Das Projekt "Two blade propeller turbine suspended under a barge using kinetic energy of river flows" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Bodan-Werft Metallbau durchgeführt. Objective: To demonstrate how a two bladed propellor turbine suspended under a barge can exploit the kinetic energy of a river to produce electricity. General Information: The barge will be moored in the river and the kinetic energy of the river used to drive the propellor turbine, thus eliminating the need for expensive civil works. It is expected that the main application would be to supply local communities not connected to the national grid system, particularly in developing countries. A further advantage of the scheme is that, unlike conventional hydro systems, it can be very easily replicated. Initially a suction tube to concentrate water flow was envisaged, but this has now been omitted as it became apparent that it was only of advantage in very deep rivers. Suitable control mechanisms are being investigated to match the requirement for constant generator speed to variable river flow rates. Head 0 metres River velocity 2-3 m/second Turbine propellor (1. 44 metres diameter) Turbine power 40 kW Generator synchronous End-use isolated system Achievements: The apparatus proved very successful concerning manufacture, transport, sea-going quality (local velocity of current up to 4 m/s were tested). stability with propeller swung up. Propeller support with lifting device and foundations for gears and generator. The two-bladed propeller could cope well with stripping off driftage. The chain (L approx. 2,8 m) is extremely suitable for the transmission of the high torque and can be adapted to suit power output. Fluctuations during the turning moment probably caused by vibrations of the chain can be reduced by baffle rods. Presumably turbulences around the 'suction pipe' contribute to the fluctuations. These turbulences could possibly be avoided or at least reduced by the profiling of the 'suction pipe' on the descending current side. By means of the demonstration model it can be proved that, in principle, the system functions. In case of a series production the control system must be improved appropriately. The turning moments left of the optimum of the moment curves, plotted against the rotations per minute, could not be determined, as the propeller dragged in the optimum area and either came to a stand-still or operated right of the optimum. Operation costs were estimated at approx. 7,5 per cent of the investment expenses, whereby it was assumed that paint work would have to be done every 3-4 years. The operation expenses could be brought down under good water conditions. The efficiency of the propeller could be maintained by regular cleaning. (Slight roughness caused by marine fouling causes a loss of up to 20 per cent). Whereas the entire floating body and the main parts of the machinery and the transmission have been developed for quantity production, the control system must still be further developed in this respect. The presumable service life is estimated to be approx. 15 years. The power output depends very strongly upon the flow...
Das Projekt "Fluidized bed incinerator for high-sulphur high inert lignite" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Thyssen Industrie AG durchgeführt. Objective: Development, construction and testing of a stationary fluidized-bed fired boiler plant with superimposed circulation for the combustion of highly sulphurous lignite having varying sulphur content. The influence of the said fuel upon the performance in service and the pollutant emissions are studied under a long-term test programme. General Information: In the industrial heating and power plant of Thyssen Henschel at Kassel, a Thyssen-Oekoflow fluidized-bed fired boiler was substituted for an obsolete lignite-fired boiler plant (constructed in 1938) with low steam parameters (15 bar/ 350 degree of Celsius). After the new 33 MW demonstration plant (83 bar/525 degree of Celsius) had been conceived and designed, the new boiler was erected and commissioned in 1987/88. In the fuel engineering applied, a circulating hot fuel and ash flow is superimposed on a stationary fluidized bed while cold flue gas is recirculated in an amount as determined by the thermal power of the fuel. Besides the application of the said fuel engineering to the combustion of highly sulphureous lignite and the plant components used for this purpose, the expected emission values were another interesting aspect of the project; thus, retention of SO2 has to exceed 96 per cent in order that the approval requirements are met. The operational results hitherto obtained show that the emissions cansurely be kept below the approved values. The designed parameters are also met without any problems. At present, a measuring and optimizing programme is still being accomplished in cooperation with the Technical University Hamburg-Harburg. The fluidized-bed process applied is absolutely appropriate for efficient and environmentally sound combustion of highly sulphureous lignite. Achievements: The trials were completed, the guaranteed values being met. The plant was well controlled over the load range from 34 to 100 per cent. The plant had operated for more than 12,000 hours up to September 1988, meeting emission limits or being for below these limiting values.
Das Projekt "Application and development of new techniques based on remote sensing, data integration, and multivariante analysis for mineral exploration" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Gesellschaft für Angewandte Fernerkundung, Abteilung Geologie durchgeführt. Objective: The objective is to further improve exploration models for several metallogenetic groups in different regions, through improvement and development of new techniques based on remote sensing, data integration and multivariate analysis. General Information: The basic aims of the research can be summarized as follows: application of previously developed exploration models and exploration methodology to other areas with geological potential for the same type of deposits; development of equivalent prospecting models for other mineral commodities; application of the exploration methodology in other climatic conditions; improvement of data presentation and integration techniques and of methods for statistical processing; continuation of research on the spectral response of geological materials as measured by airborne sensors, space sensors and ground sensors; evaluation of new remote sensing systems, especially radar and imaging spectroscopy; development of the fundamentals for a computer aided exploration system for selected mineral suites; development of a geological and mining data base for the selected areas; and training of exploration technicians. The areas of investigations are: central Spain (gold, tungsten), the Pyrite Belt of south western Spain (base metals, gold, silver) and the Fichtelgebirge and Oberpfälzer Wald in Bavaria (base metals, gold, silver, tin, tungsten, uranium). For comparison, existing data for southern Greenland will be processed. Achievements: New methodologies and procedures have been developed to analyse remote sensing and other spatial data by means of multivariate statistics and tools of digital image processing for improvements in geological exploration. New sensors and analysis tools have been investigated and tested in different climatic and geological regimes. A model based on geochemical, geophysical, geological and spectral data has been devised, incorporating: compilation and revision of all available information in the selected working areas; building and actualization of the geological data base; elaboration of exploration models for each area and each mineralization type; processing and interpretation of the remote sensing data, correlation of the spectral, textural, and structural anomalies with known mineralizations; integration of this information according to the elaborated models; final interpretation and valuation. The developed methodology is now operational for various climatic and geological regimes. The tools are defined, the analysis method is operational and effective, and the whole process is flexible enough to adapt to different environments. Solutions for many individual topics have been developed: several types of new sensor data have been investigated for their potential to be used in mineral exploration. There are mainly two types of such data: imaging synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data and hyperspectral data with 63 bands. The methods developed are not principally confined to ...