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Methane concentration and diffusive flux in the Northern Sea off Heligoland in 2024

As part of the MOSES Project, in April 2023 methane measurements were started in the north-western part of the island Heligoland in the German Bight (North Sea). The objective was to complement the measurements of the Sternfahrten to identify the carbon cycle and its flow from the start of the Elbe river into the North Sea. Therefore, a Contros methane sensor for dissolved methane was deployed under water at about 10 to 12 meter depth (depending on the tide) close to the underwater observatory (UW-OBS) MarGate (54°11' N, 7°52' E), from the COSYNA Project. To ensure correct values latter was cleaned frequently from growing organisms by scientific divers. The present data contains the data from 2024, the second year running the sensors. Based on the concentrations of dissolved methane the methane emissions (diffusive flux) was calculated.

Dissolved methane concentrations, diffusive methane flux and EOVs in the German Bight in September 2024 (Sternfahrt 12)

In continuation of the previous cruises (Sternfahrten) we covered a similar area with the RVs Ludwig Prandtl and Mya II. All instruments were set up in the MOSES laboratory container. Standard hydrographic parameters were determined with a pocket ferrybox running with ship's surface water supply. In addition, dissolved methane was determined continuously. We used a degassing unit which was using surface water from the ship's water supply. The gas mixture was subsequently analysed with a Greenhouse Gas Analyzer from LosGatos. Conversion to methane concentration was performed with water samples, from which the methane content was determined with gas chromatography. Atmospheric methane concentrations were obtained from the ICOS-station Helgoland. Wind speed was obtained from the ships meteorological systems. The diffusive flux was calculated as outlined in the additional meta data description.

Treibhausgase infolge LULUCF: Bayern, Emissionsarten (Pools)/Emissionsarten/Landnutzungskategorien/Pools, Jahre

Teil der Statistik "Treibhausgasemissionen" Raum: Bayern

Dissolved methane concentrations, diffusive methane flux and Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) in the German Bight in January 2024 (Sternfahrt 11)

In January 2024 a river flood by the Elbe and Weser resulted in very high discharge of freshwater into the German Bight. To follow this river, plume the RV Mya II cruised from Sylt and between Helgoland, Cuxhaven, Büsum. All instruments were set up in the MOSES laboratory container. Standard hydrographic parameters were determined with a pocket ferrybox running with ship's surface water supply. In addition, dissolved methane was determined continuously. We used a degassing unit which was using surface water from the ship's water supply. The gas mixture was subsequently analysed with a Greenhouse Gas Analyzer from LosGatos. Conversion to methane concentration was performed with water samples, from which the methane content was determined with gas chromatography. Atmospheric methane concentrations were obtained from the ICOS-station Helgoland. Wind speed was obtained from the ships meteorological system. The diffusive flux was calculated as outlined in the additional meta data description.

Dissolved methane concentrations, diffusive methane flux and EOVs in the German Bight in February 2025 (Sternfahrt 13)

In continuation of the previous cruises (Sternfahrten) we covered a similar area with the RV Heincke. All instruments were set up in the MOSES laboratory container. Standard hydrographic parameters were determined with a pocket ferrybox running with ship's surface water supply. In addition, dissolved methane was determined continuously. We used a degassing unit which was using surface water from the ship's water supply. The gas mixture was subsequently analysed with a Greenhouse Gas Analyzer from LosGatos. Conversion to methane concentration was performed with water samples, from which the methane content was determined with gas chromatography. Atmospheric methane concentrations were obtained from the ICOS-station Helgoland. Wind speed was obtained from the ships meteorological systems. The diffusive flux was calculated as outlined in the additional meta data description.

CO2 storage potential of the Jurassic within the German Central Graben

Within the framework of the GEOSTOR Project, the CO2 storage potential of the Jurassic succession in the German Central Graben was analysed. Twelve potential trap structures were initially mapped along the base of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, which serves as the primary seal for potential reservoir sandstones within the Central Graben Subgroup. The Kimmeridge Clay Formation is generally continuously distributed across the German Central Graben, with only localized penetrations by rising salt diapirs. In contrast, the Central Graben Subgroup, serving as a potential reservoir unit, exhibits an uneven distribution across the area, limiting the presence and continuity of reservoir rocks within each trap structure. To further delineate the spatial extent of the mapped reservoir structures, the base of the Central Graben Subgroup was used as an additional reference layer. Due to the intermittent nature of Jurassic sandstones within the Central Graben Subgroup, a subsequent analysis classified each structure based on borehole data to confirm the presence of reservoir sands. Structures were categorized as ‘proven,’ ‘not present,’ or ‘uncertain’ depending on sandstone availability and continuity within the trap. All mapped reservoir structures are buried at depths ranging from 2225 to 3043 meters (apex depth) and are considered closed systems, situated within a complex structural network of salt diapirs, faults, and pinch-outs. Capacity calculations were conducted following the method outlined by Fuhrmann et al. (2024), and the horizons used for mapping are based on the work of Müller et al. (2023) and Thöle et al. (2021). Fuhrmann, A., Knopf, S., Thöle, H., Kästner, F., Ahlrichs, N., Stück, H.L., Schlieder-Kowitz, A., Kuhlmann, G., (2024). CO2 storage potential of the Middle Buntsandstein Subgroup-German sector of the North Sea. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 136. Müller, S.M., Jähne-Klingberg, F., Thöle, H., Jakobsen, F.C., Bense, F., Winsemann, J. & Gaedicke, C. (2023). Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous tectonostratigraphy of the German Central Graben, southern North Sea. – Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 102: e4. DOI:10.1017/njg.2023.4 Thöle, H., Jähne-Klingberg, F., Doornenbal, H., den Dulk, M., Britze, P. & Jakobsen F. (2021). Deliverable 3.8 – Harmonized depth models and structural framework of the NL-GER-DK North Sea. GEOERA 3DGEO-EU; 3D Geomodeling for Europe; project number GeoE.171.005. Report.

CO2 storage potential of the Middle Buntsandstein Subgroup - EEZ of the German North Sea

The CO2 storage potential of the Middle Buntsandstein Subgroup within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the German North Sea was analysed within the framework of the GEOSTOR-Project. A total of 71 potential storage sites were mapped based on existing 3D models, seismic and well data. Static CO2 capacities were calculated for each structure using Monte Carlo simulations with 10,000 iterations to account for uncertainties. All potential reservoirs were evaluated based on their static capacity, burial depth, top seal integrity and trap type. Analysis identified 38 potential storage sites with burial depths between 800 m and 4500 m, reservoir capacities (P50) above 5 Mt CO2 and suitable sealing units. The best storage conditions are expected on the West Schleswig Block where salt-controlled anticlines with moderate burial depths, large reservoir capacities and limited lateral flow barriers are the dominant trap types. Relatively poor storage conditions can be anticipated for small (P50 <5 Mt CO2), deeply buried (> 4500 m) and structurally complex potential storage sites in the Horn and Central Graben. For more detailed information on the methodology and findings, please refer to the full publication: Fuhrmann, A., Knopf, S., Thöle, H., Kästner, F., Ahlrichs, N., Stück, H. L., Schlieder-Kowitz, A. und Kuhlmann, G. (2024) CO2 storage potential of the Middle Buntsandstein Subgroup - German sector of the North Sea. Open Access International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 136 . Art.Nr. 104175. DOI 10.1016/j.ijggc.2024.104175

Treibhausgas-Projektionen 2025 für Deutschland - Datentabelle (ehemals Kernindikatoren)

Für die Treibhausgas-Projektionen sind die Treibhausgas-Emissionen der wesentliche Indikator, um die Erreichung der Klimaschutzziele zu kontrollieren. Allerdings umfassen klima- und energiepolitische Strategien der Bundesregierung weitere Ziele und Indikatoren. Deshalb haben das beauftragte Forschungskonsortium, das Thünen-Institut und das Umweltbundesamt neben Treibhausgas-Emissionen und Rahmendaten weitere Projektionsdaten im Sinne eines Nachschlagewerks zusammengestellt, um Steuerungsmöglichkeiten aufzuzeigen. Thematisch beziehen sich die Projektionsdaten auf die Bereiche Energiebezogene Indikatoren, neue Brennstoffe, Energiewirtschaft, Industrie, Gebäude, Verkehr, Landwirtschaft, Abfallwirtschaft sowie Landnutzung, Landnutzungsänderung und Forstwirtschaft (LULUCF). Sie bieten unter anderem Informationen zu möglichen Entwicklungen von Angebot und Nachfrage sowie der installierten Leistung wichtiger Energieträger, Kosten und Produktionsmengen von Industriegütern, der Verkehrsleistung sowie zu Emissionen, Flächennutzung und Düngereinsatz in der Land-, Forst- und Abfallwirtschaft. Das Datenportal Data Cube des Umweltbundesamtes bietet erweiterte Filter- und Darstellungsmöglichkeiten der Projektionsdaten im Vergleich zur Veröffentlichung als Datentabelle.

Atmospheric weather data (air and soil temperature, relative humidity, photosynthetic photon flux density) (Table 6)

The weather station was set up in the beginning of the sampling period in August 2019 and ran the entire sampling period with an interruption between 30th January 2020 and 11th June 2020. Air and soil temperatures, relative humidity and photosynthetic flux density were measured on hourly intervals. Please note that the ground temperature sensor was situated 20 above the ground and therefore the measured medium depends on the conditions of the field site. Before rewetting, the medium was air, but after rewetting, when the area was usually inundated with water it indicates water temperatures.

Absolute abundances of methane- and sulfate-cycling microorganisms, pore water gas concentrations and stable carbon isotopes (Table 1)

Soil cores for microbial, dissolved gas concentrations and isotopic analysis were taken using a Russian type peat corer (De Vleeschouwer et al. 2010) before and after rewetting. Each time, we took duplicates at stations 1-8 for this rather labor-intensive process and divided the core into four depth sections: surface, 5–20, 20–40 and 40–50 cm. Subsamples for dissolved gases and stable carbon isotope analyses were taken with tip-cut syringes with a distinct volume of 3 ml (Omnifix, Braun, Bad Arolsen, Germany) and immediately placed into NaCl-saturated vials (20 ml, Agilent Technologies, 5182-0837, Santa Clara, USA) leaving no headspace and closed gas-tight using rubber stoppers and metal crimpers (both: diameter 20 mm, Glasgerätebau Ochs, Bovenden, Germany).

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