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Processed seismic data of Cruise BGR98 1998

From 24th November 1998 to 24th February 1999 BGR in cooperation with YPF (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales) and SHN (Servicio de Hidrografía Naval) conducted three seismic surveys along the passive continental margin of Argentine. The seismic vessel M/V Akademik Lazarev which is operated by SMNG (Sevmorneftegeofizika) was used for these cruises. Although the seafloor spreading history of the South Atlantic Ocean is very well defined, the development of the continental margins poses still great problems to a profound understanding. When break-up of Gondwana started in Middle Jurassic, South Africa and South America remained connected. Their break-up started in Early Cretaceous, possibly propagating from south to north. Before break-up, huge tholeiitic flood basalts were extruded near the future rift, namely the Paraná basalts in Brazil and the Etendeka basalts in Namibia. It is likely that these basalts are caused by a large mantle plume. As the flood basalts were predecessors to the break-up, often a causal relationship is assumed. The dipping reflector sequences along large parts of the continental margins of South America and South Africa are interpreted as indications of the plume influence. Investigations along many passive margins have meanwhile shown that dipping reflector sequences exist along most of them. These so-called volcanic margins are the normal ones, the non-volcanic margins are the exception. For many years, it had been assumed that the hydrocarbon potential of volcanic margins is very low. The discovery of the Kudu gas field has demonstrated that this assumption is not valid in general. This increases our interest in continuing the investigation of volcanic passive margins and the variability of their structure along strike. BGR has carried out already two marine geophysical cruises off Argentina, namely with M/V EXPLORA in 1985 and with FS SONNE in 1993. These surveys had shown locally the existence of threefold dipping reflector sequences (Hinz et al., 1999). Furthermore, it had turned out that not everywhere they are accompanied by the strong magnetic G anomaly (Rabinowitz & LaBrecque, 1979). The main objectives of the BGR98 cruise were: (1) Investigation and mapping of the zone of the seaward dipping reflectors (SDR) (reflection + refraction seismic) (2) Investigation of the sedimentary column within this zone (reflection seismic) (3) Setting up a seismostratigraphy based on the seismic records obtained during the cruise and the information from the previous cruises (BGR87, SO85) as well as on additional well information (4) Comparison of the argentine seismic data with seismic data of the conjugate volcanic margin off Namibia (BGR 87). The study area is located offshore Argentine, extending from about 37° 20' S to 45° 40' S and from about 61° 10' W to 52° 00' W. It comprises the Colorado Basin as well as the outermost shelf, slope and rise of the continental margin with water depths up to 5000 m.

Processed seismic data of Cruise BGR04 ARGURU 2004

From 19th November to 19th December 2004 BGR conducted a marine geophysical cruise between 34°S and 36°S off Uruguay and between 46°S and 50°S off Argentine. The main research objective was to contribute to a better understanding of the initial breakup and the early opening of the South Atlantic. In continuation of our former work on the South Atlantic continental margins off Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Namibia and South Africa marine geophysical research (multi-channel seismics, refraction-/wide-angle reflection seismics, magnetics and gravity) was performed in close cooperation with the Argentine and Uruguayan authorities Comisión Nacional del Límite Exterior de la Plataforma Continental (COPLA) of Argentina and Servicio de Oceanograficia, Hidrograficia y Meteorologia de la Armada (SOHMA) of Uruguay. Multi-channel seismic lines with a total length of 3,754 km and additional 3540 km with the other geophysical methods were acquired . Along two lines refraction-/wide-angle reflection seismic work was carried out. The preliminary analyses of the new seismic data show different images of the crustal structures between Uruguay and southern Argentine with regard to the distribution and volume of offshore volcanic rocks (seaward dipping reflector sequences, SDRS) along the South American Atlantic margin. On the northern profiles between 34°S and 36°S one single well developed wedge of SDRS is present. Although the landward termination (‘feather edge’) on most of the lines is masked by multiples the average total width of the wedge across the margin seems to be 90 – 100 km and is very constant for this margin segment. This is strong contrast to the results from former cruises (BGR87, SO85 and BGR98) which covered the area between 38°S and 45°S. There, the SDRS showed distinct multiple wedges which in some places extend over 120 km across the continental slope. The investigation of the sedimentary section yielded that in the area off Uruguay widespread bottom simulating reflectors (BSR) are present. This indications for stable gas hydrates cover a total area of 7000 km2. One major aim of the cruise was to cover the transition between a volcanic passive margin and a non-volcanic passive resp. sheared margin. This was accomplished in the southern part of the investigated area. Two EW-trending profiles across the Argentine shelf into the Argentine Basin still show indications for SDRS but these structures are only 25 – 30 km wide. The profiles which extend from the NE to the SW crossing the Agulhas-Falkland Fracture Zone (AFFZ) onto the Falkland Plateau show the typical trend of a sheared margin. At the northern rim of the Falkland Plateau a set of small pre-rift half grabens were found indicating pre-rift extensional tectonic phases. The magnetic data in the area off Uruguay show lineations which are preliminary interpreted as chrons M0 to M3. This might indicate that the first (oldest) oceanic crust was created at a time around the magnetic polarity reversal between the normal interval M4 and the reversed interval M3 (126-127 Ma). Together with existing data from previous cruises this indicates that the breakup of the South Atlantic started further South because there magnetic chrons back to M9 (130 Ma) were identified. In the southernmost part of the margin at 47°S only the magnetic lineations M0 to M4 were identified in the oceanic domain Nevertheless, it is likely that between M4 and the assumed position of the continent ocean boundary/transition (COB/COT) older oceanic crust exists that for some reasons does not show correlatable lineations. The the free-air gravity map is dominated by the main topographic and structural features in the survey area. Rifted continental margins are characterized by prominent free-air gravity anomalies elongated parallel to the ocean-continent transition. The continental slope is considerably steeper in the North off Uruguay than in the South and thus the gravity high is much more pronounced in the North than in the South. The simple Bouguer anomaly map also shows the difference between the more gentle and wider continental slope in the South and the steeper slope in the North. The lowest Bouguer gravity values are found in the area of the basins on the continental shelf. Especially the Salado Basin in the prolongation of the Rio de la Plata and the Colorado Basin at about 40°S are indicated by Bouguer gravity anomaly highs. The interpretation by forward density modelling shows, however, the presence of SDRS units in the North of relative high density in the area of the continental slope. Whereas the modelling shows no indications for such volcanic bodies in the South. Although the MCS data indicate a small SDRS wedge but this body may be too small to cause an anomaly.From 17th April to 6th June 2003 BGR conducted a marine geophysical cruise between 30°S and 38°S off the Atlantic coast of South Africa. The main research objective was to contribute to a better understanding of the initial breakup and the early opening of the South Atlantic. In continuation of our former work on the South Atlantic continental margins off Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Namibia marine geophysical research (multi-channel seismics, wide-angle refraction seismics, magnetics and gravity) was performed in cooperation with the Petroleum Agency South Africa (PASA). Multi-channel lines with a total lenght of 3,260 km, and additional 1,365km, with the other geophysical methods were acquired. Combined onshore/offshore refraction seismic work in cooperation with GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (Germany) and the Council for Geoscience (South Africa) was also part of the program.

Processed seismic data of Cruise BGR03 BOSA 2003

From 17th April to 6th June 2003 BGR conducted a marine geophysical cruise between 30°S and 38°S off the Atlantic coast of South Africa. The main research objective was to contribute to a better understanding of the initial breakup and the early opening of the South Atlantic. In continuation of our former work on the South Atlantic continental margins off Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Namibia marine geophysical research (multi-channel seismics, wide-angle refraction seismics, magnetics and gravity) was performed in cooperation with the Petroleum Agency South Africa (PASA). Multi-channel lines with a total lenght of 3,260 km, and additional 1,365km, with the other geophysical methods were acquired. Combined onshore/offshore refraction seismic work in cooperation with GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (Germany) and the Council for Geoscience (South Africa) was also part of the program.

Processed seismic data of Cruise BGR87

In the period from 22nd December, 1987 to 15th January, 1988 a geophysical reconnaissance survey has been carried out with S.V. EXPLORA on the Argentine Eastern continental margin. A total of 3,675 km of digital seismic reflection profiles in parallel with gravimetric and in part magnetic measurements, and 13 sonobuoy refraction profiles were recorded during this survey. The general aim of the survey was to search the Argentine eastern continental margin between 37°S and 47°S for evidence of continent-ocean boundary structures previously recognized by us off South Africa. The following preliminary results were obtained: (1) Five regional seismic markers/unconformities have been observed, named from bottom to top AR V to AR I. (2) Two units are recognizable on all reflection seismic records: A buried lower unit the top of which is marked by the distinct 'AR IV' unconformity of presumably Beriasian/Valangian age, and a tectonically undisturbed upper sedimentary unit. (3) The dominant feature of the lower unit is a 50 km to 100 km broad wedge-shaped body characterized by an internally divergent pattern of reflection horizons having seaward dip. The seismic characteristics and recent ODP drilling is consistent with the wedge being formed from extrusive basaltic rocks. (4) The more than 5000 m thick wedge is parallel with the shelf edge and can be traced continuously for 1200 km. Its landward pinchout coincides with the magnetic slope anomaly 'G'. (5) A giant contourite mound of Neogene age has been recognized in the southeastern part of the survey area. (6) Bottom simulating reflectors have been recognized. Their occurrence is associated with the contourite mound.

Implementation and Development of GLI:X Green Logistics Indicators in South Africa

The GLI:X Green Logistics Indicators project has been established over several stages since 2016. Together with the province of Gauteng in South Africa, the project has succeeded in developing an indicator system for the measurability of green, socially responsible, and efficient freight logistics in the province in a cooperative dialog-oriented process. The aim of the present project was to build on the results and successes of the previous GLI:X projects and to further develop the GLI:X indicator system for other logistics-relevant cities and regions in South Africa in a participatory manner and to evaluate the possible applications on site. Veröffentlicht in Texte | 87/2022.

Potentials and Limitations of Different Requirements (Offsetting) in Bilateral and Global Carbon Pricing Systems

This report explores the introduction of carbon taxes with a national offset component and their interactions with other policy areas, and makes recommendations on this topic. In this task, the study focuses on the approaches Chile, Mexico and South Africa have chosen for elaborating their carbon taxes. The study identifies the objectives the three countries pursue by introducing these new systems as well as the requirements they establish for the use of offsets. Furthermore, it analyses the interaction between the use of offsets and other policy areas, in particular on co-benefits, co-costs and long-term emissions mitigation trajectories. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 18/2017.

International paths for more resource efficiency

The brochure describes ways to increase resource efficiency and presents approaches to policies and trends in nine countries. The summary is based on the results of the research project "⁠ Monitoring ⁠ international resource policy", which was carried out between 2016 and 2019 under the direction of the ifeu - Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg GmbH on behalf of the German Environment Agency. The thematic focus is on activities in the areas of production, consumption as well as waste and recycling management. The countries examined include Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, South Korea and the United States. All countries pursue approaches to resource efficiency that differ in terms of priorities and funding instruments. Veröffentlicht in Broschüren.

Climate change mitigation in emerging economies: From potentials to actions

This report provides an overview of current activities regarding climate change mitigation in six emerging economies: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa and South Korea. We cover the institutional set up, measurement, reporting and verification systems for greenhouse gases and mitigation policies and measures. The analysis also addresses existing barriers to mitigation and considers where the international community could provide support to remove these. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 19/2013.

Urban environmental protection international

The aim of this study is to contribute to a learning process about innovative and successful approaches to overcoming problems and challenges of urban environmental protection. To this end, a detailed overview of the importance of environmental challenges, political priorities and successful solutions in selected countries and cities is given. Based on this, the study analyzes specific success factors and discusses the extent to which these can be transferred and replicated to other cities. Finally, recommendations are made for cities, countries and the international community on how environmental protection at the urban level can be further strengthened. The role of German cities and institutions will also be discussed. The case studies analyzed include Belo Horizonte in Brazil, Moscow in Russia, Kochi in India, Beijing in China, Cape Town in South Africa and Jakarta in Indonesia. These cities were selected because they have already implemented successful policies, measures and other initiatives in the past. For each city, the study analyzes relevant policy documents in order to present the respective challenges and political priorities. The analysis aims to understand the effectiveness of the plans and instruments taking into account the national political environment. Despite the cross-sectoral approach, the analysis of each case study focuses on specific sectors in order to produce well-founded results. The success factors that are worked out based on this sectoral analysis are placed in a holistic context in order to be able to make generalizable statements about success factors. Veröffentlicht in Texte | 107/2021.

Auch Schwellenländer können langfristig wirksamen Klimaschutz leisten

Unterstützung der Industrieländer ist gefragt Einen Beitrag zu den weltweiten Klimaschutzzielen können auch Schwellenländer leisten, ohne wirtschaftliche Einbußen befürchten zu müssen. Zu diesem Schluss kommt eine Studie im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes (UBA). Demnach verfügen die sechs untersuchten, wirtschaftlich fortgeschrittenen Schwellenländer Brasilien, China, Indien, Mexiko, Südafrika und Südkorea über große Emissionsminderungspotentiale, die zum Teil nicht einmal Nettokosten verursachen und zudem - als positiver Nebeneffekt – Arbeitsplätze schaffen. Um diese Potentiale auszuschöpfen, benötigen die Schwellenländer jedoch die Unterstützung der Industrieländer. „Die Industriestaaten haben eine Verantwortung. Sie dürfen nicht ständig nur fordern, dass Schwellenländer sich an Klimaschutzmaßnahmen beteiligen, sie müssen ihnen Wege aufzeigen, wie es geht”, sagt Harry Lehmann, für Klimaschutz zuständiger Fachbereichsleiter im UBA. Um das Ziel der EU, die Begrenzung der globalen Erwärmung auf maximal zwei Grad gegenüber der vorindustriellen Zeit zu erreichen, sind für die Zeit nach 2012 auch die Schwellenländer in die weltweiten Bemühungen zur Emissionsminderung einzubinden. Momentan sind Schwellenländer gemäß dem Prinzip der „gemeinsamen, aber unterschiedlichen Verantwortung” von verbindlichen Zielen für die Verringerung des Ausstoßes klimaschädlicher Treibhausgase ausgenommen. Strittig ist, wie eine solche Einbindung der Schwellenländer aussehen soll, welchen Anteil an der weltweiten Emissionsminderung diese Länder übernehmen können und in welchem Umfang sie Unterstützung aus den Industrieländern erhalten müssen. Im Auftrag des ⁠ UBA ⁠ untersuchten die Ecofys GmbH Köln und das Wuppertal Institut diese und andere Fragen für die Länder Brasilien, China, Indien, Mexiko, Südafrika und Südkorea. Das Ergebnis: Alle sechs Länder verfügen über beträchtliche Emissionsminderungspotentiale, deren Umsetzung – neben einer Verringerung der klimaschädlichen Treibhausgase - weitere positive Effekte hat, etwa eine verbesserte Luftqualität. Ein großer Teil der Maßnahmen zur Emissionsminderung ist ohne zusätzliche Nettokosten möglich (no-regret Reduktionspotential) und könnte durchschnittlich zu einer Emissionsreduktion von 9 Prozent in den Schwellenländern führen. Ein Beispiel hierfür sind Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen, bei denen die – wegen des reduzierten Energieverbrauchs - wirtschaftlichen Gewinne die Investitionskosten für eine effizientere Technik ausgleichen. Die Schwellenländer verfügen ebenso über Emissionsminderungspotentiale, die mit positiven Nebeneffekten außerhalb des Klimaschutzes zusammenhängen (co-benefit Reduktionspotential), beispielsweise mit der Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen – etwa im Bereich erneuerbare Energien. Die Nutzung von Wärme, Wind und Co. gewährleistet die Versorgungssicherheit des jeweiligen Landes und verringert die Abhängigkeit von fossilen Brennstoffen. So ließen sich durchschnittlich bis zu 17 Prozent der Emissionen der Schwellenländer einsparen. Die Basis für diese Berechnung ist das „business as usual”-⁠ Szenario ⁠, also die theoretische Annahme, dass bis zum Jahr 2020 keine Klimaschutzmaßnahmen ergriffen würden. Damit die Schwellenländer ihr gesamtes Emissionsminderungspotential ausschöpfen können, sind sie auf die Hilfestellung der Industrieländer angewiesen – durch finanzielle Unterstützung sowie den Wissensaustausch und die Zusammenarbeit in Forschung und Entwicklung. Die Studie enthält darüber hinaus Vorschläge, wie Aktivitäten dieser Länder in ein zukünftiges Klimaregime eingebunden werden können, etwa über die Einführung sektoraler Emissionsminderungsziele (auf verbindlicher oder unverbindlicher Basis) oder über Maßnahmen zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung. Die Studie „Proposals for contribution of emerging economies to the climate regime under the ⁠ UNFCCC ⁠ Post 2012” ist in englischer Sprache in der UBA-Reihe „Climate Change” als Nr.15/08 erschienen und umfasst 170 Seiten einschließlich einer 19-seitigen deutschen Zusammenfassung.

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