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DIGSTER - Map and Go (Digital Satellite Based Terrain Model) - User Requirements

The project DIGSTER - Map and Go (Digital Based Terrain Mapping) aims at the technical aspects of digital terrrain mapping. For many questions in administration, planning and expertise terrrain mappings are indispensable. The whole process starting with the data acquisition in the field and ending with map products will be digitally performed by the system. Therefore, a platform appropriate for the use in the field (PDA) is combined with technologies from the disciplines of satellite navigation, remote sensing, communication, and mobile geoinformation systems. For DIGSTER a lot of practical applications already exist in connection with policies and directives on the national and also European level.

STARK IN4climate.RR bietet in zunächst drei Zukunftslaboren zu den Themen Wasserstoff, Kohlenstoffabscheidung und -nutzung sowie Speicherung (CCUS) und Circular Economy einen Rahmen zur Erforschung und Umsetzung einer klimaneutralen Industrie im Rheinischen Revier.

Reaktivität und Transformation funktioneller Gruppen von Spurenstoffen und organischer Hintergrundmatrix bei der Ozonierung von Abwasser

Die Ozonierung ist eine etablierte Technologie zur effizienten Oxidation von organischen Spurenstoffen in der Wasseraufbereitung. Ein wesentlicher Nachteil bei der Anwendung von Ozon ist die Bildung von stabilen und potenziell toxischen Ozonungsprodukten (OPs). Kritisch sind wegen ihrer Langlebigkeit vor allem biologisch stabile OPs. Unmöglich kann die Reaktion aller relevanter CECs mit Ozon, die dabei entstehenden OPs und deren biologische Stabilität untersucht werden. Vielmehr ist es notwendig, basierend auf dem systematischen Studium funktioneller Gruppen Kenntnisse zu generieren, die auf andere Stoffe übertragbar sind. Bislang wurden solche systematischen Studien aber nicht durchgeführt. Noch größer ist die Wissenslücke bei den im Abwasser vorliegenden organischen Kohlenstoffverbindungen (engl.: effluent organic matter, EfOM). Zwar belegt die Ozonzehrung von EfOM dessen Reaktivität gegenüber Ozon, aber welche funktionellen Gruppen reagieren, welche Produkte gebildet werden und wie biologisch stabil diese sind, ist gerade für EfOM mit Heteroatomen (N, S) nicht untersucht. Dieses Vorhaben will beide Lücken durch ein komplementäres analytisches und experimentelles Vorgehen schließen, mit dem gemeinsamen methodischen Ansatz der Einführung einer Markierung in die OPs durch Verwendung von 18O-Ozon und der nachfolgenden Detektion und Identifizierung der OPs mithilfe der (ultra-hochauflösenden) Massenspektrometrie. Das Vorhaben basiert auf der zentralen Hypothese, dass die Reaktion von Ozon sowohl mit bestimmten funktionellen Gruppen organischer Spurenstoffe als auch mit äquivalenten Gruppen des EfOM zu einer vorhersagbaren Bildung von OPs führt. Es zielt darauf ab, i) unser Verständnis der Reaktivität verschiedener funktioneller Gruppen gegenüber Ozon zu verbessern, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf der Identifikation biologisch schwer abbaubarer Funktionen innerhalb der OPs liegt, ii) ozon-reaktive funktionelle Gruppen im EfOM basierend auf bestehendem Wissen zur Transformation von Spurenstoffen zu identifizieren, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf N- und S-haltigen funktionellen Gruppen liegt, welche potentiell chemisch stabile OPs bilden, und iii) die Bedeutung des EfOM im Hinblick auf die Bildung biologisch schwer abbaubarer OPs in der Ozonierung von Abwasser zu bewerten. Dazu soll der biologische Abbau der OPs anhand deren spezifischen funktionellen Gruppen in Säulen-Abbauversuchen und einer simulierten Grundwasseranreicherung untersucht werden. Mit dem neuen Ansatz der Markierung sind wir in der Lage, OPs von CECs ebenso wie von EfOM sicher zu detektieren, besser zu identifizieren und ihre Stabilität gut zu verfolgen. Das Vorhaben generiert ein systematisches und übertragbares Verständnis zur Bildung stabiler OPs basierend auf funktionellen Gruppen organischer Moleküle, von CECs wie von EfOM. Erst wenn die Stabilität der möglichen OPs untersucht ist, wird auch eine systematische toxikologische Bewertung der Ozonung als Wasseraufbereitungsmethode möglich.

H2Demo, Entwicklung von Demonstratoren zur direkten solaren Wasserspaltung - Ergänzende Informationen zum Dachantrag für die Philipps-Universität Marburg

Development of an integrated forest carbon monitoring system with field sampling and remote sensing for tropical forests in Indonesia

Forests play a relevant role in mitigation of climate change. A major issue, however, is the scientifically well founded, transparent and verifyable monitoring of achievements in forest carbon sequestration through reduction of deforestation and forest degradation, and through fostering sustainable forest management. Monitoring is particularly difficult in diverse and inaccessible humid tropical forest areas. The proposed research will contribute to the improvement of forest carbon monitoring under the challenging conditions of humid tropical forests. Sample based field observations and model based biomass predictions will be linked to area-wide satellite remote sensing imagery (RapidEye) and to strip samples of LiDAR imagery. Techniques of linking these data sources will be further developed and analysed with respect to (1) precision of carbon estimation and (2) accuracy of carbon regionalization. The proposed project implies research on methodological improvements of both sample based forest inventories (resampling techniques for biomass, imputation of non-response) and remote sensing application to forest monitoring (regionalization, sample based application of LiDAR data). At the core of this research is the analysis of the error variance components that each data source brings into the system. Such error analysis will allow identifying optimal resource allocation for the efficient improvement of forest carbon monitoring systems.

Effects of water content, input of roots and dissolved organic matter and spatial inaccessibility on C turnover & determination of the spatial variability of subsoil properties

It is well established that reduced supply of fresh organic matter, interactions of organic matter with mineral phases and spatial inaccessibility affect C stocks in subsoils. However, quantitative information required for a better understanding of the contribution of each of the different processes to C sequestration in subsoils and for improvements of subsoil C models is scarce. The same is true for the main controlling factors of the decomposition rates of soil organic matter in subsoils. Moreover, information on spatial variabilities of different properties in the subsoil is rare. The few studies available which couple near and middle infrared spectroscopy (NIRS/MIRS) with geostatistical approaches indicate a potential for the creation of spatial maps which may show hot spots with increased biological activities in the soil profile and their effects on the distribution of C contents. Objectives are (i) to determine the mean residence time of subsoil C in different fractions by applying fractionation procedures in combination with 14C measurements; (ii) to study the effects of water content, input of 13C-labelled roots and dissolved organic matter and spatial inaccessibility on C turnover in an automatic microcosm system; (iii) to determine general soil properties and soil biological and chemical characteristics using NIRS and MIRS, and (iv) to extrapolate the measured and estimated soil properties to the vertical profiles by using different spatial interpolation techniques. For the NIRS/MIRS applications, sample pretreatment (air-dried vs. freeze-dried samples) and calibration procedures (a modified partial least square (MPLS) approach vs. a genetic algorithm coupled with MPLS or PLS) will be optimized. We hypothesize that the combined application of chemical fractionation in combination with 14C measurements and the results of the incubation experiments will give the pool sizes of passive, intermediate, labile and very labile C and N and the mean residence times of labile and very labile C and N. These results will make it possible to initialize the new quantitative model to be developed by subproject PC. Additionally, we hypothesize that the sample pretreatment 'freeze-drying' will be more useful for the estimation of soil biological characteristics than air-drying. The GA-MPLS and GA-PLS approaches are expected to give better estimates of the soil characteristics than the MPLS and PLS approaches. The spatial maps for the different subsoil characteristics in combination with the spatial maps of temperature and water contents will presumably enable us to explain the spatial heterogeneity of C contents.

European Investment Bank - Water Management

BACKGROUND: The Kingdom of Jordan belongs to the ten water scarcest countries in the world, and climate change is likely to increase the frequency of future droughts. Jordan is considered among the 10 most water impoverished countries in the world, with per capita water availability estimated at 170 m per annum, compared to an average of 1,000 m per annum in other countries. Jordan Government has taken the strategic decision to develop a conveyor system including a 325 km pipe to pump 100 million cubic meters per year of potable water from Disi-Mudawwara close to the Saudi Border in the south, to the Greater Amman area in the north. The construction of the water pipeline has started end of 2009 and shall be finished in 2013. Later on, the pipeline could serve as a major part of a national water carrier in order to convey desalinated water from the Red Sea to the economically most important central region of the country. The conveyor project will not only significantly increase water supplies to the capital, but also provide for the re-allocation of current supplies to other governorates, and for the conservation of aquifers. In the context of the Disi project that is co-funded by EIB two Environmental and Social Management Plans have been prepared: one for the private project partners and one for the Jordan Government. The latter includes the Governments obligation to re-balance water allocations to irrigation and to gradually restore the protected wetlands of Azraq (Ramsar site) east of Amman that has been depleted due to over-abstraction by re-directing discharge of highland aquifers after the Disi pipeline becomes operational. The Water Strategy recognizes that groundwater extraction for irrigation is beyond acceptable limits. Since the source is finite and priority should be given to human consumption it proposes to tackle the demand for irrigation through tariff adjustments, improved irrigation technology and disincentive to water intensive crops. The Disi aquifer is currently used for irrigation by farms producing all kinds of fruits and vegetables on a large scale and exporting most of their products to the Saudi and European markets and it is almost a third of Jordan's total consumption. The licenses for that commercial irrigation were finished by 2011/12. Whilst the licenses will be not renewed the difficulty will be the enforcement and satellite based information become an important supporting tool for monitoring. OUTLOOK: The ESA funded project Water management had the objective to support the South-North conveyor project and the activities of EIB together with the MWI in Jordan to ensure the supply of water for the increasing demand. EO Information provides a baseline for land cover and elevation and support the monitoring of further stages. usw.

Entwicklung und Einsatz von GNSS-Fernerkundungsverfahren für die Erdbeobachtung

Die Radiookkultations-(RO)-Technik verwendet auf niedrigfliegenden (Low Earth Orbiter, LEO) Satelliten installierte Empfänger, um GPS/GNSS-Signale zu empfangen und Bogenmessungen der Erdatmosphäre und Ionosphäre durchzuführen. Aufgrund des Erfolgs der FormoSat-3/COSMIC- (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate, FS3/COSMIC) -Mission, bestehend aus sechs Mikro-LEO-Satelliten, hat das gemeinsame US- und taiwanesische RO-Team beschlossen, eine COSMIC-Folgemission (sog. FS7/COSMIC2) voranzubringen. Die GNSS-RO-Nutzlast mit Namen Tri-G GNSS Radio-occultation System (TGRS) wird mehrkanalige GPS-, GLONASS- und Galileo-Satellitensignale empfangen und in der Lage sein, mehr als 10.000 RO-Beobachtungen täglich zu verfolgen, nachdem sowohl schwache als auch starke Bahnneigungs-Konstellationen vollständig abgedeckt worden sind. Man geht davon aus, die dichteren RO-Szintillationsbeobachtungen zu nutzen, um die Struktur der Erdatmosphäre und -ionosphäre genau zu analysieren und zu modellieren.Zusätzlich könnte die spezielle Art von GNSS-Multipfadverzögerungen, die von der Erdoberfläche reflektiert werden, verwendet werden, um Erdoberflächenumgebungsdaten, wie Ozeanhöhen und Seegang, zu erfassen. Die Empfindlichkeit dieser Signalcharakteristika gegenüber Ausbreitungseffekten ist für verschiedene Arten der Umweltfernerkundung geeignet. Dies hat einen Bedarf deutlich gemacht, geeignete Empfänger zu entwerfen und zu entwickeln, die reflektierte und gestreute GPS/GNSS-Signale in Echtzeit erfassen und verarbeiten können, um die Speicherung riesiger Mengen an Rohdaten zu vermeiden. Wir schlagen auch vor, das feldprogrammierbare Gatterfeld (Field Programmable Gate Array, FPGA) auf die GPS/GNSS-Reflektometrieinstrumente anzuwenden, wobei eine hohe Synchronität und ein größtmöglicher Nutzen aus den verfügbaren Hardware-Ressourcen zu erzielen wäre. Mittels Simulink/Matlab kann das FPGA auch komplexe Delay-Doppler-Map- (DDM) -Daten in Echtzeit durch Korrelation der phasengleichen und Quadraturkomponenten der Basisbandsignale berechnen. Diese Studie wird neue Ziele und Ergebnisse der GNSS-Fernerkundung der Atmosphäre, Ionosphäre, und der Ozeane sowie neue Möglichkeiten für die zukünftige FS7/COSMIC2-Mission aufzeigen.Das Projekt wird am Institut für Geodäsie und Geoinformationstechnik TU Berlin in enger Kooperation mit Wissenschaftlern des GFZ, Potsdam und des GPS Science and Application Research Center (GPSARC) der NCU, Taiwan durchgeführt.Die Ziele des Projekts lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen:(1) Nutzung von GPS/GNSS-RO-Atmosphärendaten und Entwicklung hochentwickelter Algorithmen für die untere Troposphäre und klimatologische Untersuchungen,(2) Erfassung und Überwachung der sporadischen E(Es)-Schicht, Szintillationen und damit zusammenhängender Effekte einschließlich vertikaler Kopplungen und(3) Entwicklung eines Echtzeit-FPGA-basierten GPS/GNSS-Reflektometers für Anwendungen im Bereich von Meereshöhen- und Seegangsmessungen.

Population biology and genetics of dark septate endophytes (DSE)

We study population biology and life histories of DSE. Dark septate root endophytes (DSE) are ubiquitous fungal tree root colonizers in temperate and boreal conifer forest ecosystems. The supposedly asexual Phialocephala fortinii was identified as the main component of these DSE but constitutes a species complex in its own right. Species in this complex are morphologically indistinguishable with one exceptition; Acephala applanata was described as a new species which is characterized by the absence of aerial mycelium and slow growth rate. Application of biological, phylogenetic and population genetic species concepts will allow to discriminate additional species. The experimental programme is multi-disciplinary in approach, utilizing classical mycological and molecular genetic techniques.

Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Yanqi Basin, Sinkiang, China

Irrigation in the Yanqi Basin, Sinkiang, China has led to water table rise and soil salination. A model is used to assess management options. These include more irrigation with groundwater, water saving irrigation techniques and others. The model relies on input data from remote sensing.The Yanqi Basin is located in the north-western Chinese province of Xinjiang.This agriculturally highly productive region is heavily irrigated with water drawn from the Kaidu River. The Kaidu River itself is mainly fed by snow and glacier melt from the Tian Mountain surrounding the basin. A very poor drainage system and an overexploitation of surface water have lead to a series of environmental problems: 1. Seepage water under irrigated fields has raised the groundwater table during the last years, causing strongly increased groundwater evaporation. The salt dissolved in the groundwater accumulates at the soil surface as the groundwater evaporates. This soil salinization leads to degradation of vegetation as well as to a loss of arable farmland. 2. The runoff from the Bostan Lake to the downstream Corridor is limited since large amount of water is used for irrigation in the Yanqi Basin. Nowadays, the runoff is maintained by pumping water from the lake to the river. The environmental and ecological system is facing a serious threat.In order to improve the situation in the Yanqi Basin, a jointly funded cooperation has been set up by the Institute of Environmental Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) , China Institute of Geological and Environmental Monitoring (CIGEM) and Xinjiang Agricultural University. The situation could in principle be improved by using groundwater for irrigation, thus lowering the groundwater table and saving unproductive evaporation. However, this is associated with higher cost as groundwater has to be pumped. The major decision variable to steer the system into a desirable state is thus the ratio of irrigation water pumped from the aquifer and irrigation water drawn from the river. The basis to evaluate the ideal ratio between river and groundwater - applied to irrigation - will be a groundwater model combined with models describing the processes of the unsaturated zone. The project will focus on the following aspects of research: (...)

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