Pflanzenmanagement- und Agrarsysteme erlangen international eine steigende Bedeutung. In der vorliegenden Studie werden Pappeln und Weiden mit einheimischen Pflanzenspezies kombiniert, um Agrarsysteme weiter zu verbessern. Zwei in landwirtschaftlichen Systemen relevante Schadstoffe (Cadmium und Stickstoff) wurden ausgewählt, um die Pflanzen bezüglich Phytoremediation und Effizienz von Schadstoffanreicherung in Pflanzenteilen zu untersuchen. Pflanzen-Mikroben-Interaktionen spielen eine Hauptrolle in Agrarsystemen, weshalb mikrobielle Veränderungen in der Rhizosphäre durch Schadstoffeintrag in Böden einen wichtigen Schwerpunkt darstellen. Um solche Veränderungen in einer pflanzenspezifischen, mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft zu detektieren werden Phospholipidfettsäuren (PLFA) im Boden bestimmt, da diese in allen lebenden Zellen vorkommen und nach Zelltod rasch abgebaut werden. Die erzielten Ergebnisse werden mit DNA-basierten Methoden zur Bestimmung mikrobieller Gemeinschaften verglichen. Weiterhin soll die Analytik von Terpenen, Flavonoiden und Fettsäuren im Pflanzenmaterial Auskunft über pysiologische Veränderungen von Pflanzen geben, welche durch die verschiedenen Schadstoffe ausgelöst werden. Ein 13CO2 Puls, welcher vor der Ernte appliziert wird, ermöglicht eine genaue Untersuchung, wie Pflanzenstoffwechsel und Kohlenstofftranslokation in die Rhizosphäre durch Schadstoffe verändert werden. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Stabilisotopenanalytik von PLFA und DNA verglichen, sowie weitere 13C-Analysen des Pflanzenmaterials durchgeführt. Um den Schwerpunkt von Pflanzenmanagement Systemen zu vertiefen werden weitere Analysen von Pflanzenteilen (Wurzeln, Stamm, Blätter, Früchte, Samen) bezüglich Cadmium und Stickstoff durchgeführt. Massiv kontaminiertes Pflanzenmaterial kann für die Biogasproduktion verbrannt und anschließend zum Recycling kompostiert werden. Pflanzenteile mit hohem Stickstoffgehalt und fehlender Akkumulation von Cadmium kann als Tierfutter in Wintermonaten verwendet werden; eine Verwendung für kommerzielle Produkte ist ebenfalls denkbar und soll im Rahmen des Forschungsantrags untersucht werden.
Flowering time (FTi) genes play a key role as regulators of complex gene expression networks, and the influence of these networks on other complex systems means that FTi gene expression triggers a cascade of regulatory effects with a broad global effect on plant development. Hence, allelic and expression differences in FTi genes can play a central role in phenotypic variation throughput the plant lifecycle. A prime example for this is found in Brassica napus, a phenotypically and genetically diverse species with enormous variation in vernalisation requirement and flowering traits. The species includes oilseed rape (canola), one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide. Previously we have identified QTL clusters related to plant development, seed yield and heterosis in winter oilseed rape that seem to be conserved in diverse genetic backgrounds. We suspect that these QTL are controlled by global regulatory genes that influence numerous traits at different developmental stages. Interestingly, many of the QTL clusters for yield and biomass heterosis appear to correspond to the positions of meta-QTL for FTi in spring-type and/or winter-type B. napus. Based on the hypothesis that diversity in FTi genes has a key influence on plant development and yield, the aim of this study is a detailed analysis of DNA sequence variation in regulatory FTi genes in B. napus, combined with an investigation of associations between FTi gene haplotypes, developmental traits, yield components and seed yield.
Dairy farming across Germany displays diverse production systems. Factor endowment, management, technology adoption as well as competitive dynamics in the local or regional land, agribusiness and dairy processing sectors contribute to this differentiation on farm level. These differences impact on the ability of dairy farms and regional dairy production systems to successfully respond to pressures arising from future market and policy changes. The overall objective of the research activities of which this project is a part of, is to develop a thorough understanding of the processes that govern the spatial dynamics of dairy farm development in different regions in Germany. The central hypothesis of this research project is that management system and technological choices differ systematically across local production and market conditions. The empirical approach will focus on the estimation of farm specific nonparametric cost functions for dairy farms located in across Germany differentiated by time and location. A spatially differentiated data base with information on input use, resource availability, as well as local market conditions for land and output markets will be compiled. The nonparametric approach is specifically suited to disclose a more accurate representation of dairy production system heterogeneity across locations and time compared to parametric concepts as it provides the necessary flexibility to accommodate non-linearities relevant for a wide domain of explanatory variables. The methodology employed goes beyond the state of the art of the literature as it combines kernel density estimation with a Bayesian sampling approach to provide theory consistent parameters for each farm in the data sample.The specific methodological hypothesis is that the nonparametric approach is superior to current parametric techniques and this hypothesis is tested using statistical model evaluation. Regarding the farm management and technological choices, we hypothesize that land suitability for feed production determines the farm intensity of dairy production and thus management and technological choices. With respect to the ability of farms to successfully respond to market pressures we hypothesize that farms at the upper and lower tail of the intensity distribution both can generate positive returns from dairy production. These last two hypotheses will be tested using the estimated spatially differentiated farm specific costs and marginal costs.The expected outcomes are of relevance for the agricultural sector and the food supply chain economy as a whole as fundamental market structure changes in the dairy sector are ongoing due to the abolition of the quota regulation in the years 2014/2015. Thus, exact knowledge about differences and development of dairy cost heterogeneity of farms within and between regions are an important factor for the actors involved in the market as well as the political support of this process.
Frame: The project is part of the GLP (Global land project) fast track action (http://bbs2008.wikidot.com) Decreasing uncertainty in predicting biome boundary shifts which aims at improving the simulation of biome boundary shifts at large spatial scales, working group Migration . The long-term goal is to improve existing vegetation models or to develop new models that are reliable and robust and can be included in Earth System models for studying biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks. Rationale: Because of the nature of terrestrial plant population and community dynamics and dispersal, and the pace of climate change, predicting the future distribution of plant species is challenging. Many coupled GCM's assume simply that the boundaries between major terrestrial biomes are either static, or adjusted non-mechanistically to follow the change of climate without time lags. In some DGVM's, a non-mechanistic treatment of biome boundaries is employed with assumed delays. Recent model simulations with both explicit seed dispersal and population and community dynamics suggest that range shifts of forest biomes will be both complex and extremely delayed (several millennia delay for centennial warming). Research topics: the effect of plant population processes and dispersal on migration, the effect of spatial heterogeneity (e.g. fragmentation or barriers) on dispersal and migration, methods to incorporate these effects into large scale models like such as DGVM's, the lags due to species migration and their effects on feedbacks to the earth system. Methods: Starting from the forest landscape model TreeMig which describes tree species migration by explicitly simulating seed dispersal on a grid of 1km wide cells, we develop numerical approaches to describe migration across heterogenous grid cells. These approaches are either aggregated models of within-cell migration speed, e.g. derived from meta-modelling, or simulating spread in a subset of smaller cells within each grid cell and then extrapolating to the larger cell. We test our methods with simulations on south-north transects in Siberia and assess the effect of species migration on the feedbacks to the earth system.
Die Digitale Topographische Karte 1:100 000 (DTK100) beinhaltet die Rasterdaten der „Topographischen Karte 1:100 000 (TK100)“. Die DTK100 wird computerunterstützt aus dem ATKIS®-DLM und DGM der Bundesländer abgeleitet. Die Signaturierung der Kartenobjekte folgt den Regeln des Signaturenkatalogs ATKIS®-SK100. Die Rasterdaten sind nach kartographischen Inhaltselementen in Layer (Einzelebenen) gegliedert. Neben dem Summenlayer, der das vollständige farbige Kartenblatt beinhaltet, sind 24 weitere einfarbige Einzellayer Bestandteil der DTK100. Die Daten stehen in einer einheitlichen Rasterauflösung flächendeckend für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland zur Verfügung.
Die Digitale Topographische Karte 1:50 000 (DTK50) beinhaltet die Rasterdaten im Maßstab 1:50 000, die computerunterstützt aus dem ATKIS®-DLM und DGM der Länder abgeleitet wurden. Die Rasterdaten sind nach kartographischen Inhaltselementen in Einzelebenen (Layer) gegliedert. Ihre Struktur ist im Produkt-und Qualitätsstandard für Digitale Topographische Karten der AdV festgelegt worden. Neben dem Summenlayer, der das vollständige farbige Kartenblatt beinhaltet, sind 24 weitere einfarbige Einzellayer Bestandteil der DTK50. Zu beachten ist, dass teilweise bundesländerspezifische Unterschiede in der Kartengraphik und in der Farbzuordnung bestehen. Die Daten stehen in einer einheitlichen Rasterauflösung flächendeckend für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland in verschiedenen geodätischen Bezugssystemen und Kartenprojektionen zur Verfügung.
Die Digitale Topographische Karte 1:25 000 (DTK25) beinhaltet die Rasterdaten im Maßstab 1:25 000, die computerunterstützt aus dem ATKIS®-DLM und DGM der Länder abgeleitet wurden. Die Rasterdaten sind nach kartographischen Inhaltselementen in Einzelebenen (Layer) gegliedert. Ihre Struktur ist im Produkt-und Qualitätsstandard für Digitale Topographische Karten der AdV festgelegt worden. Neben dem Summenlayer, der das vollständige farbige Kartenblatt beinhaltet, sind 24 weitere einfarbige Einzellayer Bestandteil der DTK25. Zu beachten ist, dass teilweise bundesländerspezifische Unterschiede in der Kartengraphik und in der Farbzuordnung bestehen. Die Daten stehen in einer einheitlichen Rasterauflösung flächendeckend für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland in verschiedenen geodätischen Bezugssystemen und Kartenprojektionen zur Verfügung.
Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) is a plant pathogen of economic and ecologic importance. It is globally distributed in a wide range of forest, fruit, and ornamental trees and shrubs. In several areas of cherry and walnut production CLRV causes severe losses in yield and quality. With current reference to the rapid dissemination and strong symptom expression in Finnish birches and the Germany-wide distribution of CLRV in birches and elderberry, we continuously investigate and gradually reveal CLRV transmission pathways as by pollen, seeds or water. However, modes and interactions responsible for the wide intergeneric host transmission as well as for the exceptional CLRV epidemic in Fennoscandia still remain unknown. In this project systematic studies shall investigate biological vectors as a causal agent to finally derive control mechanisms and strategies to avoid new epidemics in different hosts and geographic regions. Detailed monitoring of the invertebrate fauna of birch stands/forests and elderberry plantations in Germany and Finland shall reveal potential vectors to subsequently study them in detail by approved virus detection methods and transmission experiments. Molecular analyses of the CLRV coat protein shall prove its role as a viral determinant for a virus/vector interaction. Consequently, this project essentially will contribute important answers on the CLRV epidemiology, and this will be a key element within the first network of research on plant viral pathogens in forest trees.
Die Raumluft ist haeufig mit toxischen Stoffen (besonders chlorierte Kohlenwasserstoffe wie PCP, Lindan sowie mit Formaldehyd) angereichert. Die ueblichen Analysen sind kompliziert, kostspielig und nicht lebensbezogen. Mit Pflanzen, Samen und pflanzlichem Plasma koennte der Nachweis verbessert werden, so dass ihn auch der Laie anwenden kann (was wegen der ubiquitaeren Verbreitung der Schadstoffe noetig waere).
Scientists from the Palestinian authority, Israel and Germany, all involved in different aspects of analytical research, have joined in order to conduct an environmental study, which aims to understand the fate of selected contaminants in a model ecosystem. For this purpose, two typical terrestrial sites in the Middle East, one in the Palestinian authority and the other in Israel, have been selected, comprising a partially polluted area and a natural reserve as a reference. In these areas, the fate (chemical and physical transformations) of typical pollutants such as heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe), metalloids (As, Sn, Sb), organic dyes and air contaminants (O3, NOx, SO2) will be studied. This will also involve the determination of all the environmental conditions for the chemical transformation, which should shed some light on the dynamics of the ecosystems. At the same time novel inexpensive sensors and analytical procedures will be developed, which are necessary for the analysis of contaminants in this area. The goals will be accomplished by combined efforts of all partners.
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