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Kleinfeuerungsanlagenverordnung tritt am 22. März 2010 in Kraft

Gemeinsame Presseinformation mit dem Bundesumweltministerium (BMU) Verordnung schafft Voraussetzungen für eine nachhaltige Staubreduzierung Für Holzheizungen, Kaminöfen und andere kleine Feuerungsanlagen für feste Brennstoffe gelten ab dem 22. März 2010 neue Umweltauflagen. Holz ist als regenerative Energiequelle aus Klimaschutzgründen ein sinnvoller Brennstoff zur Wärmeerzeugung. Die Verfeuerung von Holz in Kleinfeuerungsanlagen in Räumen setzt jedoch verschiedene Luftschadstoffe wie Feinstaub frei und führt zu Geruchsbelästigungen - und dies in zunehmendem Maße. „Mit den neuen Grenzwerten werden Luftschadstoffe an der Quelle reduziert. Sie sorgen für eine bessere Luft, Gesundheit und mehr Lebensqualität. Damit ist ein wichtiger Baustein für eine nachhaltige Umweltpolitik gelegt“, sagte Bundesumweltminister Dr. Norbert Röttgen. Mit der Novelle der 1. Bundesimmissionsschutzverordnung (1. ⁠ BImSchV ⁠) werden die Vorgaben für Öfen und Heizungen, in denen feste Brennstoffe wie beispielsweise Holz verfeuert werden, an die technischen Weiterentwicklungen bei der Verringerung der Schadstoffemissionen angepasst. „Die Novelle der Kleinfeuerungsanlagenverordnung löst die mittlerweile seit 1988 geltenden, völlig veralteten technischen Vorgaben für Öfen und Holzheizungen ab und fordert den aktuellen Stand der Technik“, so Jochen Flasbarth, Präsident des Umweltbundesamtes. Die 1. BImSchV sieht anspruchsvolle Emissionsgrenzwerte für Staub vor. Diese können von neuen Feuerungsanlagen, die üblicherweise im häuslichen Bereich eingesetzt werden, wie Heizungen, Kaminöfen oder Kachelofeneinsätzen ohne Staubfilter erreicht werden. Die Festlegung von fortschrittlichen Emissionsgrenzwerten für Kohlenmonoxid führt zum Einsatz verbesserter Verbrennungstechniken, die im Ergebnis zudem die Geruchsbelästigungen in der jeweiligen Nachbarschaft reduzieren. Auch für bestehende Anlagen werden Grenzwerte festgelegt. Sofern für diese Anlagen mit Hilfe einer Herstellerbescheinigung oder durch eine Vor-Ort-Messung die Einhaltung der Grenzwerte nachgewiesen werden kann, ist ein zeitlich unbegrenzter Betrieb möglich. Erst wenn dies nicht möglich ist, kommt zwischen den Jahren 2014 und 2024 ein Sanierungsprogramm zum Tragen. Das Sanierungsprogramm sieht die Nachrüstung oder den Austausch gegen emissionsarme Anlagen vor. So genannte Grundöfen, Kochherde, Backöfen, Badeöfen, offene Kamine sowie Öfen, die vor dem Jahr 1950 errichtet wurden, sind sogar gänzlich vom Sanierungsprogramm ausgenommen. Ebenfalls ausgenommen sind Öfen, die nicht als Zusatzheizungen, sondern als einzige Öfen zur Beheizung von Wohnungen oder Häusern eingesetzt werden. Nicht immer ist die Anlage Schuld, wenn der Schornstein qualmt. Vielen Betreibern fehlen das Wissen und die Erfahrung im Umgang mit den Feuerungsanlagen. Aus diesem Grund sieht die 1. BImSchV eine Beratung für die Betreiber zum richtigen Umgang mit der Anlage und den einzusetzenden Festbrennstoffen vor. Außerdem wird der Brennstoff Holz künftig regelmäßig hinsichtlich Qualität im Zusammenhang mit anderen Überwachungsaufgaben überprüft. Eine deutliche Kostenentlastung bringt die Novelle Betreibern von Öl- und Gasheizungen: Die Intervalle der regelmäßigen Überwachungen werden verlängert. Die bisher jährliche Überwachung soll auf einen dreijährlichen beziehungsweise zweijährlichen Turnus umgestellt werden. Damit wird dem technischen Fortschritt bei Öl- und Gasheizungen Rechnung getragen, die heute wesentlich zuverlässiger arbeiten als noch vor 20 Jahren.

Die neue Verordnung für Kleinfeuerungsanlagen sorgt für bessere Luftqualität

Forschungsprojekt berechnet Staubreduzierung und entwickelt Feinstaubrechner für Wohngebiete Die neuen Umweltauflagen für Holzheizungen, Kaminöfen und andere kleine Feuerungsanlagen für feste Brennstoffe werden nach einer neuesten Studie im Auftrage des Umweltbundesamtes (UBA) spürbare Entlastungen bei den ´bringen. In den betroffenen Wohngebieten wird die Belastung allein durch die neue 1. BImSchV um fünf bis zehn Prozent zurück gehen, so das Ergebnis der Studie des Instituts für Feuerungs- und Kraftwerkstechnik der Universität Stuttgart und des Ingenieurbüros Lohmeyer Karlsruhe. Weil die tatsächliche Belastung aus Kleinfeuerungsanlagen allerdings sehr stark von den örtlichen Gegebenheiten abhängt, hat das UBA die PC-Anwendung „BIOMIS“ entwickeln lassen. Mit ihr können Planerinnen und Planer eigene Berechnungen für einzelne Wohngebiete durchführen. Diese Anwendung steht ab sofort kostenfrei zum Download auf der UBA-Homepage zur Verfügung. „Die gesundheitsgefährdenden Feinstaubimmissionen müssen durch ein ganzes Maßnahmen-Bündel zurück geführt werden. Die neuen Auflagen für Kaminöfen und Holzheizungen leisten dazu ebenso einen Beitrag wie die in etlichen Städten eingeführten Umweltzonen“, erklärte UBA-Präsident Jochen Flasbarth. Für die Studie war eine umfangreiche Grundlagenarbeit erforderlich: Zur Ermittlung des Reduzierungspotentials der Feinstaubbelastung fehlte ein geeignetes Modellsystem. Die Forscherinnen und Forscher entwickelten deshalb zuerst das passende Modell und überprüften dieses während mehrerer Wintermonate mit Hilfe realer Messungen in einer Ortschaft mit einem hohen Anteil an Holzheizungen. Das Modell bestand den Test. Über 10.000 unterschiedliche Szenarien wurden von den Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern berechnet, um die Auswirkungen der verwendeten Brennstoffe und die Art und Qualität der Heizungen auf die Luftschadstoffe Feinstaub und Stickstoffdioxid darzustellen. Die so erzeugten Datensätze flossen in das Computerprogramm „BIOMIS“ (Immissionsprognose für die thermische Biomassenutzung) ein. Diese PC-Anwendung erlaubt es - auf Basis der installierten Heizungen - für ein konkretes Gebiet die Luftbelastung mit Feinstaub und Stickstoffdioxid aus Kleinfeuerungsanlagen darzustellen. Die Novelle der Verordnung über kleine und mittlere Feuerungsanlagen (1. ⁠ BImSchV ⁠) ist am 22. März 2010  in Kraft getreten.

Markt für Gold

technologyComment of gold mine operation and refining (SE): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. ORE AND WASTE HAULAGE: The haul trucks transport the ore to various areas for processing. The grade and type of ore determine the processing method used. Higher-grade ores are taken to a mill. Lower grade ores are taken to leach pads. Some ores may be stockpiled for later processing. HEAP LEACHING: The ore is crushed or placed directly on lined leach pads where a dilute cyanide solution is applied to the surface of the heap. The solution percolates down through the ore, where it leaches the gold and flows to a central collection location. The solution is recovered in this closed system. The pregnant leach solution is fed to electrowinning cells and undergoes the same steps as described below from Electro-winning. ORE PROCESSING: Milling: The ore is fed into a series of grinding mills where steel balls grind the ore to a fine slurry or powder. Oxidization and leaching: Some types of ore require further processing before gold is recovered. In this case, the slurry is pressure-oxidized in an autoclave before going to the leaching tanks or a dry powder is fed through a roaster in which it is oxidized using heat before being sent to the leaching tanks as a slurry. The slurry is thickened and runs through a series of leaching tanks. The gold in the slurry adheres to carbon in the tanks. Stripping: The carbon is then moved into a stripping vessel where the gold is removed from the carbon by pumping a hot caustic solution through the carbon. The carbon is later recycled. Electro-winning: The gold-bearing solution is pumped through electro-winning cells or through a zinc precipitation circuit where the gold is recovered from the solution. Smelting: The gold is then melted in a furnace at about 1’064°C and poured into moulds, creating doré bars. Doré bars are unrefined gold bullion bars containing between 60% and 95% gold. References: Newmont (2004) How gold is mined. Newmont. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/gold/howmined/index.asp technologyComment of gold production (US): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. UNDERGROUND MINING: Some ore bodies are more economically mined underground. In this case, a tunnel called an adit or a shaft is dug into the earth. Sort tunnels leading from the adit or shaft, called stopes, are dug to access the ore. The surface containing the ore, called a face, is drilled and loaded with explosives. Following blasting, the broken ore is loaded onto electric trucks and taken to the surface. Once mining is completed in a particular stope, it is backfilled with a cement compound. BENEFICIATION: Bald Mountain Mines: The ore treatment method is based on conventional heap leaching technology followed by carbon absorption. The loaded carbon is stripped and refined in the newly commissioned refinery on site. Water is supplied by wells located on the mine property. Grid power was brought to Bald Mountain Mine in 1996. For this purpose, one 27-kilometre 69 KVA power line was constructed from the Alligator Ridge Mine substation to the grid. Golden Sunlight Mines: The ore treatment plant is based on conventional carbon-in-pulp technology, with the addition of a Sand Tailings Retreatment (STR) gold recovery plant to recover gold that would otherwise be lost to tailings. The STR circuit removes the heavier gold bearing pyrite from the sand portion of the tailings by gravity separation. The gold is refined into doré at the mine. Tailing from the mill is discharged to an impoundment area where the solids are allowed to settle so the water can be reused. A cyanide recovery/destruction process was commissioned in 1998. It eliminates the hazard posed to wildlife at the tailings impoundment by lowering cyanide concentrations below 20 mg/l. Fresh water for ore processing, dust suppression, and fire control is supplied from the Jefferson Slough, which is an old natural channel of the Jefferson River. Ore processing also uses water pumped from the tailings impoundment. Pit water is treated in a facility located in the mill complex prior to disposal or for use in dust control. Drinking water is made available by filtering fresh water through an on-site treatment plant. Electric power is provided from a substation at the south property boundary. North-Western Energy supplies electricity the substation. Small diesel generators are used for emergency lighting. A natural gas pipeline supplies gas for heating buildings, a crusher, air scrubber, boiler, carbon reactivation kiln, and refining furnaces. Cortez Mine: Three different metallurgical processes are employed for the recovery of gold. The process used for a particular ore is determined based on grade and metallurgical character of that ore. Lower grade oxide ore is heap leached, while higher-grade non-refractory ore is treated in a conventional mill using cyanidation and a carbon-in-leach (“CIL”) process. When carbonaceous ore is processed by Barrick, it is first dry ground, and then oxidized in a circulating fluid bed roaster, followed by CIL recovery. In 2002 a new leach pad and process plant was commissioned; this plant is capable of processing 164 million tonnes of heap leach ore over the life of the asset. Heap leach ore production is hauled directly to heap leach pads for gold recovery. Water for process use is supplied from the open pit dewatering system. Approximately 90 litres per second of the pit dewatering volume is diverted for plant use. Electric power is supplied by Sierra Pacific Power Company (“SPPC”) through a 73 kilometre, 120 kV transmission line. A long-term agreement is in place with SPPC to provide power through the regulated power system. The average power requirement of the mine is about 160 GWh/year. REFINING: Wohlwill electrolysis. It is assumed that the gold doré-bars from both mines undergo the treatment of Wohlwill electrolysis. This process uses an electrolyte containing 2.5 mol/l of HCl and 2 mol/l of HAuCl4 acid. Electrolysis is carried out with agitation at 65 – 75 °C. The raw gold is intro-duced as cast anode plates. The cathodes, on which the pure gold is deposited, were for many years made of fine gold of 0.25 mm thickness. These have now largely been replaced by sheet titanium or tantalum cathodes, from which the thick layer of fine gold can be peeled off. In a typical electrolysis cell, gold anodes weighing 12 kg and having dimensions 280×230×12 mm (0.138 m2 surface) are used. Opposite to them are conductively connected cathode plates, arranged by two or three on a support rail. One cell normally contains five or six cathode units and four or five anodes. The maximum cell voltage [V] is 1.5 V and the maximum anodic current density [A] 1500 A/m2. The South African Rand refinery gives a specific gold production rate of 0.2 kg per hour Wohlwill electrolysis. Assuming a current efficiency of 95% the energy consumption is [V] x [A] / 0.2 [kg/h] = 1.63 kWh per kg gold refined. No emissions are assumed because of the purity and the high value of the material processed. The resulting sludge contains the PGM present in the electric scrap and is sold for further processing. OTHER MINES: Information about the technology used in the remaining mines is described in the References. WATER EMISSIONS: Water effluents are discharged into rivers. References: Auerswald D. A. and Radcliffe P. H. (2005) Process technology development at Rand Refinery. In: Minerals Engineering, 18(8), pp. 748-753, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2005.03.011. Newmont (2004) How gold is mined. Newmont. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/gold/howmined/index.asp Renner H., Schlamp G., Hollmann D., Lüschow H. M., Rothaut J., Knödler A., Hecht C., Schlott M., Drieselmann R., Peter C. and Schiele R. (2002) Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Online version, posting date: September 15, 2000 Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a12_ 499. Barrick (2006b) Environment: Performance Tables from http://www.barrick. com/Default.aspx?SectionID=8906c4bd-4ee4-4f15-bf1b-565e357c01e1& LanguageId=1 Newmont (2005b) Now & Beyond: Sustainability Reports. Newmont Mining Corporation. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/social/reporting/ index.asp technologyComment of gold production (CA): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. UNDERGROUND MINING: Some ore bodies are more economically mined underground. In this case, a tunnel called an adit or a shaft is dug into the earth. Sort tunnels leading from the adit or shaft, called stopes, are dug to access the ore. The surface containing the ore, called a face, is drilled and loaded with explosives. Following blasting, the broken ore is loaded onto electric trucks and taken to the surface. Once mining is completed in a particular stope, it is backfilled with a cement compound. ORE AND WASTE HAULAGE: The haul trucks transport the ore to various areas for processing. The grade and type of ore determine the processing method used. Higher-grade ores are taken to a mill. Lower grade ores are taken to leach pads. Some ores may be stockpiled for later processing. BENEFICIATION: In the Porcupine Mines, gold is recovered using a combination of gravity concentration, milling and cyanidation techniques. The milling process consists of primary crushing, secondary crushing, rod/ball mill grinding, gravity concentration, cyanide leaching, carbon-in-pulp gold recovery, stripping, electrowinning and refining. In the Campbell Mine, the ore from the mine, after crushing and grinding, is processed by gravity separation, flotation, pressure oxidation, cyanidation and carbon-in-pulp process followed by electro-winning and gold refining to doré on site. The Musselwhite Mine uses gravity separation, carbon in pulp, electro¬winning and gold refining to doré on site. REFINING: Wohlwill electrolysis. It is assumed that the gold doré-bars from both mines undergo the treatment of Wohlwill electrolysis. This process uses an electrolyte containing 2.5 mol/l of HCl and 2 mol/l of HAuCl4 acid. Electrolysis is carried out with agitation at 65 – 75 °C. The raw gold is intro-duced as cast anode plates. The cathodes, on which the pure gold is deposited, were for many years made of fine gold of 0.25 mm thickness. These have now largely been replaced by sheet titanium or tantalum cathodes, from which the thick layer of fine gold can be peeled off. In a typical electrolysis cell, gold anodes weighing 12 kg and having dimensions 280×230×12 mm (0.138 m2 surface) are used. Opposite to them are conductively connected cathode plates, arranged by two or three on a support rail. One cell normally contains five or six cathode units and four or five anodes. The maximum cell voltage [V] is 1.5 V and the maximum anodic current density [A] 1500 A/m2. The South African Rand refinery gives a specific gold production rate of 0.2 kg per hour Wohlwill electrolysis. Assuming a current efficiency of 95% the energy consumption is [V] x [A] / 0.2 [kg/h] = 1.63 kWh per kg gold refined. No emissions are assumed because of the purity and the high value of the material processed. The resulting sludge contains the PGM present in the electric scrap and is sold for further processing. WATER EMISSIONS: Effluents are discharged into the ocean. REFERENCES: Newmont (2004) How gold is mined. Newmont. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/gold/howmined/index.asp Renner H., Schlamp G., Hollmann D., Lüschow H. M., Rothaut J., Knödler A., Hecht C., Schlott M., Drieselmann R., Peter C. and Schiele R. (2002) Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Online version, posting date: September 15, 2000 Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a12_ 499. Auerswald D. A. and Radcliffe P. H. (2005) Process technology development at Rand Refinery. In: Minerals Engineering, 18(8), pp. 748-753, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2005.03.011. technologyComment of gold production (AU): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. UNDERGROUND MINING: Some ore bodies are more economically mined underground. In this case, a tunnel called an adit or a shaft is dug into the earth. Sort tunnels leading from the adit or shaft, called stopes, are dug to access the ore. The surface containing the ore, called a face, is drilled and loaded with explosives. Following blasting, the broken ore is loaded onto electric trucks and taken to the surface. Once mining is completed in a particular stope, it is backfilled with a cement compound. ORE AND WASTE HAULAGE: The haul trucks transport the ore to various areas for processing. The grade and type of ore determine the processing method used. Higher-grade ores are taken to a mill. Lower grade ores are taken to leach pads. Some ores may be stockpiled for later processing. LEACHING: The ore is crushed or placed directly on lined leach pads where a dilute cyanide solution is applied to the surface of the heap. The solution percolates down through the ore, where it leaches the gold and flows to a central collection location. The solution is recovered in this closed system. The pregnant leach solution is fed to electrowinning cells and undergoes the same steps as described below from Electro-winning. ORE PROCESSING: Milling: The ore is fed into a series of grinding mills where steel balls grind the ore to a fine slurry or powder. Oxidization and leaching: Some types of ore require further processing before gold is recovered. In this case, the slurry is pressure-oxidized in an autoclave before going to the leaching tanks or a dry powder is fed through a roaster in which it is oxidized using heat before being sent to the leaching tanks as a slurry. The slurry is thickened and runs through a series of leaching tanks. The gold in the slurry adheres to carbon in the tanks. Stripping: The carbon is then moved into a stripping vessel where the gold is removed from the carbon by pumping a hot caustic solution through the carbon. The carbon is later recycled. Electro-winning: The gold-bearing solution is pumped through electro-winning cells or through a zinc precipitation circuit where the gold is recovered from the solution. Smelting: The gold is then melted in a furnace at about 1’064°C and poured into moulds, creating doré bars. Doré bars are unrefined gold bullion bars containing between 60% and 95% gold. REFINING: Wohlwill electrolysis. It is assumed that the gold doré-bars from both mines undergo the treatment of Wohlwill electrolysis. This process uses an electrolyte containing 2.5 mol/l of HCl and 2 mol/l of HAuCl4 acid. Electrolysis is carried out with agitation at 65 – 75 °C. The raw gold is intro-duced as cast anode plates. The cathodes, on which the pure gold is deposited, were for many years made of fine gold of 0.25 mm thickness. These have now largely been replaced by sheet titanium or tantalum cathodes, from which the thick layer of fine gold can be peeled off. In a typical electrolysis cell, gold anodes weighing 12 kg and having dimensions 280×230×12 mm (0.138 m2 surface) are used. Opposite to them are conductively connected cathode plates, arranged by two or three on a support rail. One cell normally contains five or six cathode units and four or five anodes. The maximum cell voltage [V] is 1.5 V and the maximum anodic current density [A] 1500 A/m2. The South African Rand refinery gives a specific gold production rate of 0.2 kg per hour Wohlwill electrolysis. Assuming a current efficiency of 95% the energy consumption is [V] x [A] / 0.2 [kg/h] = 1.63 kWh per kg gold refined. No emissions are assumed because of the purity and the high value of the material processed. The resulting sludge contains the PGM present in the electric scrap and is sold for further processing. WATER EMISSIONS: Water effluents are discharged into rivers. REFERENCES: Newmont (2004) How gold is mined. Newmont. Retrieved from http://www.newmont.com/en/gold/howmined/index.asp Renner H., Schlamp G., Hollmann D., Lüschow H. M., Rothaut J., Knödler A., Hecht C., Schlott M., Drieselmann R., Peter C. and Schiele R. (2002) Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Online version, posting date: September 15, 2000 Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a12_ 499. Auerswald D. A. and Radcliffe P. H. (2005) Process technology development at Rand Refinery. In: Minerals Engineering, 18(8), pp. 748-753, Online-Version under: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2005.03.011. technologyComment of gold production (TZ): The mining of ore from open pit and underground mines is considered. technologyComment of gold refinery operation (ZA): REFINING: The refinery, which provides a same day refining service, employs the widely used Miller Chlorination Process to upgrade the gold bullion it receives from mines to at least 99.50% fine gold, the minimum standard required for gold sold on the world bullion markets. It also employs the world’s leading silver refining technology. To further refine gold and silver to 99.99% the cost-effective once-through Wohlwill electrolytic refining process is used. MILLER CHLORINATION PROCESS: This is a pyrometallurgical process whereby gold dore is heated in furnace crucibles. The process is able to separate gold from impurities by using chlorine gas which is added to the crucibles once the gold is molten. Chlorine gas does not react with gold but will combine with silver and base metals to form chlorides. Once the chlorides have formed they float to the surface as slag or escape as volatile gases. The surface melt and the fumes containing the impurities are collected and further refined to extract the gold and silver. This process can take up to 90 minutes produces gold which is at least 99.5% pure with silver being the main remaining component. This gold can be cast into bars as 99.5% gold purity meets the minimum London Good Delivery. However some customers such as jewellers and other industrial end users require gold that is almost 100% pure, so further refining is necessary. In this case, gold using the Miller process is cast into anodes which are then sent to an electrolytic plant. The final product is 99.99% pure gold sponge that can then be melted to produce various end products suited to the needs of the customer. WOHLWILL PROCESS - The electrolytic method of gold refining was first developed by Dr. Emil Wohlwill of Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg in 1874. Dr. Wohlwill’s process is based on the solubility of gold but the insolubility of silver in an electrolyte solution of gold chloride (AuCl3) in hydrochloric acid. Figure below provide the overview of the refining process (source Rand Refinery Brochure) imageUrlTagReplace7f46a8e2-2df0-4cf4-99a8-2878640be562 Emissions includes also HCl to air: 7.48e-03 Calculated from rand refinery scrubber and baghouse emmission values Metal concentrators, Emmision report 2016 http://www.environmentalconsultants.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Appendix-D1.pdf technologyComment of gold refinery operation (RoW): REFINING: The refinery, which provides a same day refining service, employs the widely used Miller Chlorination Process to upgrade the gold bullion it receives from mines to at least 99.50% fine gold, the minimum standard required for gold sold on the world bullion markets. It also employs the world’s leading silver refining technology. To further refine gold and silver to 99.99% the cost-effective once-through Wohlwill electrolytic refining process is used. MILLER CHLORINATION PROCESS: This is a pyrometallurgical process whereby gold dore is heated in furnace crucibles. The process is able to separate gold from impurities by using chlorine gas which is added to the crucibles once the gold is molten. Chlorine gas does not react with gold but will combine with silver and base metals to form chlorides. Once the chlorides have formed they float to the surface as slag or escape as volatile gases. The surface melt and the fumes containing the impurities are collected and further refined to extract the gold and silver. This process can take up to 90 minutes produces gold which is at least 99.5% pure with silver being the main remaining component. This gold can be cast into bars as 99.5% gold purity meets the minimum London Good Delivery. However some customers such as jewellers and other industrial end users require gold that is almost 100% pure, so further refining is necessary. In this case, gold using the Miller process is cast into anodes which are then sent to an electrolytic plant. The final product is 99.99% pure gold sponge that can then be melted to produce various end products suited to the needs of the customer. WOHLWILL PROCESS - The electrolytic method of gold refining was first developed by Dr. Emil Wohlwill of Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg in 1874. Dr. Wohlwill’s process is based on the solubility of gold but the insolubility of silver in an electrolyte solution of gold chloride (AuCl3) in hydrochloric acid. Figure below provide the overview of the refining process (source Rand Refinery Brochure) imageUrlTagReplace7f46a8e2-2df0-4cf4-99a8-2878640be562 Emissions includes also HCl to air: 7.48e-03 Calculated from rand refinery scrubber and baghouse emmission values Metal concentrators, Emmision report 2016 http://www.environmentalconsultants.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Appendix-D1.pdf technologyComment of gold-silver mine operation with refinery (PG): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. ORE AND WASTE HAULAGE: The haul trucks transport the ore to various areas for processing. The grade and type of ore determine the processing method used. Higher-grade ores are taken to a mill. Lower grade ores are taken to leach pads. Some ores may be stockpiled for later processing. HEAP LEACHING: The recovery processes of the Misima Mine are cyanide leach and carbon in pulp (CIP). The ore is crushed or placed directly on lined leach pads where a dilute cyanide solution is applied to the surface of the heap. The solution percolates down through the ore, where it leaches the gold and flows to a central collection location. The solution is recovered in this closed system. The pregnant leach solution is fed to electrowinning cells and undergoes the same steps as described below from Electro-winning. ORE PROCESSING: Milling: The ore is fed into a series of grinding mills where steel balls grind the ore to a fine slurry or powder. Oxidization and leaching: The recovery process in the Porgera Mine is pressure oxidation and cyanide leach. The slurry is pressure-oxidized in an autoclave before going to the leaching tanks or a dry powder is fed through a roaster in which it is oxidized using heat before being sent to the leaching tanks as a slurry. The slurry is thickened and runs through a series of leaching tanks. The gold in the slurry adheres to carbon in the tanks. Stripping: The carbon is then moved into a stripping vessel where the gold is removed from the carbon by pumping a hot caustic solution through the carbon. The carbon is later recycled. Electro-winning: The gold-bearing solution is pumped through electro-winning cells or through a zinc precipitation circuit where the gold is recovered from the solution. Smelting: The gold is then melted in a furnace at about 1’064°C and poured into moulds, creating doré bars. Doré bars are unrefined gold bullion bars containing between 60% and 95% gold. WATER SUPPLY: For Misima Mine, process water is supplied from pit dewatering bores and in-pit water. Potable water is sourced from boreholes in the coastal limestone. For Porgera Mine, the main water supply of the mine is the Waile Creek Dam, located approximately 7 kilometres from the mine. The reservoir has a capacity of approximately 717, 000 m3 of water. Water for the grinding circuit is also extracted from Kogai Creek, which is located adjacent to the grinding circuit. The mine operates four water treatment plants for potable water and five sewage treatment plants. ENERGY SUPPLY: For Misima Mine, electricity is produced by the mine on site or with own power generators, from diesel and heavy fuel oil. For Porgera Mine, electricity is produced by the mine on site. Assumed with Mobius / Wohlwill electrolysis. Porgera's principal source of power is supplied by a 73-kilometre transmission line from the gas fired and PJV-owned Hides Power Station. The station has a total output of 62 megawatts (“MW”). A back up diesel power station is located at the mine and has an output of 13MW. The average power requirement of the mine is about 60 MW. For both Misima and Porgera Mines, an 18 MW diesel fired power station supplies electrical power. Diesel was used in the station due to the unavailability of previously supplied heavy fuel oil. technologyComment of gold-silver mine operation with refinery (CA-QC): One of the modelled mine is an open-pit mine and the two others are underground. technologyComment of gold-silver mine operation with refinery (RoW): The mining of ore from open pit mines is considered. technologyComment of platinum group metal, extraction and refinery operations (ZA): The ores from the different ore bodies are processed in concentrators where a PGM concentrate is produced with a tailing by product. The PGM base metal concentrate product from the different concentrators processing the different ores are blended during the smelting phase to balance the sulphur content in the final matte product. Smelter operators also carry out toll smelting from third part concentrators. The smelter product is send to the Base metal refinery where the PGMs are separated from the Base Metals. Precious metal refinery is carried out on PGM concentrate from the Base metal refinery to split the PGMs into individual metal products. Water analyses measurements for Anglo Platinum obtained from literature (Slatter et.al, 2009). Mudd, G., 2010. Platinum group metals: a unique case study in the sustainability of mineral resources, in: The 4th International Platinum Conference, Platinum in Transition “Boom or Bust.” Water share between MC and EC from Mudd (2010). Mudd, G., 2010. Platinum group metals: a unique case study in the sustainability of mineral resources, in: The 4th International Platinum Conference, Platinum in Transition “Boom or Bust.” technologyComment of primary zinc production from concentrate (RoW): The technological representativeness of this dataset is considered to be high as smelting methods for zinc are consistent in all regions. Refined zinc produced pyro-metallurgically represents less than 5% of global zinc production and less than 2% of this dataset. Electrometallurgical Smelting The main unit processes for electrometallurgical zinc smelting are roasting, leaching, purification, electrolysis, and melting. In both electrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical zinc production routes, the first step is to remove the sulfur from the concentrate. Roasting or sintering achieves this. The concentrate is heated in a furnace with operating temperature above 900 °C (exothermic, autogenous process) to convert the zinc sulfide to calcine (zinc oxide). Simultaneously, sulfur reacts with oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide, which is subsequently converted to sulfuric acid in acid plants, usually located with zinc-smelting facilities. During the leaching process, the calcine is dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid solution (re-circulated back from the electrolysis cells) to produce aqueous zinc sulfate solution. The iron impurities dissolve as well and are precipitated out as jarosite or goethite in the presence of calcine and possibly ammonia. Jarosite and goethite are usually disposed of in tailing ponds. Adding zinc dust to the zinc sulfate solution facilitates purification. The purification of leachate leads to precipitation of cadmium, copper, and cobalt as metals. In electrolysis, the purified solution is electrolyzed between lead alloy anodes and aluminum cathodes. The high-purity zinc deposited on aluminum cathodes is stripped off, dried, melted, and cast into SHG zinc ingots (99.99 % zinc). Pyro-metallurgical Smelting The pyro-metallurgical smelting process is based on the reduction of zinc and lead oxides into metal with carbon in an imperial smelting furnace. The sinter, along with pre-heated coke, is charged from the top of the furnace and injected from below with pre-heated air. This ensures that temperature in the center of the furnace remains in the range of 1000-1500 °C. The coke is converted to carbon monoxide, and zinc and lead oxides are reduced to metallic zinc and lead. The liquid lead bullion is collected at the bottom of the furnace along with other metal impurities (copper, silver, and gold). Zinc in vapor form is collected from the top of the furnace along with other gases. Zinc vapor is then condensed into liquid zinc. The lead and cadmium impurities in zinc bullion are removed through a distillation process. The imperial smelting process is an energy-intensive process and produces zinc of lower purity than the electrometallurgical process. technologyComment of processing of anode slime from electrorefining of copper, anode (GLO): Based on typical current technology. Anode slime treatment by pressure leaching and top blown rotary converter. Production of Silver by Möbius Electrolysis, Gold by Wohlwill electrolysis, copper telluride cement and crude selenium to further processing. technologyComment of silver-gold mine operation with refinery (CL): OPEN PIT MINING: The ore is mined in four steps: drilling, blasting, loading and hauling. In the case of a surface mine, a pattern of holes is drilled in the pit and filled with explosives. The explosives are detonated in order to break up the ground so large shovels or front-end loaders can load it into haul trucks. BENEFICIATION: The processing plant consists of primary crushing, a pre-crushing circuit, (semi autogenous ball mill crushing) grinding, leaching, filtering and washing, Merrill-Crowe plant and doré refinery. The Merrill-Crowe metal recovery circuit is better than a carbon-in-pulp system for the high-grade silver material. Tailings are filtered to recover excess water as well as residual cyanide and metals. A dry tailings disposal system was preferred to a conventional wet tailings impoundment because of site-specific environmental considerations. technologyComment of silver-gold mine operation with refinery (RoW): Refinement is estimated with electrolysis-data. technologyComment of treatment of precious metal from electronics scrap, in anode slime, precious metal extraction (SE, RoW): Anode slime treatment by pressure leaching and top blown rotary converter. Production of Silver by Möbius Electrolysis, Gold by Wohlwill electrolysis, Palladium to further processing

Updating the Emission Factors for Large Combustion Plants

Großfeuerungsanlagen sind nach wie vor eine wichtige Emissionsquelle für verschiedene Luftschadstoffe. Bis Mitte der 1990er Jahre kam es zu deutlichen Emissionsrückgängen bei Staub, Schwefeldioxid, Stickstoffdioxid und Kohlenmonoxid. Danach blieben die spezifischen Emissionen über viele Jahre weitgehend stabil. Im Zuge von gesetzlichen Änderungen, einer veränderten Zusammensetzung des Anlagenparks sowie geänderten Brennstoffeinsätzen kam es in den letzten Jahren zu einer deutlichen Minderung für Schwefeldioxid (SO2) aber auch zu Änderungen bei NOX und Staub. Daher war eine Aktualisierung der bestehenden Faktoren zwingend notwendig. Aufgrund der gesetzlichen Regelungen und der damit verbundenen Messverpflichtungen, sind für diese Schadstoffe umfangreiche Daten vorhanden. Die verfügbaren Emissionswerte wurden für verschiedene Jahre ausgewertet. Als Ergebnis werden die spezifischen Emissionsfaktoren in dem folgenden Dokument dargestellt und gegebenenfalls qualitativ bewertet. Quelle: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/

Umweltzeichen Blauer Engel: Entwicklungvon Vergabekriterien für Kaminöfen für Holz

Das Heizen mit Holz verursacht deutlich mehr luftverschmutzende Emissionen als Heizsysteme auf Basis von Erdgas oder Heizöl. In Wohngebieten kann es durch Kaminöfen zu erhöhten Belastungen mit Feinstaub und polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) kommen - insbesondere dann, wenn viele Holzöfen und Kamine gleichzeitig betrieben werden und Inversionswetterlagen vorliegen. Im Auftrag der Jury Umweltzeichen hat das Institut Ökopol, Hamburg, gemeinsam mit dem Deutschen Biomasse Forschungszentrum (DBFZ), Leipzig, neue Vergabekriterien für einen Blauen Engel für emissionsarme Kaminöfen für Holz entwickelt. Die Anforderungen wurden im Januar 2020 veröffentlicht (DE-UZ 212). Die Anforderungen für den Blauen Engel basieren auf Kaminofen-Emissionsmessungen im DBFZ und einer Prüfstelle sowie auf Fachgesprächen und Expertenanhörungen unter Beteiligung von Kaminofenherstellern und ihrer Verbände, Herstellern von Staubabscheidern und Partikel-Messgeräten, Umweltverbänden, Forschungsinstituten, zertifizierten Prüfstellen und Behörden. Der Anforderungskatalog beinhaltet eine Prüfmethode, die auch Emissionen während der Anzündphase und im Teillastbetrieb einschließt. Neben Staub, CO, NOx und organischen Verbindungen ist auch die Partikelanzahl zu messen. Gegenüber gesetzlichen Anforderungen müssen deutlich strengere Grenzwerte eingehalten werden. Eine automatische Luftregelung und ausreichende Bedienungsinformationen sorgen dafür, dass Fehlbedienungen minimiert werden. Der Blaue Engel für Kaminöfen für Holz stellt somit die anspruchsvollsten Anforderungen zur Staubminderung an diese Anlagenkategorie verglichen mit freiwilligen Umweltzeichen, aber auch mit gesetzlichen Anforderungen. Quelle: Forschungsbericht

Aktualisierung der Emissionsfaktoren für Großfeuerungsanlagen

Großfeuerungsanlagen sind nach wie vor eine wichtige Emissionsquelle für verschiedene Luftschadstoffe. Bis Mitte der 1990er Jahre kam es zu deutlichen Emissionsrückgängen bei Staub, Schwefeldioxid, Stickstoffdioxid und Kohlenmonoxid. Danach blieben die spezifischen Emissionen über viele Jahre weitgehend stabil. Im Zuge von gesetzlichen Änderungen, einer veränderten Zusammensetzung des Anlagenparks sowie geänderten Brennstoffeinsätzen kam es in den letzten Jahren zu einer deutlichen Minderung für Schwefeldioxid (SO2) aber auch zu Änderungen bei NOX und Staub. Daher war eine Aktualisierung der bestehenden Faktoren zwingend notwendig. Aufgrund der gesetzlichen Regelungen und der damit verbundenen Messverpflichtungen, sind für diese Schadstoffe umfangreiche Daten vorhanden. Die verfügbaren Emissionswerte wurden für verschiedene Jahre ausgewertet. Als Ergebnis werden die spezifischen Emissionsfaktoren in dem folgenden Dokument dargestellt und gegebenenfalls qualitativ bewertet. Quelle: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/

Messung der Staubentwicklung in Maelzerei und Brauerei

Das Projekt "Messung der Staubentwicklung in Maelzerei und Brauerei" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Versuchs- und Lehranstalt für Brauerei durchgeführt. Ermittlung der Staubemissionen, um zu pruefen, ob in den genannten Betrieben die Moeglichkeit besteht, dass die Bestimmungen des BImSchG nicht eingehalten werden. Gegebenenfalls sind Vorschlaege fuer Abwehrmassnahmen zu machen.

Verminderung der Emissionen an Staub, Schwermetallen und Arsen in der Rohhuette Werk Ost (RWO)

Das Projekt "Verminderung der Emissionen an Staub, Schwermetallen und Arsen in der Rohhuette Werk Ost (RWO)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Norddeutsche Affinerie durchgeführt. Das Vorhaben beinhaltet die deutliche Minderung der diffusen Emissionen der Rohhuette Werk Ost wie Staub, Schwermetall (insbesondere Arsen) und SO2 durch Aenderung und Erweiterung der Nebenhaubenfilteranlage. Durch die Umweltschutzmassnahmen soll eine Reduzierung der Dachreiterstaubemissionen der Konverterhalle um ca. 75 Prozent und der Gesamtstaubemissionen der RWO um ca. 57 Prozent erreicht werden. Die Reduzierung der diffusen SO2-Emssionen soll ca. 70 Prozent betragen. Im gereinigten Abgas wird ein Reingasstaubgehalt von groesser als 10 mg/Nm3 sowie ein SO2-Gehalt von 400 mg/Nm3 angestrebt. Die diffusen Emissionen mit nachfolgender Abgasreinigung und Ableitung ueber gerichtete Quellen werden gezielt erfasst. Hierbei werden diffuse Emissionen der Konverter, des Schwebeschmelzofens, der Anodenoefen und des Elektroofens durch geeignete Einhausungen bzw. Absaughauben unmittelbar an der Quelle erfasst. Die Optimierung der erforderlichen Absaugmengen erfolgt durch geeignete Regeleinrichtungen bzw. Vergroesserung der Absaugvolumina. Die Abgase werden in einer erweiterten Schlauchfilteranlage gereinigt und ueber eine neu genehmigte Esse abgeleitet.

Teilprojekt 2

Das Projekt "Teilprojekt 2" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Kverneland Group Soest GmbH durchgeführt. Ziel des Projektes ist es, ein pneumatisches Getreidesägerät zu entwickeln, welches sich auch für die Aussaat von z.B. Raps, Leguminosen und Mais eignet, sowie Möglichkeiten für die Umrüstung von bestehenden Geräten aufzuzeigen, welche den hohen Anforderungen des Anwender- und Umweltschutzes entsprechen. Dazu wird durch den Projektpartner eine Analyse durchgeführt an welchen Baugruppen der Sämaschine Abrieb entsteht. Es gilt die verantwortlichen Baugruppen einer Sämaschine so weiter zu entwickeln, dass entstehender Beizabrieb und die Austragung in die Atmosphäre minimiert werden. Die Herausforderung dabei ist die Querverteilung in der Maschine und den Beizmittelabrieb/austrag gleichzeitig zu optimieren. Mit Hilfe von zwei herkömmlichen pneumatischen Sämaschinen unterschiedlicher Arbeitsbreite (3 und 12m) wird durch den Projektpartner analysiert, wo der Beizmittelabrieb entsteht und wie er in die Umgebung ausgetragen wird. Unsere Aufgabe ist es die Baugruppen so zu verändern, dass der Beizmittelabrieb und der Austrag reduziert wird. Dies kann durch die Verwendung von unterschiedlichen Materialien im Fördersystem oder durch abgestimmte Förderströme, sowie Änderungen in der Geometrie des Fördersystems erreicht werden. Die gefunden Alternativen sind in beide Richtungen zu testen und entsprechend zu beurteilen.

Rational supply of power, heat and cooling buildings demonstation by a hospital in Dresden

Das Projekt "Rational supply of power, heat and cooling buildings demonstation by a hospital in Dresden" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von DBI Gas- und Umwelttechnik GmbH durchgeführt. Objective: The overall objective of this project is to demonstrate the optimized combination of innovative technologies and equipment such as fuel cell operating on natural gas, adsorption refrigeration machine, new type of solar collectors, PV-System and highly efficient air conditioning technology at the hospital of the 'Malteser Betriebsträgergesellschaft Sachsen GmbH' in Kamenz (DE). The primary aim is to apply renewable energy sources and rational use of energy in order to reduce the annual fossil fuel and electricity consumption by an estimated total of 2.0x10exp6 KWH/Y. The estimated payback period is 9.3 years based on a total investment of 3016477 ECU of which the Commission may provide support up to 783000 ECU. The project is estimated to take 3.1 years in total to complete all phases, and additional benefits will include an estimated reduction per annum of CO2 440 ton (demonstration object in Kamenz), and a decline in noise and dust pollution. General Information: A demonstration plant will be installed in Germany (Hospital of the 'Malteser Betriebsträgergesellschaft Sachsen GmbH' in Kamenz). The hospital will be located nearly the town Kamenz (Eastern Saxon region). The location is a part of the place Kamenz (land register sections 153g,h,i,j,k,l,m and 153-16). The total area is 30520 m , the effective area is 20200m . The hospital will have a capacity of 210 sickbeds and a day-hospital (psychiatry) for 20 patients. In addition to air-conditioning and refrigeration requirements, the heat demand for room and water heating shall be met. in the demonstration plant, a fuel cell for combined heat and power generation and an adsorption plant are used. The fuel cell will provide not only the base load for the adsorption machine and heating but also a part of the power supply to the building. The peak-load of the adsorption machine will be covered by solar collectors. In the project planning phase, computer simulations using simulation software TRNSYS are carried out, by means of which the demand for the different forms of energy will be optimised for the demonstration plant. Installation and implementation of the plant are followed by the measurement phase (about 2 years), the result of which will be optimization of the individual systems and the whole system. Highly efficient air-conditioning technology will operate in the building using a minimum of primary energy as a result of cooling ceilings combined with DEC1 equipment in the ventilation plant. An adaptive, self learning control system will be integrated into the plant. On the basis of the detailed weather forecast, this system determines the respectives actual energy demand for air-conditioning and heating in a sliding and predictive way, and accordingly adapts the mode of plant operation. Considerable energy savings are expected, in particular, as a result of the predictive operation of heating and air-conditioning.

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