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Continuous water temperature and salinity data in front of GEOMAR Pier, Kiel, Germany (2022-2023)

From January 2022 to May 2023, temperature and salinity (only until March 2023) data were logged with a SEABIRD SBE 37-SMP MicroCAT CT in 2-minutes intervals at GEOMAR (Kiel, Germany) pier at 54°19'48.8N, 10°08'59.6E. The sensor system is mounted to a floating platform to ensure a continuous depth of 1 m at any time. After cleaning and other re-boots of the sensor package, temperature and salinity data tend to deviate from true values. Hence, 60 minutes of data after any re-boot (after sensor servicing with re-deployment, data download or power failure) were deleted. Due to massive fouling the conductivity sensor caused false salinity data during the last two months of this measurement period which were, hence, also deleted from the data set.

Water temperature and salinity data in front of GEOMAR Pier, Kiel, Germany (2022-2023)

From June 2022 to May 2023, seawater temperature and salinity data were measured repeatedly by a hand-held salinity probe (WTW Handheld ProfiLine Multi 3320 with conductivity measuring cell TetraCon 325) at GEOMAR (Kiel, Germany) pier at 54°19'48.8N 10°08'59.6E. The seawater was continuously pumped from 1m depth to a container on the 'Kiel Outdoor Benthocosm' (KOB) platform in which the measurement took place. The sensor was calibrated prior to each measurement.

Continuous water temperature, salinity and oxygen data in front of GEOMAR Pier, Kiel, Germany (2020-2022)

From January 2020 to January 2022, temperature, salinity, and oxygen (only July 2020 - April 2021) data were logged with an AANDERAA oxygen sensor 3835 and a SEABIRD SBE 37-SI MicroCAT CT(D) in 10-minutes intervals at GEOMAR (Kiel, Germany) pier at 54°19'48.8N 10°08'59.6E. The sensor system is mounted to a floating platform such that a continuous depth of 1 m is ensured at any time. Oxygen data were corrected for salinity, temperature and depth following the manual for Aanderaa Optodes using the salinity and temperature measurements from the SEABIRD SBE 37-SI MicroCAT CT(D) sensor. After cleaning and other re-boots of the sensor package, temperature, salinity and oxygen data tend to deviate from true values. Hence, 60 minutes of data after any re-boot (after sensor servicing with re-deployment, data download or power failure) were deleted. Two major data gaps (January 2020 – July 2020, April 2021 – June 2021) are due to longer periods when the sensors were serviced in the workshop.

Water temperature, salinity and oxygen data in front of GEOMAR Pier, Kiel, Germany (2020-2021)

From January 2020 to October 2021, seawater temperature and salinity data were measured repeatedly by a hand-held salinity probe (WTW Handheld ProfiLine Multi 3320 with conductivity measuring cell TetraCon 325) at GEOMAR (Kiel, Germany) pier at 54°19'48.8N 10°08'59.6E. The seawater was continuously pumped from 1m depth to a container on the 'Kiel Outdoor Benthocosm' (KOB) platform in which the measurement took place. The sensor was calibrated prior to each measurement.

Last Glacial Maximum seawater temperature estimates based on planktonic foraminifera

Estimates of Last Glacial Maximum annual mean seawater temperatures at 50 m depth. The temperature estimates are derived using the Modern Analogue Technique using the ForCenS synthesis (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.873570; https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.109) and World Ocean Atlas 1998 temperature (http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/oc5/woa98.html) for calibration. Dissimilarity to the core top data was calculated using the square-chord distance and the temperatures are the weighted averages of the 10 closest analogues. Estimates were averaged for sites where more than a single sample is available.

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