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Perennial fodder cropping potentially increases subsoil biopore density by formation of extensive root systems and temporary soil rest. We will quantify root length density, earthworm abundance and biopore size classes after Medicago sativa, Cichorium intybus and Festuca arundinacea grown for 1, 2 and 3 years respectively in the applied research unit's Central Field Trial (CeFiT) which is established and maintained by our working group. Shoot parameters including transpiration, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence will frequently be recorded. Precrop effects on oilseed rape and cereals will be quantified with regard to crop yield, nutrient transfer and H2-release. The soil associated with biopores (i.e. the driloshpere) is generally rich in nutrients as compared to the bulk soil and is therefore supposed to be a potential hot spot for nutrient acquisition. However, contact areas between roots and the pore wall have been reported to be low. It is still unclear to which extent the nutrients present in the drilosphere are used and which potential relevance subsoil biopores may have for the nutrient supply of crops. We will use a flexible videoscope to determine the root-soil contact in biopores. Nitrogen input into the drilosphere by earthworms and potential re-uptake of nitrogen from the drilosphere by subsequent crops with different rooting systems (oilseed rape vs. cereals) will be quantified using 15N as a tracer.
Comprehension of belowground competition between plant species is a central part in understanding the complex interactions in intercropped agricultural systems, between crops and weeds as well as in natural ecosystems. So far, no simple and rapid method for species discrimination of roots in the soil exists. We will be developing a method for root discrimination of various species based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)-Attenuated Total Reflexion (ATR) Spectroscopy and expanding its application to the field. The absorbance patterns of FTIR-ATR spectra represent the chemical sample composition like an individual fingerprint. By means of multivariate methods, spectra will be grouped according to spectral and chemical similarity in order to achieve species discrimination. We will investigate pea and oat roots as well as maize and barnyard grass roots using various cultivars/proveniences grown in the greenhouse. Pea and oat are recommendable species for intercropping to achieve superior grain and protein yields in an environmentally sustainable manner. To evaluate the effects of intercropping on root distribution in the field, root segments will be measured directly at the soil profile wall using a mobile FTIR spectrometer. By extracting the main root compounds (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates) and recording their FTIR-ATR spectra as references, we will elucidate the chemical basis of species-specific differences.
In structured soils, the interaction of percolating water and reactive solutes with the soil matrix is mostly restricted to the surfaces of preferential flow paths. Flow paths, i.e., macropores, are formed by worm burrows, decayed root channels, cracks, and inter-aggregate spaces. While biopores are covered by earthworm casts and mucilage or by root residues, aggregates and cracks are often coated by soil organic matter (SOM), oxides, and clay minerals especially in the clay illuviation horizons of Luvisols. The SOM as well as the clay mineral composition and concentration strongly determine the wettability and sorption capacity of the coatings and thus control water and solute movement as well as the mass exchange between the preferential flow paths and the soil matrix. The objective of this proposal is the quantitative description of the small-scale distribution of physicochemical properties of intact structural surfaces and flow path surfaces and of their distribution in the soil volume. Samples of Bt horizons of Luvisols from Loess will be compared with those from glacial till. At intact structural surfaces prepared from soil clods, the spatial distribution (mm-scale) of SOM and clay mineral composition will be characterized with DRIFT (Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform) spectroscopy using a self-developed mapping technique. For samples manually separated from coated surfaces and biopore walls, the contents of organic carbon (Corg) and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) will be analyzed and related to the intensities of specific signals in DRIFT spectra using Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) analysis. The signal intensities of the DRIFT mapping spectra will be used to quantify the spatial distribution of Corg and CEC at these structural surfaces. The DRIFT mapping data will also be used for qualitatively characterizing the small scale distribution of the recalcitrance, humification, and microbial activity of the SOM from structural surfaces. The clay mineral composition of defined surface regions will be characterized by combining DRIFT spectroscopic with X-ray diffractometric analysis of manually separated samples. Subsequently, the spatial distribution of the clay mineral composition at structural surfaces will be determined from the intensities of clay mineral-specific signals in the DRIFT mapping spectra and exemplarily compared to scanning electron microscopic and infrared microscopic analysis of thin sections and thin polished micro-sections. The three-dimensional spatial distribution of the total structural surfaces in the volume of the Bt horizons will be quantified using X-ray computed tomography (CT) analysis of soil cores. The active preferential flow paths will be visualized and quantified by field tracer experiments. These CT and tracer data will be used to transfer the properties of the structural surfaces characterized by DRIFT mapping onto the active preferential flow paths in the Bt horizons.
The 'hydraulic activation of stomata' (HAS) describes the establishment of continuous liquid water connections along stomatal walls, which affects individual stomata. It enables the efficient bidirectional transport of water, solutes, and hydraulic signals between the leaf interior and leaf surface and makes stomatal transpiration partly independent of stomatal aperture. While in our earlier work we postulated the existence of these connections and contributed substantially to their final approval, this research proposal focusses on the fundamental significance of HAS for the water and nutrient relations of plants, for atmosphere/plant interaction, and for the modelling of gas exchange. The planned experimental investigations aim to describe HAS formation by hygroscopic salts, to examine new concepts of the plant humidity sensor, nocturnal transpiration, stomatal water uptake, and the 'extended apoplast', as well as the significance of epicuticle waxes for atmospheric particle capture. Together, this should lead both to the further development of new theoretical concepts describing plant adaptations to aerosol regimes, and to practical applications in foliar fertilization, plant protection, and improvement of salt stress tolerance.
DWD’s fully automatic MOSMIX product optimizes and interprets the forecast calculations of the NWP models ICON (DWD) and IFS (ECMWF), combines these and calculates statistically optimized weather forecasts in terms of point forecasts (PFCs). Thus, statistically corrected, updated forecasts for the next ten days are calculated for about 5400 locations around the world. Most forecasting locations are spread over Germany and Europe. MOSMIX forecasts (PFCs) include nearly all common meteorological parameters measured by weather stations. For further information please refer to: [in German: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/met_verfahren_mosmix/met_verfahren_mosmix.html ] [in English: https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/met_application_mosmix/met_application_mosmix.html ]
DWD’s fully automatic MOSMIX product optimizes and interprets the forecast calculations of the NWP models ICON (DWD) and IFS (ECMWF), combines these and calculates statistically optimized weather forecasts in terms of point forecasts (PFCs). Thus, statistically corrected, updated forecasts for the next ten days are calculated for about 5400 locations around the world. Most forecasting locations are spread over Germany and Europe. MOSMIX forecasts (PFCs) include nearly all common meteorological parameters measured by weather stations. For further information please refer to: [in German: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/met_verfahren_mosmix/met_verfahren_mosmix.html ] [in English: https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/met_application_mosmix/met_application_mosmix.html ]
Im tropischen Afrika kommen ca. 180 Arten Myomorpha (mausartige Nagetiere i.w.S.) vor, deren Oekologie bis vor ca. 30 Jahren nahezu unerforscht war. Im Rahmen mehrerer Forschungsvorhaben seit 1963 wurden und werden schwerpunktmaessig die Gebiete Zaire und Rwanda bearbeitet; ferner Uganda, Kenia, Tanzania, Nord- und Suedsudan, Aethiopien. Dabei werden die Biome Feuchtsavanne, montane Gebiete und tropischer Regenwald und die darin enthaltenen Biotope auf die charakteristischen Myomorpha-Arten und deren habitatmaessige Zusammensetzung untersucht. Spezielle Fragen gelten der Ernaehrung, der Fortpflanzung und der Populationsdynamik. Ausserdem werden die Beziehungen zum Menschen, besonders in landwirtschaftlicher und medizinisch-hygienischer Hinsicht untersucht.
Ziel der Forschungsarbeit im Projekt ist die oekologisch angepasste Intensivierung der kleinbaeuerlichen Landwirtschaft Rwandas mit Hilfe der Methoden des Standortgerechten Landbaus ('Oekologischer Landbau', 'Agroforstwirtschaft'). Hierzu werden seit 1985 gemeinsam mit Kollegen von der Faculte d'Agronomie der Universite Nationale du Rwanda Langzeitversuche auf Modellfeldern in Butare/Rwanda durchgefuehrt. Derzeitige Forschungsschwerpunkte sind: - Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Integration unterschiedlicher Agroforstbaumarten in die landwirtschaftlich genutzte Flaeche; - Optimierung der Umsetzung der von Baeumen und Hecken produzierten Biomasse; - Verbesserung des Erosionsschutzes mit biologischen Methoden (z.B. alley cropping mit Leguminosenhecken); - Feinanpassung des Systems an die Erfordernisse der Kleinbauern.
Die Reaktion von Böden auf erosionsbedingte Störungen ist eine der großen Unsicherheiten bei der Vorhersage von zukünftigen Treibhausgasflüssen von Böden zur Atmosphäre in Erdsystemmodellen. Das tropische Afrika ist dabei ein wichtiger globaler Hotspot von Klima- und Landnutzungswandel. Schnell wachsende Bevölkerung, Abholzung der Primärwälder zur Schaffung von Ackerflächen sowie die damit einhergehende Bodendegradation stellen die Region vor große Herausforderungen. Es wird erwartet, dass dort noch in diesem Jahrhundert bedeutende Änderungen sowohl in Bezug auf biogeochemische Kreisläufe in Böden, als auch den Fluss von Kohlenstoff (C) zwischen Boden, Vegetation und der Atmosphäre auftreten werden. Da sich der Großteil unseres Prozessverständnisses des Kohlenstoffzyklus aus den Klimazonen der mittleren Breiten ableitet, ist unklar wie sich die Kohlenstoffdynamik in den Tropen entwickeln wird. Es ist wichtig, diese Wissenslücke zu füllen, da tropische Ökosysteme Dienstleistungen von globaler Bedeutung übernehmen, wie zum Beispiel der Kohlenstoffspeicherung in Pflanzen und Böden, Biomasseproduktion und letztlich Lebensmittelversorgung der Region. Ziel des vorgeschlagenen Projektes TROPSOC ist es daher ein mechanistisches Verständnis der Kohlenstoffsequestrierung und -mineralisierung in Böden des tropischen Afrikas zu entwickeln. Die Studienflächen im östlichen Bereich des Kongo-Einzugsgebietes bieten eine einzigartige Kombination aus geologisch unterschiedlichem Ausgangsmaterial für die Bodenbildung und verschiedenen Ebenen der Störung durch den Menschen, welche unter tropisch-feuchtem Klima stattfindet. TROPSOC wird wesentlich dazu beitragen, die folgenden Fragen zu beantworten: 1. Wie werden sich Kohlenstoffflüsse und -speicherung in tropischen Systemen zwischen Böden, Pflanzen und der Atmosphäre entwickeln und unterscheiden mit Bezug auf die Steuerungsfaktoren: Geologie, Boden, Störungen durch den Menschen und Topographie? 2. Wie beeinflusst die Biogeochemie von tropischen Böden die Schwere der erosiven Störung des tropischen Kohlenstoffzyklus? 3. Wie kann man die Kontrollmechanismen der Bodenkohlenstoffdynamik in einer räumlich expliziten Weise modellieren? TROPSOC wird maßgeblich zum besseren Verständnis der Faktoren beitragen, welche die räumliche Verteilung und zeitliche Dynamik von organischen Kohlenstoff in tropischen Böden steuern. TROPSOC wird Daten und Modelle erzeugen welche die Lücke zwischen lokalem Prozessverständnis und großräumlicher Modellierung des Kohlenstoffzyklus in tropischen Böden schließt. Dies wird letztlich dazu beitragen, die Unsicherheit im Zusammenhang mit terrestrischen Kohlenstoffflüssen und der Reaktion von Böden auf Störungen zu reduzieren, was eines der größten Probleme in aktuellen Erdsystemmodellen und bei der Beurteilung von Ökosystemdienstleistungen darstellt.
Existing models of soil organic matter (SOM) formation consider plant material as the main source of SOM. Recent results from nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of SOM and from own incubation studies, however, show that microbial residues also contribute to a large extent to SOM formation. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the soil mineral sur-faces are covered by numerous small patchy fragments (100 - 500 nm) deriving from microbial cell wall residues. We will study the formation and fate of these patchy fragments as continuously produced interfaces in artificial soil systems (quartz, montmorillonite, iron oxides, bacteria and carbon sources). We will quantify the relative contributions of different types of soil organisms to patchy fragment formation and elucidate the effect of redox con-ditions and iron mineralogy on the formation and turnover of patchy fragments. The develop-ment of patchy fragments during pedogenesis will be followed by studying soil samples from a chronosequence in the forefield of the retreating Damma glacier. We will characterize chemical and physical properties of the patchy fragments by nanothermal analysis and microscale condensation experiments in an environmental scanning electron microscope. The results will help understanding the processes at and characteristics of biogeochemical interfaces.
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