Overview: ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past. Surface temperature: Temperature of the surface of the Earth. The skin temperature is the theoretical temperature that is required to satisfy the surface energy balance. It represents the temperature of the uppermost surface layer, which has no heat capacity and so can respond instantaneously to changes in surface fluxes. Processing steps: The original hourly ERA5-Land data has been spatially enhanced from 0.1 degree to 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) spatial resolution by image fusion with CHELSA data (V1.2) (https://chelsa-climate.org/). For each day we used the corresponding monthly long-term average of CHELSA. The aim was to use the fine spatial detail of CHELSA and at the same time preserve the general regional pattern and fine temporal detail of ERA5-Land. The steps included aggregation and enhancement, specifically: 1. spatially aggregate CHELSA to the resolution of ERA5-Land 2. calculate difference of ERA5-Land - aggregated CHELSA 3. interpolate differences with a Gaussian filter to 30 arc seconds 4. add the interpolated differences to CHELSA The spatially enhanced daily ERA5-Land data has been aggregated on a weekly basis (starting from Saturday) for the time period 2016 - 2020. Data available is the weekly average of daily averages, the weekly minimum of daily minima and the weekly maximum of daily maxima of surface temperature. File naming: Average of daily average: era5_land_ts_avg_weekly_YYYY_MM_DD.tif Max of daily max: era5_land_ts_max_weekly_YYYY_MM_DD.tif Min of daily min: era5_land_ts_min_weekly_YYYY_MM_DD.tif The date in the file name determines the start day of the week (Saturday). Pixel values: °C * 10 Example: Value 302 = 30.2 °C The QML or SLD style files can be used for visualization of the temperature layers. Coordinate reference system: ETRS89 / LAEA Europe (EPSG:3035) (EPSG:3035) Spatial extent: north: 82N south: 18S west: -32W east: 61E Spatial resolution: 1 km Temporal resolution: weekly Time period: 01/01/2016 - 12/31/2020 Format: GeoTIFF Representation type: Grid Software used: GRASS 8.0 Original ERA5-Land dataset license: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/api/v2/terms/static/licence-to-use-copernicus-products.pdf CHELSA climatologies (V1.2): Data used: Karger D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E, Linder, H.P., Kessler, M. (2018): Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Dryad digital repository. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4 Original peer-reviewed publication: Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, P., Kessler, M. (2017): Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas. Scientific Data. 4 170122. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122 Processed by: mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (https://www.mundialis.de/) Contact: mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, info@mundialis.de Acknowledgements: This study was partially funded by EU grant 874850 MOOD. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and don't necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.
Das Projekt "Utilization of geothermic heat from thermal water in Straubing - Phase 2E, 3A and 3B" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Stadtwerke Straubing GmbH durchgeführt. Objective: Extraction of energy from thermal water and substitution of fossil fuels for the heat supply of business centres, apartments and office buildings, sanatoria and bathing establishments, agriculture and fish-farming. The dimension of the project will be of a novel type. The thermal water of phase II, with 30 m3/h cooled down to 12 degree C, will be mixed with the large geothermal water stream for Phase III. A commercial utilization by extension of the existing local heat system and by inclusion into a demonstration project for efficient energy production and energy utilization, supported by the State of Bavaria, has already been started. The thermal water with a temperature of 35 degree C shall be conducted through future building areas by a new type of single pipe system, monitored by leakage-sensors. the heat is generated by heat pumps and will be used for the heating of business centres, apartment and office buildings, etc. the extensive utilization of geothermic heat has not been attempted until now. General Information: From the location of the production well (800 m deep), the thermal water (36 degree C) is to be conducted through future building areas past various heat consumers such as bathing facilities and sanatoria by means of a single-pipe system. The thermal water should also be conducted along agricultural operations and finally to a fish farm. For technical reasons the re-injection drilling must be located an adequate distance (2 km) from the production drilling so that the thermal water itself does not cool down (doublet method of construction). On its way from the production well to the re-injection well, a part of the thermal water flow will be cooled down in each of the central stations of the heat consumers by means of heat pumps. The water that has been cooled down in this way is then returned to the main pipe. The resulting mixed temperature, which is obviously less than the required 36 degree C, is conveyed to the next heat consumer. This process is repeated until all predetermined heat consumers are provided with geothermal heat. In this way the thermal water is cooled down to ca. 13 degree C and returned to the re-injection well (840 m deep). The heat is withdrawn from the thermal water by cascading. The total available geothermal heat capacity was calculated at 8 MW. A new type of absorption heat pumps will be employed. The pumps can completely do without the ozone-destroying CFC as coolant. This project will be further realized in phase III a and III b. The project will obtain EU-wide significance. Prime Contractor: Stadtwerke Straubing; Straubing; Germany.
Das Projekt "District heat supply with gas heat pumps connected in cascade using thermal water" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Stadt Aulendorf durchgeführt. Objective: To build an energy saving district heating system with 3 gas heat pumps connected in cascades, using the heat contained in the water of a thermal well (thermal water). The capacity of the system is 13 500 MWh/year, the energy saving is estimated at 745 toe/year. General Information: The special feature of this heating system is to heat the heating water and cool the thermal water not at once but in individual steps. The aim is to reduce the consumption of natural gas of the heat pump drives (gas motors), and of thermal water by increasing significantly the heat output of the heat pumps by maintaining a constant outlet temperature of the heat pump system. This is achieved by connecting the heat pumps in cascade. The heat pump with the highest heating water output temperature is fed with the highest thermal water input temperature whereas the heat pump with lowest heating water output temperature receives also the lowest thermal water input temperature. This ensures that each heat pump operates with the optimum heat output and that the consumption of natural gas is considerably lower than in the case where the heating water and the thermal water are heated or coded by heat pumps in parallel connection. The control capability is the key element of the system. A requirement is for instance that the heat pump operating sequence can be exchanged in order to achieve a similar number of operating hours for each pump. A special feature of the heat pump system is the incorporation of super coolers leading to a further improvement of the energy output/input ratio. Prime Contractor: Stadt Aulendorf; Aulendorf; Germany.
Das Projekt "Safety studies with nuclear fuels, 1988-1991" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC). Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) durchgeführt. Objective: To study mechanisms and properties determining fuel and fission product behaviour during both, base and off-normal conditions. This activity involves unirradiated and irradiated 'classical' and 'improved' fuel samples of various composition and over a wide range of temperatures, up to very high burn-up, and makes use of appropriate computer models. The final aim of the activity is the improvement of the safety of fuel operation in a reactor. General Information: Progress to end 1990. The Laboratory continued its cooperation with the International Fission Gas Release Project Riso III (Dk) by incorporating the extensive experimental data resulting from the programme into the OFT data bank and evaluating them with existing TU fuel performance codes. - The OECD-coordinated activity for analysing fuel and fuel debris of the Three Mile Island (TMI) damaged reactor has been concluded. An apparatus for thermal diffusivity measurements on active specimens with the laser flash technique has been constructed. - Nitride fuels with a 'tailored' structure and heterogeneous fuels (U, Pu)O2 and UN) were fabricated for short-term irradiations in the HFR-reactor. Irradiations of fuels for future reactors to test their behaviour at the beginning of life (BOL) and at the end of life (EOL), NILOC (HFR) and NIMPHE (PHENIX), respectively, have been continued. Out-of-pile tests were performed to study changes in structure and composition of mixed nitride fuel pins in an axial temperature gradient. - Measurements of the heat capacity of UO2 up to 8000K were concluded and the results are being analysed. Radiative properties of oxides (thoria, urania, zirconia) were measured in the solid and the liquid range. A model for the total emissivity of urania was developed. - The code MITRA has been adapted to perform source term calculations. A computer code for the calculation of the thermo chemical equilibrium of fission products was written and a database for fission product compounds has been implemented with interface to the SOLGASMIX/MITRA codes. A shielded Knudsen cell for irradiated UO2 fuel has been assembled. - Work in 1990 on the safety of nuclear fuels has resulted in 33 (status September '90) contributions to conferences, articles in scientific journals, reports and chapters in books; two patents were granted. Detailed description of work foreseen in 1991 (expected results). Riso III results will undergo final evaluation and fuel work will concentrate on MOX fuel and on the structural and chemical changes at local burn-ups of up to 15 per cent . Laboratory work will principally deal with SIMFUEL with 6 and 8 per cent burn-up. Modelling work will continue. Annealing tests will be performed under oxidizing and reducing atmosphere on U02 samples irradiated up to 55 GWd/t, in order to determine fission gas release as a function of O/M . A remotely controlled thermal diffusivity apparatus will be mounted in a hot cell. BOL and EOL irradiations NILOC and ...
Das Projekt "Einsatz von Waerme aus Abwasser und Klaergas aus einer Klaeranlage fuer die Fernwaermeversorgung" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Stadtwerke Waiblingen durchgeführt. Objective: Utilization of the heat potential of cleaned waste water and sewage gases from a sewage treatment plant by means of an absorption heat pump for the heating of several large buildings of the town of Waiblingen. General Information: The planned district heating of the town of Waiblingen consists of an absorption heat pump and 2 gas boilers, operating in a bivalent parallel connection. It has a total heating capacity of 9500 kW (2500 kW heat pump, 2 x 3500 kW boilers). For the supply of the users, a heating capacity of 6450 kW is necessary, the surplus capacity serves as reserve. The plant utilizes the heat potential of cleaned waste water and sewage gases from the town's sewage treatment plant to produce heating waste which is fed in to the network for the heating of 6 public buildings: town hall, covered market, indoor swimming pool, civic center, sewage plant, hospital. The absorption heat pump operates with NH3 a heat carrier and a NH2 - water solution as solvent. The heat source is the waste water from the sewage treatment plant which is cooled down from 9 degree C to 5 degree C in the heat pump evaporator. An automatic brush cleaning system keeps the evaporator free of dirt. The ejection boiler is fired with sewage gas and natural gas. Apart of the ejection boiler's exhaust gas, heat is recovered in a heat exchanger for the heating of the district heating water. In the whole heat pump system, the district heating water is heated from its return temperature of 40 degree C to a supply temperature of 65 degree C. The heat pump covers the base load of the district heating network, it supplies about 77 per cent of the total annual output of the district heating plant. In the case of consumption peaks at low outside temperatures, the boilers, using natural gas and sewage gas as fuel, are switched on. When using the boilers, the temperature of the supply water of the heating network can be raised to 110 degree C. A surplus of hot water produced by the heat pump is fed into an 80 m3 storage tank and can again be taken out in case of an increasing heat demand in the district heating circuit. The calculated energy saving of this heat pump - boiler plant amounts to 880 TOE/y, compared with a monovalent decentral gas boiler concept. The cost of the project amounts to DM 11,434,246. The construction phase of the project has started in 1983. The completion of the demonstration is expected for the end of 1984. Achievements: The Waiblingen plant has operated satisfactorily. Only the development of micro-organisms in the treated waste water on a few days in 1984. These micro-organisms brought about severe fouling of the automatic backwashing filter, which could only be removed by manual cleaning. It is, however, possible to avoid such upset conditions by careful monitoring and by applying adequate cleaning methods. As far as the energetic aspects are concerned, plant operation in practice shows positive and negative deviations from design and ...
Das Projekt "Solar-thermally driven desalination system with corrosion free collectors and 24-hours-per-day storage" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme durchgeführt. General Information: Objectives of the Project: 1. To design, set up, operate, evaluate and finally assess a solar thermally driven distillation system that works at 80 C. In the project a pilot system will be operated that has a capacity of 30 litres per hour. The system will be driven by thermal solar energy. 2. To develop, design, construct and operate corrosion-free solar collectors that are suitable and appropriate for the distillation system. 3. To develop and optimize a strategy for operating the solar driven systems for 24 hours-per-day by including a thermal heat storage into the system. The aim is to increase the daily distilled water production from about 150 (without storage) to 600 litres per day. 4. To gather operation experiences and to fully assess the performance and cost results (ECU/m3 potable water) of this system. Additionally, a study will be elaborated to estimate application potentials and water production costs for the case that the distillation unit is driven by diesel waste heat instead of solar collectors. Finally the aim is to evaluate the possibilities for; the application and dissemination a these systems, especially in the Mediterranean countries. Technical Approach: The general technical approach to achieve the project goals is based on experimental investigations and developments. The necessary different tasks of the project will be conducted by partners that are specialists in their field of work. This concerns the development of the collector (ISE), the development of the operation strategy (ZAE), the installation and monitoring of the pilot system (CIEA and OS) and the investigations on the water treatment USE). The full technical and economic assessment of the complete desalination system with special concern of the Mediterranean application potential will be carried out by all partners, including AUA. A dissemination workshop will be conducted within the project. Expected Achievement: - A technical achievement will be that a collector will developed with a non-corrosive absorber that is suitable to be operated with sea water at temperatures of 80 C and that is adopted to be used with the distillation unit. - An operating strategy will be developed to run the desalination system with a heat storage tank on a continuous 24-hours-per-day basis. The target is to reach a production rate of 600 liters per day. - A pilot system will be set up at the test site 'Pozo Izquierdo' in Gran Canaria, Spain. The newly developed collector with non-corrosive absorber and the new operating strategy with storage tank will be applied he pilot system is operated and monitored for a full year The achievement will be that a sound bask of data and operating experience exits for a technical evaluation. - ... Prime Contractor: Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Angewandten Forschung e.V.; Institut für Solare Energiesysteme; Freiburg im Breisgau; Germany.
Das Projekt "Energy savings by improvement of combustion air preheating by means of an upstream heat exchanger" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von ThyssenKrupp Stahl AG durchgeführt. Objective: Use of low temperature waste heat for additional preheating of the combustion air and for prevention of low temperature corrosion. This technique yields an increase of the plant availability and a longer life of the recuperator by preventing the temperature from falling below the dew point to prevent corrosion. Innovative aspects: concept first realization. Long testing and measurement period to assess energy saving and efficiency and payback time. General Information: In industrial furnaces a part of the heat from the flue gas is used to pre-heat the combustion air. When intensive use is made of the heat from the flue gas, there is frequently a great drop in temperature to below the dew point. When the fuel gases are loaded with aggressive materials, the passing of the dew point causes low temperature corrosion on heat exchanger components. As a result of this, the heat exchanger is increasingly destroyed which entails constant worsening of efficiency very rare (once to twice per year) with some plants, i.e. reheating furnaces in the steel industry, so that more fuel is consumed over a long period because of defective air pre-heating insulation and the environment is thus burdened more than is required with an intact installation. A heat exchanger for a thermal capacity of 1.0 MW is to be erected upstream of the reheating furnace of a rolling mill fired by sulphur bearing coke oven gas. The energy for a pre-heating is taken from the skid rail cooling circuit which has a temperature level of maximum 90 deg. C
Das Projekt "Stimulierte Geothermische Systeme Hot Dry Rock Projekt Soultz-sous-Forets" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe durchgeführt. Das Forschungsvorhaben ist Teil des Hot-Dry-Rock Projekts Soultz. In der auslaufenden Projektphase gelang es, zwischen 3000 m und 3500 m Tiefe das weltweit groesste HDR-System zu schaffen, das bei einem Bohrlochabstand von 450 m eine thermische Leistung von ca. 10 MW liefert und eine Zirkulation ohne Wasserverluste ueber 4 Monate ermoeglichte. Da die Foerdertemperatur von ca. 140 Grad Celsius fuer eine wirtschaftliche Stromerzeugung nicht ausreicht, soll in der kommenden Projektphase der Tiefenbereich bis 5000 m mit Gebirgstemperaturen bis ca. 200 Grad Celsius erschlossen und untersucht werden, ob sich aehnlich gute Ergebnisse in diesem Tiefenbereich erzielen lassen. Zu diesem Zweck wird eine der bestehenden Bohrungen auf 5000 m vertieft und folgendes Untersuchungsprogramm durchgefuehrt: (1) Erkundung des Kristallins zwischen 3500 m und 5000 m: Temperatur- und thermische Gesteinseigenschaften (NLfB), Lithologie und Tektonik (SWBU), tektonische Spannungen (MeSy), physikalische Eigenschaften (RUB), Fluidchemie (BRGM), hydraulische Bedingungen (BGR, Socomine). (2) Stimulationstests zur Schaffung eines grossflaechigen Risssystems und Untersuchung seiner hydraulischen Eigenschaften (BGR, Socomine, RUB, MeSy, GTC, BRGM, CSMA). (3) Weiterentwicklung eines konzeptionellen HDR-Modells fuer den Oberrheingraben (alle Gruppen). (4) Detailauswertung der Ergebnisse des Langzeit-Zirkulationstest 1997 (alle Gruppen). (5) Erprobung eines Glasfaser-Stroemungsgeschwindigkeitsmessverfahrens (BGR, GTC).
Das Projekt "Advanced Storage Concepts (AdSto) - Deutsche Mitarbeit in dem Task 32 des IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programms" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Stuttgart, Fakultät für Energietechnik, Institut für Thermodynamik und Wärmetechnik durchgeführt. Das Ziel dieses Vorhabens ist es, verbesserte Konzepte der Wärmespeicherung für solar unterstützte Heizungen (solare Kombianlagen) in Ein- und Zweifamilienhäusern zu untersuchen und weiter zu entwickeln. Die Entwicklung innovativer Speicherkonzepte (Advanced Storage Concepts) stellt daher einen Schwerpunkt der im Rahmen dieses Vorhabens durchzuführenden Arbeiten dar. Hierbei sollen sowohl neue Einsatzmöglichkeiten existierender Behältertechnologien für Wasserspeicher als auch die Vergrößerung der Wärmekapazität von Wasserspeichern durch den Einsatz von Latentspeichermaterialien näher untersucht werden. Zusätzlich zur direkten Projektarbeit soll eine Mitarbeit in dem IEA SHC Task 32 erfolgen. In diesem Zusammenhang ist beabsichtigt, dass das ITW die Leitung des Subtask D 'Advanced Water Stores' übernimmt. Die im Rahmen dieses Vorhabens erzielten Ergebnisse und gewonnenen Erkenntnisse, die von allgemeinem Interesse sind, werden durch die Publikation von Fachartikeln und mittels Informationsveranstaltungen der Solarindustrie zugänglich gemacht. Hierdurch wird ein Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung und breiteren Markteinführung von innovativen solaren Kombianlagen geleistet.
Das Projekt "SunOyster cooling (SOcool)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von SunOyster Systems GmbH durchgeführt.
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