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This data set includes digital image correlation data from analog earthquakes experiments. The data consists of grids of surface strain and time series of surface displacement (horizontal and vertical) and strain. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the surface pattern of the strain can be found in Kosari et al. (2022), to which this data set is supplementary. We use an analog seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2019 and 2017) to generate a catalog of analog megathrust earthquakes (Table 1). The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019) and Kosari et al. ( 2020). The subduction forearc model wedge is set up in a glass-sided box (1000 mm across strike, 800mm along strike, and 300 mm deep) with a dipping, elastic basal conveyor belt and a rigid backwall. An elastoplastic sand-rubber mixture (50 vol.% quartz sandG12: 50 vol.% EPDM rubber) is sieved into the setup representing a 240 km long forearc segment from the trench to the volcanic arc. The shallow part of the wedge includes a basal layer of sticky rice grains characterized by unstable stick-slip sliding representing the seismogenic zone. Stick-slip sliding in rice is governed by a rate-and-state dependent friction law similar to natural rocks. According to Coulomb wedge theory (Dahlen et al., 1984), two types of wedge configurations have been designed: a “compressional” configuration represents an interseismically compressional and coseismically stable wedge (compressional configuration), and a “critical” configuration, which is interseismically stable (close to critically compressional) and may reach a critical extensional state coseismically (critical configuration). In the compressional configuration, a flat-top (surface slope α=0) wedge overlies a single large rectangular in map view stick-slip patch (Width*Length=200*800 mm) over a 15-degree dipping basal thrust. In the critical configuration, the surface angle of the elastoplastic wedge varies from the coastal segment onshore (α=10) to the inner-wedge offshore (α=15) segments over a 5-degree dipping basal thrust. Slow continuous compression of the wedge by moving the basal conveyor belt at a speed velocity of 0.05 mm/s simulates plate convergence and results in the quasi-periodic nucleation of quasi-periodic stick-slip events (analog earthquakes) within the rice layer. The wedge responds elastically to these basal slip events, similar to crustal rebound during natural subduction megathrust earthquakes.
In this dataset we provide top-view photos and perspective photos (to create topographic data, i.e. Digital Elevation Models, DEMs) documenting analogue model deformation. For more details on modelling setup, experimental series Wang et al. (2021), to which this dataset is supplementary material. For details on analogue materials refer to Del Ventisette et al., 2019, Maestrelli et al. (2020). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory) of the Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources of the National Research Council of Italy, Italy, and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) and by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia. Additional analysis, following the original work, was supported by the “Monitoring Earth’s Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project
This data set includes data derived from high-speed surface displacement observations from analog earthquake experiments. The data consists of surface displacement of the experiment upper plate and slab, slip distribution, and grids of Coulomb Failure Stress (CFS). The surface displacement observations have been captured using a highspeed CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) camera (Phantom VEO 640L camera, 12 bit) and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Description of the experiments and results regarding the surface displacement observation, Slip distribution, and CFS can be found in Kosari et al. (2022), to which this data set is supplementary. We use an analog seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2019 and 2017) to generate a catalog of analog megathrust earthquakes. The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019) and Kosari et al. ( 2020 and 2022). The subduction forearc model wedge is set up in a glass-sided box (1000 mm across strike, 800mm along strike, and 300 mm deep) with a dipping, elastic basal conveyor belt, and a rigid backwall. An elastoplastic sand-rubber mixture (50 vol.% quartz sandG12: 50 vol.% EPDM rubber) is sieved into the setup representing a 240 km long forearc segment from the trench to the volcanic arc. The shallow part of the wedge includes a basal layer of sticky rice grains characterized by unstable stick-slip sliding representing the seismogenic zone. The Stick-slip sliding in rice is governed by a rate-and-state dependent friction law similar to natural rocks. A flat-top (surface slope α=0) wedge overlies rectangular stick-slip patch/es over a 15-degree dipping basal thrust. Two different seismic configurations of the shallow part of the wedge base (the megathrust) represent the depth extent of the seismogenic zone in nature. In the first configuration (homogeneous configuration), a single large rectangular stick-slip patch (Width*Length=200*800 mm) is implemented as the main slip patch (MSP). In the second case (heterogeneous configuration), two square-shaped MSPs (200*200mm) have been emplaced, acting as two medium-size seismogenic asperities surrounded by a salt matrix hosting frequent small events. Slow continuous compression of the wedge by moving the basal conveyor belt at a speed velocity of 0.05 mm/s simulates plate convergence and results in the quasi-periodic nucleation of quasi-periodic stick-slip events (analog earthquakes) within the sticky-rice layer. The wedge responds elastically to these basal slip events, similar to crustal rebound during natural subduction megathrust earthquakes.
This data set includes the results of digital image correlation analysis applied to analogue modelling experiments (Table 1) on the effect of weakness during distributed crustal extension performed at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. Ten generic analogue models made of a layer of Quartz sand (G12, Rosenau et al., 2018) including a weak silicone oil “seed” (PDMS G30M, Rudolf et al., 2016) to localize deformation have been extended on top of a basal foam block. A benchmark experiment (basal foam only) and a reference model (layer of sand without seed) are also reported. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Osagiede et al. (2021) to which this data set is supplement. The models have been monitored by means of digital image correlation (DIC) analysis (Adam et al., 2005). DIC analysis yields quantitative information about model surface deformation in 2D and 3D. The data presented here are visualized as finite strain and displacement maps as well as cumulative strain and displacement profiles.
This data set includes digital image correlation data from thirteen analogue earthquakes generated by means of an analogue seismotectonic scale model approach. The data consists of grids of 3D static coseismic surface displacements. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 8 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the control of geodetic coverage on the slip inversion problem can be found in Kosari et al. (2020) to which this data set is supplementary material. We use an analogue seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2017) to generate a catalogue of analogue megathrust earthquakes (Table 1). The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019). To monitor surface deformation of the wedge analogue model a stereoscopic set of two CCD cameras (LaVision Imager pro X 11MPx, 14 bit) monitors images the wedge surface continuously at 2.5 Hz. To derive observational data similar to those from geodetic techniques, i.e. velocities at the location on the surface, we use digital image correlation (DIC, Adam et al., 2005) to derive the 3D incremental surface displacement (or velocity) at high spatial resolution (< 0.1 mm). The time series of incremental surface displacement data was calculated using LaVision Davis 8 software. The result is an evenly spaced grid of vectors per time step, oriented parallel with respect to the principal dimensions of the box.
This data set provides data from subduction zone earthquake experiments and analysis described in Rosenau et al. (2019). In the experiments analogue seismotectonic scale models of subduction zones characterized by two seismogenic asperities are used to study the interaction of asperities over multiple seismic cycles by means of static (Coulomb failure) stress transfer. Various asperity geometries (lateral/along-strike of the subduction zone distance and vertical/across-strike of the subduction zone offset) are tested on their effect on recurrence pattern of simulated great (M8+) earthquakes.The results demonstrate the role of stress coupling in the synchronization of asperities leading to multi-asperity M9+ events in nature. The data set contains time series of experimental surface velocities from which analogue earthquakes are detected and classified into synchronized events and solo events. The latter are subcategorized into main events and aftershocks and into normal and thrust events. An analogue earthquake catalogue lists all categorized events of the 12 experiments used for statistical analysis. Moreover, results from elastic dislocation modelling aimed ate quantifying the stress coupling between the asperities for the various geometries are summarized. Basic statistics of classified events (e.g. percentage of categorized events, coefficient of variation in size and recurrence time etc.) are documented. Matlab scripts are provided to visualize the data as in the paper.
This data set includes overviews and videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photographs, topography data and digital image correlation [DIC] analysis) of 6 analogue models simulating rotational rift tectonics. In these experiments we examined the links between rotational rifting and different distributions of lithospheric weaknesses, and the evolution of the East African Rift System. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the model set-up and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2023).
This dataset provides friction and elasticity data from ring shear and axial tests, respectively, on rock analogue materials used at the University Roma Tre (Rome, IT) in “Foamquake”, a novel seismotectonic analog model mimicking the megathrust seismic cycle (Mastella et al., under review). Two granular materials (quartz sand and Jasmine rice) have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. An elastic material (foam rubber) have been characterized by means of Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ratio v. According to our analysis the granular materials show Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by linear failure envelopes in the shear stress vs. normal load Mohr space. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the quartz sand are µP = 0.69, µD = 0.56 and µR = 0.64, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 50 and 100 Pa. Rate-dependency of friction in quartz sand seems insignificant. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the Jasmine rice are µP = 0.70, µD = 0.59 and µR = 0.61, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 30 and 50 Pa. Rate-weakening of Jasmine rice is c. 6% per tenfold change in shear velocity v. The Young’s modulus of the foam rubber has been constrained to 30 kPa, its Poisson’s ratio is v=0.1.
This data set includes the results of digital image correlation (DIC) of two experiments on gravitational tectonics at passive margins performed at the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam in the framework of EPOS transnational access activities in 2018. The experiments aim at documenting the difference in structural evolution between two tilting scenarios: Instant versus progressive, or fast versus slow. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results can be found in Ge et al. (2019, Geology) to which this data set is supplement. The DIC analysis yields quantitative deformation information of the experiment surfaces by means of 3D surface displacements from which strain has been calculated. The data presented here are visualized as surface uplift and strain maps, strain evolution maps and surface velocity time-series. Python scripts for visualization of data are appended. Parts of this data (see list of files) are derived from Ge et al. (2019, http://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.1.2019.001).
This dataset includes images depicting the evolution in map view and lateral view of 7 analogue experiments of subduction to better understand the interplays between slab pull and mantle flow at subduction zones. The experiments are performed under a natural gravity field and are designed to understand the influence of plate width and magnitude and direction of mantle flow on slab geometry, trench kinematics and shape, and superficial mantle deformation around the subduction zone. All experiments were performed at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics at the Università Roma Tre (Italy). The laboratory models consist of one viscous layer of silicone putty representing the subducting lithosphere resting on top of a tank filled with glucose syrup, representing the convective mantle. We impose a horizontal flow in the convective mantle by pushing at a constant velocity a piston in the glucose syrup below an intermediate horizontal plate representing the upper mantle-lower mantle discontinuity. The pictures show the time evolution of each experiment from the top (« top » folder) and lateral position (« lateral » folder) and were taken synchronously every 30 seconds, and downsampled to 5 minutes in this dataset. The entire set of pictures are available from the authors upon request. Model F14 is the reference model, without imposed mantle flow and with a slab width of 2000. Models F15 and F16 are models with 660 km and 4000 km, respectively. They allow us analyzing the effect of slab width in the absence of a background flow. Models F17 and F20 are models with slab width of 2000 km and a background flow coming from above the slab at velocities of 0.9 and 1.8 mm/min in the lab (corresponding to 0.9 and 2 cm/yr once scaled to nature), respectively. Models F24 and F26 are models with slab width of 2000 km and a background flow coming from below the slab at velocities of 0.9 and 1.8 mm/min in the lab (corresponding to 1.2 and 2.7 cm/yr once scaled to nature), respectively. For details on the experimental set-up, monitoring techniques and interpretation of the results, please refer to Guillaume et al. (2021) to which these data are supplementary material.
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