (F.T.) catalyst evaluation. Expected Achievements and Exploitation On project completion the main deliverables will be: 1. an advanced cobalt based catalyst for slurry F.T. reactors; 2. a kinetic model combined with a reactor model; 3. a technical file for the further development of an F.T. process. Prime Contractor: Groupement Europeen de Recherches Technologiques sur les Hydrocarbures, Institut Fancais du Petrole; Rueil Malmaison; France.
| Origin | Count |
|---|---|
| Bund | 806 |
| Type | Count |
|---|---|
| Förderprogramm | 806 |
| License | Count |
|---|---|
| open | 806 |
| Language | Count |
|---|---|
| Deutsch | 806 |
| Englisch | 108 |
| Resource type | Count |
|---|---|
| Keine | 511 |
| Webseite | 295 |
| Topic | Count |
|---|---|
| Boden | 592 |
| Lebewesen & Lebensräume | 580 |
| Luft | 558 |
| Mensch & Umwelt | 806 |
| Wasser | 530 |
| Weitere | 800 |