Das Projekt "Fischwanderung ohne Grenzen Zur Durchgängigkeit an Wasserstraßen: Fischen die Reise erleichtern - Fische auf Wanderschaft: Wasserstraßen verbinden" wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau.Die frei fließenden und staugeregelten Flüsse unter den Bundeswasserstraßen sind für die Fische wichtige Verbindungsgewässer zwischen den Habitaten im Meer und an den Flussoberläufen. Fische, die große Distanzen zurücklegen, orientieren sich an der Hauptströmung und werden deshalb an Staustufen entweder zum Kraftwerk oder zum Wehr geleitet. Dort gibt es keine Möglichkeit mehr, aufwärts zu wandern, wenn nicht in der Nähe der Wehr- oder Kraftwerksabströmung eine funktionierende Fischaufstiegsanlage vorhanden ist. Da Schiffsschleusen keine kontinuierliche Leitströmung erzeugen, werden sie von den Fischarten, die der Hauptströmung folgend lange Distanzen zurücklegen, nicht gefunden. Arten, die auf ihrer Wanderung nicht der Hauptströmung folgen, können auf- oder abwandern, wenn sie eine offene Schleusenkammer vorfinden. Flussabwärts: Fische vor Kraftwerken schützen und vorbeileiten: An Staustufen ohne Wasserkraftanlagen ist die abwärts gerichtete Wanderung über ein Wehr hinweg in der Regel unproblematisch. Voraussetzung: Das Wehr ist in Betrieb, die Fallhöhe beträgt nicht mehr als 13 Meter und im Tosbecken ist eine Wassertiefe von mindestens 0,90 Metern vorhanden. Dagegen können bei Abwanderung durch eine Kraftwerksturbine leichte bis tödliche Verletzungen auftreten. Diese turbinenbedingte Mortalität ist von der Fischart und der Körperlänge der Tiere sowie von Turbinentyp und -größe, der Fallhöhe und den jeweiligen Betriebsbedingungen abhängig. Um hier einen gefahrlosen Fischabstieg zu gewährleisten, sind die Betreiber von Wasserkraftanlagen nach Wasserhaushaltsgesetz verpflichtet, die Wasserkraftanlagen mit geeigneten Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Fischpopulation (z. B. mit Feinrechen und einem Bypass am Kraftwerk vorbei ins Unterwasser) aus- bzw. nachzurüsten. Flussaufwärts: Hier helfen nur Fischaufstiege: Verschiedene Untersuchungen der Durchgängigkeit an Rhein, Mosel, Main, Neckar, Weser, Elbe und Donau haben gezeigt, dass zwar ein großer Teil der Staustufen mit Fischaufstiegsanlagen ausgestattet ist, diese für die aufstiegswilligen Fische jedoch schwer zu finden oder zu passieren sind. Im Mai 2009 stimmten die Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau (BAW) und die Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (BfG) gemeinsam mit dem Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS heute: Bundesministerium für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur, BMVI) folgendes Rahmenkonzept für die erforderlichen Arbeiten ab: - Aufstellung fachlicher Grundlagen, insbesondere zu fischökologischen Dringlichkeiten - Fachliche Beratung der WSV sowie Schulungen - Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekte für die Erstellung eines technischen Regelwerks, und - Standardisierung der Anforderungen und Ausführung von Fischaufstiegs-, Fischschutz- und Fischabstiegsanlagen. (Text gekürzt)
Das Projekt "Quantification of small-scale physicochemical properties of intact macropore surfaces in structured soils" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF) e.V., Institut für Bodenlandschaftsforschung.In structured soils, the interaction of percolating water and reactive solutes with the soil matrix is mostly restricted to the surfaces of preferential flow paths. Flow paths, i.e., macropores, are formed by worm burrows, decayed root channels, cracks, and inter-aggregate spaces. While biopores are covered by earthworm casts and mucilage or by root residues, aggregates and cracks are often coated by soil organic matter (SOM), oxides, and clay minerals especially in the clay illuviation horizons of Luvisols. The SOM as well as the clay mineral composition and concentration strongly determine the wettability and sorption capacity of the coatings and thus control water and solute movement as well as the mass exchange between the preferential flow paths and the soil matrix. The objective of this proposal is the quantitative description of the small-scale distribution of physicochemical properties of intact structural surfaces and flow path surfaces and of their distribution in the soil volume. Samples of Bt horizons of Luvisols from Loess will be compared with those from glacial till. At intact structural surfaces prepared from soil clods, the spatial distribution (mm-scale) of SOM and clay mineral composition will be characterized with DRIFT (Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform) spectroscopy using a self-developed mapping technique. For samples manually separated from coated surfaces and biopore walls, the contents of organic carbon (Corg) and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) will be analyzed and related to the intensities of specific signals in DRIFT spectra using Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) analysis. The signal intensities of the DRIFT mapping spectra will be used to quantify the spatial distribution of Corg and CEC at these structural surfaces. The DRIFT mapping data will also be used for qualitatively characterizing the small scale distribution of the recalcitrance, humification, and microbial activity of the SOM from structural surfaces. The clay mineral composition of defined surface regions will be characterized by combining DRIFT spectroscopic with X-ray diffractometric analysis of manually separated samples. Subsequently, the spatial distribution of the clay mineral composition at structural surfaces will be determined from the intensities of clay mineral-specific signals in the DRIFT mapping spectra and exemplarily compared to scanning electron microscopic and infrared microscopic analysis of thin sections and thin polished micro-sections. The three-dimensional spatial distribution of the total structural surfaces in the volume of the Bt horizons will be quantified using X-ray computed tomography (CT) analysis of soil cores. The active preferential flow paths will be visualized and quantified by field tracer experiments. These CT and tracer data will be used to transfer the properties of the structural surfaces characterized by DRIFT mapping onto the active preferential flow paths in the Bt horizons.
Das Projekt "The iron-snow regime in Fe-FeS cores: a numerical and experimental approach" wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Roßendorf, Institut für Fluiddynamik.In the Earth, the dynamo action is strongly linked to core freezing. There is a solid inner core, the growth of which provides a buoyancy flux that drives the dynamo. The buoyancy in this case derives from a difference in composition between the solid inner core and the fluid outer core. In planetary bodies smaller than the Earth, however, this core differentiation process may differ - Fe may precipitate at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) rather than in the center and may fall as iron snow and initially remelt with greater depth. A chemical stable sedimentation zone develops that comprises with time the entire core - at that time a solid inner core starts to grow. The dynamics of this system is not well understood and also whether it can generate a magnetic field or not. The Jovian moon Ganymede, which shows a present-day magnetic dipole field, is a candidate for which such a scenario has been suggested. We plan to study this Fe-snow regime with both a numerical and experimental approach. In the numerical study, we use a 2D/3D thermo-chemical convection model that considers crystallization and sinking of iron crystals together with the dynamics of the liquid core phase (for the 3D case the influence of the rotation of the Fe snow process is further studied).The numerical calculations will be complemented by two series of experiments: (1) investigations in metal alloys by means of X-ray radioscopy, and (2) measurements in transparent analogues by optical techniques. The experiments will examine typical features of the iron snow regime. On the one hand they will serve as a tool to validate the numerical approach and on the other hand they will yield important insight into sub-processes of the iron snow regime, which cannot be accessed within the numerical approach due to their complexity.
Das Projekt "Release of hexavalent chromium from ore processing residues and the potential of biochar for chromium immobilization in polluted soils" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Köln, Fachgruppe Geowissenschaften, Geographisches Institut.Chromium (Cr) is introduced into the environment by several anthropogenic activities. A striking ex-ample is the area around Kanpur in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, where large amounts of Cr-containing wastes have been recently illegally deposited. Hexavalent Cr, a highly toxic and mobile contaminant, is present in significant amounts in these wastes, severely affecting the quality of sur-roundings soils, sediments, and ground waters. The first major goal of this study is to clarify the solid phase speciation of Cr in these wastes and to examine its leaching behavior. X-ray diffraction and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques will be employed for quantitative solid phase speciation of Cr. Its leaching behavior will be studied in column experiments performed at un-saturated moisture conditions with flow interruptions simulating monsoon rain events. Combined with geochemical modeling, the results will allow the evaluation of the leaching potential and release kinetics of Cr from the waste materials. The second major goal is to investigate the spatial distribution, speciation, and solubility of Cr in the rooting zone of chromate-contaminated soils surrounding the landfills, and to study the suitability of biochar as novel soil amendment for mitigating the deleterious effects of chromate pollution. Detailed field samplings and laboratory soil incubation studies will be carried out with two agricultural soils and biochar from the Kanpur region.
Das Projekt "Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1488: Planetary Magnetism (PlanetMag), Evolution of geomagnetic dipole moment and South Atlantic Anomaly" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum.The geomagnetic field shields our habitat against solar wind and radiation from space. Due to the geometry of the field, the shielding in general is weakest at high latitudes. It is also anomalously weak in a region around the south Atlantic known as South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), and the global dipole moment has been decreasing by nearly 10 percent since direct measurements of field intensity became possible in 1832. Due to our limited understanding of the geodynamo processes in Earths core, it is impossible to reliably predict the future evolution of both dipole moment and SAA over the coming decades. However, lack of magnetic field shielding as would be a consequence of further weakening of dipole moment and SAA region field intensity would cause increasing problems for modern technology, in particular satellites, which are vulnerable to radiation damage. A better understanding of the underlying processes is required to estimate the future development of magnetic field characteristics. The study of the past evolution of such characteristics based on historical, archeo- and paleomagnetic data, on time-scales of centuries to millennia, is essential to detect any recurrences and periodicities and provide new insights in dynamo processes in comparison to or in combination with numerical dynamo simulations. We propose to develop two new global spherical harmonic geomagnetic field models, spanning 1 and 10 kyrs, respectively, and designed in particular to study how long the uninterrupted decay of the dipole moment has been going on prior to 1832, and if the SAA is a recurring structure of the field.We will combine for the first time all available historical and archeomagnetic data, both directions and intensities, in a spherical harmonic model spanning the past 1000 years. Existing modelling methods will be adapted accordingly, and existing data bases will be complemented with newly published data. We will further acquire some new archeomagnetic data from the Cape Verde islands from historical times to better constrain the early evolution of the present-day SAA. In order to study the long-term field evolution and possible recurrences of similar weak field structures in this region, we will produce new paleomagnetic records from available marine sediment cores off the coasts of West Africa, Brazil and Chile. This region is weakly constrained in previous millennial scale models. Apart from our main aim to gain better insights into the previous evolution of dipole moment and SAA, the models will be used to study relations between dipole and non-dipole field contributions, hemispheric symmetries and large-scale flux patterns at the core-mantle boundary. These observational findings will provide new insights into geodynamo processes when compared with numerical dynamo simulation results.Moreover, the models can be used to estimate past geomagnetic shielding above Earths surface against solar wind and for nuclide production from galactic cosmic rays.
Das Projekt "Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1315: Biogeochemische Grenzflächen in Böden; Biogeochemical Interfaces in Soil, Imaging and image simulation of organic target compound migration between different biogeochemical interfaces of a soil horizon using positron emission tomography and the lattice Boltzmann equation approach" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Roßendorf, Forschungsstelle Leipzig, Institut für Ressourcenökologie, Abteilung Reaktiver Transport.We propose to use positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging of tracer migration in a soil horizon, to be coupled with image simulation using the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) modeling approach. PET enables direct visualization of inert KF or KBr solute migration at the soil horizon scale, but also reactive halogenated organic target (2,4-D and MCPA) compound migration down to nM concentrations once radiolabelling with 18F or 76Br marker is achieved. Retardation at biogeochemical interfaces with different sorption properties will thus be imaged in-situ. Theoretical image simulation for process verification will be enabled by introducing a multi-grid approach and additional kinetic boundary conditions in the parallelized LBE solver. As a boundary condition for the latter, the real pore scale and distribution of biogeochemical interfaces will be derived by X-ray computer-tomography (XCT) down to 300 nm spatial voxel resolution. The aim is to produce by both approaches velocity field movies due to heterogeneous biogeochemical retardation of the target compounds with high resolution in both the spatial and temporal scale (4D).
Das Projekt "Forschungsgruppe (FOR) 2694: Large-Scale and High-Resolution Mapping of Soil Moisture on Field and Catchment Scales - Boosted by Cosmic-Ray Neutrons, Neutronensimulation; Quantitative Untersuchung der Auswirkung verschiedener Wasserspeicher auf das CRNS-Signal" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Heidelberg, Physikalisches Institut.Die Interpretation der Messergebnisse eines Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing (CRNS)-Detektors benötigt ein tiefgreifendes Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden physikalischen Prozesse. In diesem Zusammenhang haben sich Monte-Carlo-basierte Vielteilchensimulationen, z.B. MCNPX, als sehr hilfreich erwiesen. Die allgemein akzeptierten Transferfunktionen um aus einer Neutronendichte die Bodenfeuchte zu berechnen, wurden semi-empirisch für idealisierte Bedingungen ermittelt. Die Effekte von Bodenbeschaffenheit, Vegetation und Schneebeschaffenheit werden teilweise durch Hinzufügen phänomenologisch motivierter Parameter berücksichtigt. Allerdings gibt es dazu bisher keine tiefergreifenden theoretischen Untersuchungen und Validierungen. Wir haben daher das Monte-Carlo Werkzeug namens URANOS entwickelt, welches speziell auf die Anforderungen der Umweltphysik und CRNS zugeschnitten wurde. Der benötigte Rechenaufwand konnte durch effektive, problemspezifische Methoden im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Vielteilchensimulationen stark reduziert werden. In den letzten Jahren konnten wir damit das Verständnis der Signal-Reichweite-Beziehung deutlich verbessern und eine analytische Beschreibung unter Berücksichtigung von Umweltfaktoren herleiten. Das Hauptziel dieses Teilprojektes ist es, die Änderung des CRNS-Signals, hervorgerufen durch verschiedene Umweltfaktoren und Bodenstrukturen innerhalb des Einflussbereichs, zu verstehen. Dabei handelt es sich um folgende Faktoren: Bodenbeschaffenheit, vertikale Wasserverteilung in Boden und Luft, Landnutzung, Schneebedeckung, Bewuchs, und durch solches abgefangenes Wasser bei Regenfällen sowie generelle räumliche Inhomogenität. Um dies zu erreichen werden wir versuchen, Korrekturfunktion basierend auf physikalischen Modellen zu verwenden, um die wachsende Anzahl von empirischen und standortspezifischen Näherungen überflüssig zu machen. Zusätzlich werden die Neutronensimulationen benötigt, um den Einfluss verschiedener Detektoranordnungen zu untersuchen. Unverzichtbar sind die Neutronensimulationen für die Verbesserung bezüglich energieabhängiger Gewichtung und Weiterentwicklung der Neutronendetektoren sowie energiebereichsspezifischer Abschirmung. Des Weiteren werden sie für konzeptionelle Untersuchungen des Einflusses der Vegetation und weiterer Wasserspeicher benötigt. Für die Großversuchskampagne werden wir 3D-Modelle der Sensor-Standorte erstellen und die simulierten Messsignale den Arbeitsbereichen Großflächiges CRNS-Netzwerk und Mobiles CRNS zu Verfügung stellen. Schließlich können zusammen mit den Arbeitsbereichen Hydrologische Modellierung und Grundwasserneubildung räumlich-zeitliche Modellrechnungen durchgeführt werden um komplexe Zusammenhänge im Wasserhaushalt der Umwelt zu verstehen. Für die Weiterentwicklung des URANOS-Programms für den Einsatz im CRNS-Bereich benötigen wir die Vorschläge und Rückmeldungen der Nutzer.
Das Projekt "Forschergruppe (FOR) 1320: Crop Sequence and Nutrient Acquisition from the Subsoil, Plant induced weathering of minerals in the subsoil - release of 'non-exchangeable' potassium from 2:1 layer minerals (TransMinK)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Professur für Bodenkunde und Bodenschutz.The proposal addresses the potential of subsoil to contribute to K nutrition of crops. More specifically we will address the processes controlling release of K from interlayer of 2:1 clay minerals as this is expected to be the dominant K fraction in the subsoil. While it has been shown in the past that this so called 'non-exchangeable' K can be released due to root activity, there are controversial results concerning the role of soil solution K concentration in the rhizosphere required to trigger the process. Likewise little information is available about the concentration dynamics of other cations (NH4, Ca) in the rhizosphere and their impact on K release and vermiculitization supposed to be associated with this process. Model studies with substrate from the central field trial will be conducted in compartment systems equipped with micro suction cups. The measurement of dynamic changes of soil solution composition with increasing distance from the root surface will be combined with investigations of changes in mineralogy by XRD, TEM and SEM-EDX. Changes of mineralogy as a result of plant induced K release from interlayer will also be studied on bulk soil and rhizosphere samples collected within the central field and the central microcosm experiment and with mineral bags exposed in the field during a cropping cycle. Finally, X-ray CT will be used to access changes in soil texture, i.e. clay distribution around roots and the temporal spread of roots in biopores which is a prerequisite for K uptake from such structures.
Das Projekt "Transport of EINP through soil affected by the dynamics of infiltration flux and particle properties" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Department Bodenphysik.In this project we experimentally explore the transport of engineered inorganic nanoparticles (EINP) through soils. This is done for original EINPs and some pre-aged form. Transport of NPs in soil is expected to be different from that of reactive solutes, in that hydrodynamic drag, inertial and shear forces as well as the affinity to water-gas interfaces are expected to be more relevant. Hence, the mobility of EINPs in soil is highly sensitive to the morphology of the porous structure and the dynamics of water saturation.This project provides the pore network structure for natural soils using X-ray micro-tomography to allow for an up-scaling of pore-scale interactions explored by project partners to the scale of soil horizons. The pore structure is represented by a network model suitable for pore scale simulations including the dynamics of water-gas interfaces.Pore network simulations will be compared to column experiments for conservative tracers as well as for unaltered and pre-aged EINPs (obtained from INTERFACE). This includes steady state flow scenarios for saturated (ponding) and unsaturated conditions as well as for transient flow to explore the impact of moving water-gas interfaces. The final goal is to arrive at a consistent interpretation of experimental findings and numerical simulations to develop a module for modelling EINP transfer through soil as a function of particle properties, soil structural characteristics and external forcing in terms of flux boundary conditions.
Das Projekt "Micro-scaled hydraulic heterogeneity in subsoils" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Bodenkunde.Nutrient and water supply for organisms in soil is strongly affected by the physical and physico-chemical properties of the microenvironment, i.e. pore space topology (pore size, tortuosity, connectivity) and pore surface properties (surface charge, surface energy). Spatial decoupling of biological processes through the physical (spatial) separation of SOM, microorganisms and extracellular enzyme activity is apparently one of the most important factors leading to the protection and stabilization of soil organic matter (SOM) in subsoils. However, it is largely unknown, if physical constraints can explain the very low turnover rates of organic carbon in subsoils. Hence, the objective of P4 is to combine the information from the physical structure of the soil (local bulk density, macropore structure, aggregation, texture gradients) with surface properties of particles or aggregate surfaces to obtain a comprehensive set of physical important parameters. It is the goal to determine how relevant these physical factors in the subsoil are to enforce the hydraulic heterogeneity of the subsoil flow system during wetting and drying. Our hypothesis is that increasing water repellency enforces the moisture pattern heterogeneity caused already by geometrical factors. Pore space heterogeneity will be assessed by the bulk density patterns via x-ray radiography. Local pattern of soil moisture is evaluated by the difference of X-ray signals of dry and wet soil (project partner H.J. Vogel, UFZ Halle). With the innovative combination of three methods (high resolution X-ray radiography, small scale contact angle mapping, both applied to a flow cell shaped sample with undisturbed soil) it will be determined if the impact of water repellency leads to an increase in the hydraulic flow field heterogeneity of the unsaturated sample, i.e. during infiltration events and the following redistribution phase. An interdisciplinary cooperation within the research program is the important link which is realized by using the same flow cell samples to match the spatial patterns of physical, chemical, and biological factors in undisturbed subsoil. This cooperation with respect to spatial pattern analysis will include the analysis of enzyme activities within and outside of flow paths and the spatial distribution of key soil properties (texture, organic carbon, iron oxide content) evaluated by IR mapping. To study dissolved organic matter (DOM) sorption in soils of varying mineral composition and the selective association of DOM with mineral surfaces in context with recognized flow field pattern, we will conduct a central DOM leaching experiment and the coating of iron oxides which are placed inside the flow cell during percolation with marked DOM solution. Overall objective is to elucidate if spatial separation of degrading organisms and enzymes from the substrates may be interconnected with defined physical features of the soil matrix thus explaining subsoil SOM stability and -dynami
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