Welcome to the German Informative Inventory Report 2024 (IIR 2024). This report covers the preparation, maintenance, and improvement of the German air pollutant emission inventory. Emission estimates are provided for the timeseries from 1990 to 2022 , with exceptions for fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of ≤2.5 (PM 2.5 ) or ≤10µm (PM 10 ) respectively with data as of 1995 , and black carbon (BC) with data as of 2000 . For faster navigation please refer to the TABLE OF CONTENTS . The report was produced by the national co-ordination agency (single entity) for the National System of Emissions Inventories (Nationales Systems Emissionsinventare; NaSE), sited within the German Federal Environmental Agency (UBA). Information on agriculture, changes in land use and forestry was provided by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) and the Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Agricultural Climate Research (vTI - AK). More information is available on the emission web site of the German Environment Agency (UBA). For further questions contact Michael Kotzulla, Tel. +49 (0)340 2103 3071 or Dr. Kevin Hausmann, Tel. +49 (0)340 2103 2192.
The Total Exchange Flow analysis framework computes consistent bulk values quantifying the estuarine exchange flow using salinity coordinates since salinity is the main contributor to density in estuaries and the salinity budget is entirely controlled by the exchange flow. For deeper and larger estuaries temperature may contribute equally or even more to the density. That is why we included potential temperature as a second coordinate to the Total Exchange Flow analysis framework which allows gaining insights in the potential temperature-salinity structure of the exchange flow as well as to compute consistent bulk potential temperature and therefore heat exchange values with the ocean. We applied this theory to the exchange flow of the Persian Gulf, a shallow, semi-enclosed marginal sea, where dominant evaporation leads to the formation of hyper-saline and dense Gulf water. This drives an inverse estuarine circulation which is analyzed with special interest on the seasonal cycle of the exchange flow. The exchange flow of the Persian Gulf is numerically simulated with the General Estuarine Transport Model (GETM) from 1993 to 2016 and validated against observations. Results show that a clear seasonal cycle exists with stronger exchange flow rates in the first half of the year. Furthermore, the composition of the outflowing water is investigated using passive tracers which mark different surface waters. The results show that in the first half of the year, most outflowing water comes from the southern coast, while in the second half most water originates from the north-western region.
Ultrafine particles represent the smallest size fractions of particles with sizes from one to about 100 nanometers in aerodynamic diameter . Thus, their specific health effects are related to their physical capacity to reach diverse organ systems. The aims of this project were to systematically review the scientific literature on the health effects of ultrafine particles, to evaluate the quality of the selected studies and to assess the transferability of the results to the situation in Germany. The search strategy yielded 85 references of original articles. As a result, the evidence on health effects related to the exposure with ultrafine particles remains inconclusive or insufficient for most of the studied health outcomes. Veröffentlicht in Umwelt & Gesundheit | 5/2018.
Ultrafine particles represent the smallest size fractions of particles with sizes from one to about 100 nanometers in aerodynamic diameter . Thus, their specific health effects are related to their physical capacity to reach diverse organ systems. The aims of this project were to systematically review the scientific literature on the health effects of ultrafine particles, to evaluate the quality of the selected studies and to assess the transferability of the results to the situation in Germany. The search strategy yielded 85 references of original articles. As a result, the evidence on health effects related to the exposure with ultrafine particles remains inconclusive or insufficient for most of the studied health outcomes. Quelle: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de
Aerodynamic particle size spectrometers are a well-established method to measure number size distributions of coarse mode particles in the atmosphere. Quality assurance is essential for atmospheric observational aerosol networks to obtain comparable results with known uncertainties. In a laboratory study within the framework of ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research Infrastructure Network), 15 aerodynamic particle size spectrometers (APS model 3321, TSI Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA) were compared with a focus on flow rates, particle sizing, and the unit-to-unit variability of the particle number size distribution. Flow rate deviations were relatively small (within a few percent), while the sizing accuracy was found to be within 10?% compared to polystyrene latex (PSL) reference particles. The unit-to-unit variability in terms of the particle number size distribution during this study was within 10?% to 20?% for particles in the range of 0.9 up to 3 Nano-m, which is acceptable for atmospheric measurements. For particles smaller than that, the variability increased up to 60?%, probably caused by differences in the counting efficiencies of individual units. Number size distribution data for particles smaller than 0.9?Ţm in aerodynamic diameter should only be used with caution. For particles larger than 3?Ţm, the unit-to-unit variability increased as well. A possible reason is an insufficient sizing accuracy in combination with a steeply sloping particle number size distribution and the increasing uncertainty due to decreasing counting. Particularly this uncertainty of the particle number size distribution must be considered if higher moments of the size distribution such as the particle volume or mass are calculated, which require the conversion of the aerodynamic diameter measured to a volume equivalent diameter. In order to perform a quantitative quality assurance, a traceable reference method for the particle number concentration in the size range 0.5-3 Nano-m is needed. Quelle: http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net
Background<BR>At Holi festivals, originally celebrated in India but more recently all over the world, people throw coloured powder (Holi powder, Holi colour, Gulal powder) at each other. Adverse health effects, i.e. skin and ocular irritations as well as respiratory problems may be the consequences. The aim of this study was to uncover some of the underlying mechanisms.<BR>Methods<BR>We analysed four different Holi colours regarding particle size using an Electric field cell counting system. In addition, we incubated native human cells with different Holi colours and determined their potential to induce a pro-inflammatory response by quantifying the resulting cytokine production by means of ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and the resulting leukocyte oxidative burst by flow cytometric analysis. Moreover, we performed the XTT (2,3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) and Propidium iodide cytotoxicity tests and we measured the endotoxin content of the Holi colour samples by means of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test (LAL test).<BR>Results<BR>We show here that all tested Holi colours consist to more than 40 % of particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 ìm, so called PM10 particles (PM, particulate matter). Two of the analysed Holi powders contained even more than 75 % of PM10 particles.<BR>Furthermore we demonstrate in cell culture experiments that Holi colours can induce the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-á(Tumor necrosis factor-á), IL-6 (Interleukine-6) and IL-1â(Interleukine-1â). Three out of the four analysed colours induced a significantly higher cytokine response in human PBMCs (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells) and whole blood than corn starch, which is often used as carrier substance for Holi colours. Moreover we show that corn starch and two Holi colours contain endotoxin and that certain Holi colours display concentration dependent cytotoxic effects in higher concentration. Furthermore we reveal that in principle Holi colours and corn starch are able to generate an oxidative burst in human granulocytes and monocytes. In Holi colour 1 we detected a fungal contamination.<BR>Conclusions<BR>Some of the observed unwanted health effects of Holi colours might be explained by the high content of PM10 particles in conjunction with the possible induction of a pro-inflammatory response and an oxidative leukocyte burst.<BR>Quelle: http://occup-med.biomedcentral.com
Although traffic emits both air pollution and noise, studies jointly examining the effects of both of these exposures on blood pressure (BP) in children are scarce. We investigated associations between land-use regression modeled long-term traffic-related air pollution and BP in 2368 children aged 10 years from Germany (1454 from Munich and 914 from Wesel). We also studied this association with adjustment of long-term noise exposure (defined as day-evening-night noise indicator "LdenŁ and night noise indicator "LnightŁ) in a subgroup of 605 children from Munich inner city. In the overall analysis including 2368 children, NO2, PM2.5 mass (particles with aerodynamic diameters below 2.5 ìm), PM10 mass (particles with aerodynamic diameters below 10 ìm) and PM2.5 absorbance were not associated with BP. When restricting the analysis to the subgroup of children with noise information (N = 605), a significant association between NO2 and diastolic BP was observed (-0.88 (95% confidence interval: -1.67, -0.08)). However, upon adjusting the models for noise exposure, only noise remained independently and significantly positively associated with diastolic BP. Diastolic BP increased by 0.50 (-0.03, 1.02), 0.59 (0.05, 1.13), 0.55 (0.03, 1.07), and 0.58 (0.05, 1.11) mmHg for every five decibel increase in Lden and by 0.59 (-0.05, 1.22), 0.69 (0.04, 1.33), 0.64 (0.02, 1.27), and 0.68 (0.05, 1.32) mmHg for every five decibel increase in Lnight, in different models of NO2, PM2.5 mass, PM10 mass and PM2.5 absorbance as the main exposure, respectively. In conclusion, air pollution was not consistently associated with BP with adjustment for noise, noise was independently and positively associated with BP in children.<BR>Quelle: http://www.sciencedirect.com/
Das Projekt "Verbrennung von Abwaessern mit stickstoff- und schwefelhaltigen Substanzen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Gesamthochschule Duisburg, Fachbereich 7 Maschinenbau, Fachgebiet Strömungstechnik durchgeführt. In eine technische Modellflamme werden verschiedene Modellabwaesser eingesprueht. Die Bildung von NO und SO2 wird mit experimentellen Mitteln bestimmt und analysiert.
Das Projekt "KI: Abbildung von Flussbettprofilen und lokalen Strömungsverhältnissen durch Künstliche Intelligenz zur Positionsermittlung von Kleinturbinen Clustern" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Hochschule Bingen, Fachbereich 1 Life Sciences and Engineering durchgeführt. Bei dem vorliegenden Projektantrag FluKIT wird es darum gehen, geeignete Standorte für Flusswasserturbinen (sog. Strom-Bojen) an zwei verschiedene Standorten im Rhein zu finden. Hierbei sollen nicht nur für einzelne Turbinen sondern für ganz Cluster optimale Standorte gefunden werden. Zur Potentialermittlung wird ein im Rahmen des Projektes entwickelter KI-Algorithmus eingesetzt, mit welchem sowohl das Flussbett, als auch die Wasserströmung vermessen werden können. Die Datenaufnahme soll hierbei durch KI optimiert werden, der Aufwand für Messfahrten wird reduziert und die Vorhersagegüte der Daten verbessert. Zusätze Simulationen mit computational fluid dynamics (CFD) sollen die Aussagekraft der Daten zusätzliche verbessern und Aussagen über einen ökologischen Einfluss der Strom-Bojen zulassen. Weiter wird durch CFD auch eine Wechselwirkung der Bojen untereinander bestimmt (Cluster; Nachlaufeffekte; lokaler Wirkungsgrad). Die ökologischen Auswirkungen des Turbineneinsatzes soll mit der Durchgängigkeit durch die Turbinen ermittelt werden. Ergänzend wird dieses durch den Einsatz einer Unterwasserkamera.
Das Projekt "BALSAM: Brandverhalten von Lithium-Ionen-Batteriesystemen und Brand-Schutz, Wirkung der Schadgase auf Menschen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von inuTech GmbH durchgeführt. Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens BALSAM ist es, für Elektrofahrzeuge den Zusammenhang eines Batteriebrandes eines Elektrofahrzeugs und den möglichen Auswirkungen der freigesetzten Schadstoffe und Temperaturengase auf den Menschen auf Gesamtfahrzeugebene zu erforschen. Dabei sollen sowohl die Auswirkungen auf Fahrzeuginsassen wie auch auf Rettungskräfte untersucht werden. Die thermischen und chemischen Gefahren, die durch die Propagation eines Energiespeichers entstehen, werden untersucht und in den Kontext eines Gesamtfahrzeuges gebracht. Hierfür soll eine Abschätzung der Gefährdung durch Schadstoffemissionen und Temperaturen im Brandfall von Elektrofahrzeugen auf Grundlage toxischer und thermischer Modelle aus dem baulichen Brandschutz-Ingenieurwesen erfolgen. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeiten der inuTech GmbH liegt in der Strömungssimulation (CFD - Computational Fluid Dynamics) der Auswirkungen einer Gasentwicklung bei Kurzschluss und Überhitzung des Batteriepacks auf den Fahrgastraum. Mit der Simulation können Effekte analysiert werden, die in Versuchen nicht reproduziert werden könnten oder messtechnisch gar nicht zugänglich wären. Außerdem können, gerade wenn es um die Beurteilung von Verbrennungsvorgängen geht, teure reale Versuche und Fahrzeuge eingespart werden. Simuliert wird der Fluss von Gasen, der vom Batteriepack ausgeht, in den Fahrgastraum gelangen kann und dort ggf. auf eine Frischluftzufuhr aus der Lüftungsanlage trifft. Dabei werden Temperaturen, Geschwindigkeiten und Konzentrationen betrachtet, um Hinweise auf die Gefährlichkeit von Gasen für Fahrgäste zu erhalten, aber auch um Schutzmaßnahmen ableiten zu können. Simuliert werden sollen die Effekte von Konvektion (Massentransport), Diffusion (molekularer Transport) und Dichte-bzw. Druckunterschieden als treibende Ausgleichskräfte mit den entsprechenden physikalischen Gleichungen. Der betrachtete Arbeitsraum beginnt mit einfachen Geometrien und steigert sich bis zu komplexen Fahrzeuggeometrien.
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