Within the frame of the comprehensive SPOC project (Subduction Processes off Chile) the SONNE cruises SO161 Leg 2 and 3 have been conducted between October 16th and November 29th, 2001, off central Chile between 28° and 44° S. In that period some 5,300 km were surveyed with multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection, magnetic, gravity, high-resolution bathymetric and echographic methods. In addition, approximately 3,900 km were surveyed with the same spectrum of methods but without MCS. The total number of 2D profiles was 48. Target was the variation of the subduction properties between the convergent oceanic Nazca and continental Southamerica plates and the different conditions that might influence the subduction process as there are: (1) age of the oceanic crust, (2) its structure and composition, (3) its sedimentary cover, (4) its thermal state, (5) the subduction angle and obliquity, and (6) the terrigenous sediment afflux from the continent. Furthermore, special focus was given to the subduction front, the subduction interface, the structure of the slope as well as to the forearc basin structure and history, and the general distribution of gas hydrate indicating bottom simulating reflectors (BSR's). The results are to be compared with previous studies of the Chilean active margin, e.g. CONDOR (SO 101 and 103) and CINCA (SO 104). The SPOC target area was subdivided into three sub-areas A,B and C. One area was chosen for a detailed survey by aid of a narrowly spaced grid and for a close link with a lot of partners. This area is characterized by a distinctly different margin type south of it is assumed. Moreover, the subducting portion of the aseismic Juan Fernandez Ridge is located in that area representing another important target of the survey. Advantageous conditions enabled the survey of an east-west profile south of Chiloé Island, providing a section through the submerged coastal Cordillera into the flooded longitudinal valley. Some results of Leg 2 and 3 are: In all areas A, B and C no subduction bulge (outer high) in the oceanic crust was visible perhaps due to the shortness of the profiles. The sedimentary cover of the oceanic crust is exceptionally thin, and the crustal thickness is generally quite "normal" with around 7 km derived from relatively weak Moho reflections. In area B a so far magnetically unmapped region was filled providing reliable ages of the oceanic crust, and suggesting that the Challenger Fracture Zone abruptly terminates west of the area of investigation. The survey in area C yielded valuable information on the trench morphology. The so far unique MCS profile south of Chiloé island shows a very wide trench and allows to extrapolate the general conditions encountered an area A southward to approximately 44° S. It can be stated that the situation is in sharp contrast to the basin structures detected by industry profiles further north in the Golfo de Corcovado.
The CINCA marine geoscience investigations on the convergent continental margin of Chile between 19°S and 33°30'S were accomplished during three legs of RV SONNE cruise SO-104, from 22. July to 15. October 1995. The objectives of the first leg are to contribute to an understanding of the geological architecture and of the tectonic mechanism in the area of the Chile convergent zone through a geophysical assessment of the tectonic structures of the Chile continental margin and the adjacent oceanic Nazca plate. During the first leg from 22. July to 24. August 1995 multichannel seismic reflection data with BGR's new digital streamer were collected along a systematic grid with a total traverse length of 4,494 km simultaneously with the acquisition of magnetic, gravimetric, Hydrosweep and Parasound data over a total traverse length of 7,012 km. GFZ's mobile land array of 12 seismic stations recorded the air gun shots fired by RV SONNE within the CINCA area. Three seismic lines were surveyed between 32°30'S and 33°30'S in the area of the CONDOR project. Here, the surface of the downbending oceanic crust is smooth. The 5,000 m to 6,000 m deep trench floor is underlain by sediments, in excess 2,500 m thick. The inner trench slope consists of a landward thickening accretionary wedge which terminates against a body forming the base of a fore arc basin near Valparaiso. The principal area of the CINCA project extends between 19°S and 26°S and comprises the convergent continental margin, the Peru-Chile trench and the seaward adjacent part of the Nazca plate up to approximately 75°W longitude. The tectonic regime of these units of the CINCA area is very different from the tectonic system of the respective units of the CONDOR area. The Eocene-aged and sediment-starved oceanic crust of the Nazca plate becomes blockfaulted when approaching the outer trench slope break. The 50 km to 70 km wide outer trench slope is characterized by a complex system of horst and graben structures in the CINCA area probably resulting from the strong downbending. Steep fault scarps forming the flanks of the horsts reach vertical offsets varying between few hundreds of metres to 1,000 m, and locally even more. The 7,000 m to 8,l00 m deep trench is very narrow and mostly sediment-starved in the CINCA area. Morphology and architecture of the continental margin of the CINCA area are controlled by planar and listric faulting and tilted blocks of inferred continental nature, which apparently slid down into the trench. The inferred continental blocks, overlying a reflective mass, are covered by sediments of presumably turbiditic nature. An accretionary wedge is difficult to define on the seismic single channel records from the CINCA area. However, processed seismic data show a deep reflective mass underlying the downfaulted blocks of inferred continental nature. This deep reflective mass is interpreted to consist of a tectonically eroded and underplated continental crust-basalt melange forming the transition between the downfaulted continental upper plate and the subducting oceanic lower plate. Complex structural highs of still unknown origin and nature have been observed on the upper continental slope at 20°S, 24°S and 25°S. The northernmost structural high represents the seaward termination of the Iquique fore arc basin. The accuracy of the acquired gravity and bathymetric data is very good, i.e. better than 1 mGal and less than 10 m. The Chile trench is associated with strong negative gravity anomalies, and the continental margin is characterized by several positive and negative gravity anomalies of varying size and amount. The first results of magnetic modeling show, that the intensive blockfaulting of the oceanic crust across the outer trench slope causes no loss of the magnetization of the oceanic crust. The air gun shots fired by RV SONNE in 50 m intervals along 17 seismic traverses were recorded by GFZ's mobile land array in the coastal area of Chile. Good quality data were obtained out to about 100 km distance and in some cases even out to about 150 km.
Das Projekt "Leitantrag: Vorhaben: MONITORING: Monitoring und Kartierung des Ökosystemzustandes im Peru Becken (DISCOL Areal) und der Clarion-Clipperton-Zone (CCZ), Ost-Pazifik" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel (GEOMAR) durchgeführt. Die JPIO Pilotaktion wird zwei Expeditionen mit FS SONNE in mehrere Manganknollen-Lizenzgebiete in die Clarion-Clipperton Zone und in das DISCOL Experiment Gebiet im Südost-Pazifik unternehmen. Ziel des Projektes ist es, die Langzeitfolgen von Tiefseebergbau auf die Umwelt zu untersuchen. GEOMAR übernimmt dabei die Koordination des europäischen Verbundprojektes und trägt u.a. in großem Umfang mit wissenschaftlicher Expertise und Tiefsee-Geräten zum Projekt bei. Im DISCOL-Gebiet wird 26 Jahre nach dem Störexperiment der Zustand des Ökosystems erhoben, um so die natürliche Dynamik in der Tiefsee nach anthropogenen Eingriffen zu bewerten. Dies geschieht durch moderne Kartierungsverfahren und Monitoring-Technologien, wie AUV-basierte Multibeam-, Seitensonar- und Videosysteme, sowie gezielte ROV- und TV-gestützte Beprobungskampagnen, die auch in-situ Messungen in Wassertiefen von größer als 4000 m beinhalten. Die vergleichende Untersuchung von DISCOL und den künftigen Lizenzgebieten in der CCZ wird zu den dortigen Basisuntersuchungen, die von der Inter-nationalen Meeresbodenbehörde verlangt werden, beitragen. Die Bewertung der Umweltauswirkungen wird durch numerische Modellierungen der Oberflächensedimente und der bodennahen Wassersäule komplementiert, die insbesondere die zeitliche Entwicklung nach einer Störung sowie dessen räumliche Ausdehnung betrachten.
Das Projekt "Vorhaben: STOFFUMSATZ: Der Einfluss von Tiefseebergbau auf Stoffumsatz und Biodiversität mikrobieller Meeresbodengemeinschaften" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Max-Planck-Institut für marine Mikrobiologie durchgeführt. Das Vorhaben innerhalb des JPIO Verbundprojekts untersucht Ökosystemfunktionen mikrobieller Gemeinschaften in der DISCOL Experimental Area (DEA). In diesem Gebiet im tropischen SO-Pazifik, wurde 1989 im Rahmen des Projektes DISturbance and re-COLonization experiment (DISCOL) mit experimentellen Störungen des Meeresbodens ein Manganknollen-Abbau simuliert. Nachfolgende Untersuchungen der benthischen Fauna stellten auch nach 7 Jahren noch Störungen des Ökosystems fest. 26 Jahre nach dem DISCOL Experiment werden die Untersuchungen mit diesem Vorhaben erstmals auf die Mikroorganismen und ihren Beitrag zu Ökosystem-Funktionen ausgedehnt - mit modernen Untersuchungsmethoden und Messungen direkt am Meeresboden. Ziel ist, die natürliche räumliche Variabilität mikrobieller Diversität und benthischer Stoffflüsse in Manganknollen-Ökosystemen mit den Effekten kurz- und langfristiger Störungen zu vergleichen. Messungen und Probennahmen werden auf der SONNE-Expedition SO242/2 durchgeführt. Mit molekularbiologischen Methoden soll die mikrobielle Diversität gestörter und ungestörter Flächen unterschiedlicher Manganknollenbedeckung verglichen werden. Mit Mikro-Profilern und benthischen Kammern werden auf den gleichen Flächen Porenwasserchemie und benthische Flüsse bestimmt und damit Schlüsselfunktionen von Tiefseeböden quantifiziert (Abbau organischen Materials, Nährstoff-Freisetzung). Zusätzlich werden in Laborinkubationen mit markierten Substraten spezifische mikrobielle Prozesse untersucht (hydrolytische Aktivität, Sekundärproduktion). Ein weiterer Fokus liegt auf der Untersuchung von Habitat-Charakteristika einschließlich der Verteilung von Megafauna-Gemeinschaften mit bildgebenden Verfahren.