Residence times is a key signature to characterize flow and transport at all temporal and spatial scales in different hydrological compartments. It is assumed that the spatial organisation of the landscape controls space-time organisation of the water cycle and related processes and hence the residence time. Combining flux and residence concentration data of natural tracers in water, stable isotopes, and artificial tracers will allow us to predict residence time and flow pathways in the different hydrological compartments as well as integrative for entire watersheds. We will investigate with different methods the fingerprint of hydrological processes found in the signal of isotopic composition and natural and artificial tracers of soil, ground and stream water in space and time. The temporal variability of isotopes in soil water, groundwater and stream water will be combined to benchmark transport and flow models and to derive a new functional form of short to long-term transit time distributions. The spatial patterns of stable isotopes in the saturated and unsaturated zone will be used to derive long-term flow pathways, mixing patterns and the proportion of evaporation to transpiration. Artificial tracer experiments using salt and electric resistivities will vizualize and quantify internal flow pathways in particular preferential flow pathways.
Ocean acidification causes an accumulation of CO2 in marine organisms and leads to shifts in acid-base parameters. Acid-base regulation in gill breathers involves a net increase of internal bicarbonate levels through transmembrane ion exchange with the surrounding water. Successful maintenance of body fluid pH depends on the functional capacity of ion-exchange mechanisms and associated energy budget. For a detailed understanding of the dependence of acid-base regulation on water parameters, we investigated the physiological responses of the shore crab Carcinus maenas to 4 weeks of ocean acidification [OA, P(CO2)w = 1800 µatm], at variable water bicarbonate levels, paralleled by changes in water pH. Cardiovascular performance was determined together with extra-(pHe) and intracellular pH (pHi), oxygen consumption, haemolymph CO2 parameters, and ion composition. High water P(CO2) caused haemolymph P(CO2) to rise, but pHe and pHi remained constant due to increased haemolymph and cellular [HCO3-]. This process was effective even under reduced seawater pH and bicarbonate concentrations. While extracellular cation concentrations increased throughout, anion levels remained constant or decreased. Despite similar levels of haemolymph pH and ion concentrations under OA, metabolic rates, and haemolymph flow were significantly depressed by 40 and 30%, respectively, when OA was combined with reduced seawater [HCO3-] and pH. Our findings suggest an influence of water bicarbonate levels on metabolic rates as well as on correlations between blood flow and pHe. This previously unknown phenomenon should direct attention to pathways of acid-base regulation and their potential feedback on whole-animal energy demand, in relation with changing seawater carbonate parameters.
Die frei fließenden und staugeregelten Flüsse unter den Bundeswasserstraßen sind für die Fische wichtige Verbindungsgewässer zwischen den Habitaten im Meer und an den Flussoberläufen. Fische, die große Distanzen zurücklegen, orientieren sich an der Hauptströmung und werden deshalb an Staustufen entweder zum Kraftwerk oder zum Wehr geleitet. Dort gibt es keine Möglichkeit mehr, aufwärts zu wandern, wenn nicht in der Nähe der Wehr- oder Kraftwerksabströmung eine funktionierende Fischaufstiegsanlage vorhanden ist. Da Schiffsschleusen keine kontinuierliche Leitströmung erzeugen, werden sie von den Fischarten, die der Hauptströmung folgend lange Distanzen zurücklegen, nicht gefunden. Arten, die auf ihrer Wanderung nicht der Hauptströmung folgen, können auf- oder abwandern, wenn sie eine offene Schleusenkammer vorfinden. Flussabwärts: Fische vor Kraftwerken schützen und vorbeileiten: An Staustufen ohne Wasserkraftanlagen ist die abwärts gerichtete Wanderung über ein Wehr hinweg in der Regel unproblematisch. Voraussetzung: Das Wehr ist in Betrieb, die Fallhöhe beträgt nicht mehr als 13 Meter und im Tosbecken ist eine Wassertiefe von mindestens 0,90 Metern vorhanden. Dagegen können bei Abwanderung durch eine Kraftwerksturbine leichte bis tödliche Verletzungen auftreten. Diese turbinenbedingte Mortalität ist von der Fischart und der Körperlänge der Tiere sowie von Turbinentyp und -größe, der Fallhöhe und den jeweiligen Betriebsbedingungen abhängig. Um hier einen gefahrlosen Fischabstieg zu gewährleisten, sind die Betreiber von Wasserkraftanlagen nach Wasserhaushaltsgesetz verpflichtet, die Wasserkraftanlagen mit geeigneten Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Fischpopulation (z. B. mit Feinrechen und einem Bypass am Kraftwerk vorbei ins Unterwasser) aus- bzw. nachzurüsten. Flussaufwärts: Hier helfen nur Fischaufstiege: Verschiedene Untersuchungen der Durchgängigkeit an Rhein, Mosel, Main, Neckar, Weser, Elbe und Donau haben gezeigt, dass zwar ein großer Teil der Staustufen mit Fischaufstiegsanlagen ausgestattet ist, diese für die aufstiegswilligen Fische jedoch schwer zu finden oder zu passieren sind. Im Mai 2009 stimmten die Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau (BAW) und die Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (BfG) gemeinsam mit dem Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS heute: Bundesministerium für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur, BMVI) folgendes Rahmenkonzept für die erforderlichen Arbeiten ab: - Aufstellung fachlicher Grundlagen, insbesondere zu fischökologischen Dringlichkeiten - Fachliche Beratung der WSV sowie Schulungen - Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekte für die Erstellung eines technischen Regelwerks, und - Standardisierung der Anforderungen und Ausführung von Fischaufstiegs-, Fischschutz- und Fischabstiegsanlagen. (Text gekürzt)
This dataset contains location information, field-measured hydrological and in-situ hydrochemical parameters from stream water samples collected at 13 sampling sites along the first 3.25 km of the Wiesent karst headwater stream in northern Bavaria, Germany, from March 2023 to May 2024. Parameters include latitude, longitude, elevation, distance to the spring, stream width and depth, discharge, water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential, and dissolved oxygen.
This raw data of physical oceanography was acquired during research cruise EMB304 of 'RV Elisabeth Mann Borgese' from October 25th to November 02nd 2022. Thereby data was measured by a Seabird SBE911+ as part of a CTD-Rosette. Default onboard CTD system of EMB consists of the SBE9 with 2x SBE43 for oxygen, 2 SBE3 temperature sensors, PAR sensor, altimeter, fluorometer, turbidity meter and a down facing camera to estimate distance to the bottom. The CTD is operated with active heave compensation. Water is sampled with 13 free flow water bottles holding 10l each.
This dataset contains diel hydrological and in-situ hydrochemical measurements collected at three sites along the Wiesent karst headwater stream in northern Bavaria, Germany, between 21 and 22 August 2023. Parameters include location information, stream width and depth, discharge, water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. Measurements were conducted at 4 h intervals over a 24 h period to assess short-term hydrochemical variability along the spring-to-stream transect.
This dataset contains field parameters measured along the first 1.3 km downstream of the White Main spring in northern Bavaria, Germany, from March 2023 to April 2024. It includes sampling location and site information, stream geometry, discharge, and in-situ physicochemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and redox potential.
The here presented data time-series are connected to the publication "Environmental parameters of shallow water habitats in the SW Baltic Sea" (Franz, M. et al. 2019b). Since 2019 a number of stations were added, and, hence, new time-series started. Every year a new dataset will be published including both, old and new stations. The following abstract is revised from Franz, M. et al. (2019b): The coastal areas of the Baltic Sea represent highly variable environments. In order to record the environmental conditions in shallow water habitats of the SW Baltic Sea, a monitoring program was established. The monitoring sites are located along the Baltic Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Along the coast, 23 stations were established, where samplings for dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations are conducted. Here, twice per month, water samples are collected in a water depth of 0.5 m. The samples are analysed for the concentration of dissolved inorganic nutrients (total oxidized nitrogen, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate and silicate) by UV/VIS spectroscopy using a continuous flow analyser (type QuAAtro 30; comp. SEAL Analytical, Hamburg, Germany. The system is equipped with a SEAL XY-2 autosampler). Quality control for nutrient measurements is ensured by certified reference material (CRM) by KANSO TECHNOS CO, LTD, Osaka, Japan. Additionally, at four shallow water stations (Booknis Eck, Bülk, Behrensdorf and Katharinenhof) temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen are continuously logged at 2-3 m depth by self-contained data loggers. These are: (I) MiniDOT loggers (Precision Measurement Engineering; http://pme.com; ±10 µmol L-1 or ±5 % saturation) including antifouling copper option (copper plate and mesh) to measure dissolved oxygen concentration and (II) DST CT salinity & temperature loggers (Star-Oddi; http://star-oddi.com; ±1.5 mS cm-1) to record the conductivity. Both sensor types additionally record water temperature with an accuracy of ± 0.1 °C. The sampling interval was set to 30 minutes for all parameters. Another seven stations for continuous recordings of environmental parameters (again: temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen) with the same two types of sensors were installed at 4-6 m depth in the context to the long-term monitoring project RegLocDiv (Regional-Local-Diversity) by M. Wahl (Franz, M. et al. 2019a) and included into this data set. These stations are at: Falshoeft, Booknis Eck, Schoenberg, Westermakesdorf, Staberhuk, Kellenhusen and Salzhaff (abandoned in 2023). Since 2021, in the context of implementing a reef monitoring to fulfil obligations by the EU Habitats Directive, step-by-step, eleven further stations were installed at reefs in the Schleswig-Holstein Baltic Sea. These are at: Platengrund (14 m depth) and Mittelgrund (8 m) (both since 2021), at Walkyriengrund (9 m), Brodtener Ufer (8 m), Außenschlei (11 m), Kalkgrund (8 m), Stollergrund (7.5 m) and Flueggesand (10 m) (all since 2022), as well as at Gabelsflach (10 m), Sagasbank (8.5 m) and Stabehuk (11.5 m) (all since 2023). Again, at all of these 11 stations, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen are continuously logged by self-contained data loggers: Conductivity (and temperature) is logged by HOBO® Salt Water Conductivity/Salinity Data Logger (Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA, USA; https://www.onsetcomp.com) using the U2X protective housing to prevent fouling on the sensors. The same MiniDOT loggers (Precision Measurement Engineering) as at the above mentioned more shallow stations (including antifouling copper plate and mesh) are used to measure dissolved oxygen concentration. Dissolved oxygen concentration data measured by the MiniDOT loggers are corrected for a depth of 5 m (or 2,5 m on the shallow stations) using the software provided by the manufacturer. Additionally, a manual compensation for salinity was calculated (see details in Franz, M. et al. 2019b). Quality control was carried out by spike and gradient tests, following recommendations of SeaDataNet quality control procedures (see https://seadatanet.org/Standards/Data-Quality-Control). All data values were flagged according to applied quality checks using the following flags: 1 = Pass, 2 = Suspect, 3 = Fail, 4 = Visually suspect, 5 = Salinity compensation fail (further explanations can be found in Franz, M. et al. 2019b). The project is funded by the LfU (Landesamt für Umwelt, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany). Main responsible persons are C. Hiebenthal, C. Lieberum, F. Weinberger and R. Karez. Responsible for the nutrient analysis: N. Stärck; Responsible for taking the water samples: C. Lieberum and D. Bürger.
This dataset provides carbonate chemistry and hydrological measurements supporting the analysis of the stability of alkalinity and carbon transport potential in the Elbe Estuary, northern Germany. It includes (1) results from laboratory incubation experiments using water samples from the Elbe conducted in 2023, (2) historical water chemistry monitoring records from multiple stations, and (3) monthly flow discharge measurements from the Neu Darchau gauging station. Experimental data were collected from the experiments varying salinity and seasonal conditions, and parameters measured include pH, temperature, and total alkalinity. Major ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-) were reconstructed from stoichiometry. The saturation states of calcite and aragonite, as well as pCO2, were calculated using the phreeqpython geochemical package. Historical data, covering carbonate chemistry and major ions at several stations and over multiple years, were collected from digitized sources and FGG Elbe. Together, this dataset facilitates the investigation of long-term trends in the carbonate system and carbon transport in the land ocean transition zone of the Elbe River.
Der Südatlantik stellt für die Rolle des Nordatlantischen Tiefenwassers (NADW) in der globalen Tiefenwasserzirkulation ('convoy belt') eine Schlüsselregion dar. In dem Vorhaben soll der komplette südatlantische WOCE-Tracerdatensatz zusammen mit weiteren Daten (insbesondere US Programm SAVE) im Bereich des NADW analysiert werden mit dem Ziel, aufbauend auf dem vorliegenden Wissen die Wege und Raten des NADW vom Eintritt am Äquator bis zum Übertritt in den Antarktischen Zirkumpolarstrom weiter aufzuklären. Hierbei soll zwischen den verschiedenen Stockwerken des NADW differenziert werden. Wichtige Teilfragen sind der Austausch des Westlichen Randstroms mit den Wässern östlich hiervon bis hin zum afrikanischen Kontinentalabhang, wobei dem Mittelatlantischen Rücken vermutlich eine besondere Rolle zukommt, sowie der Grad der Rezirkulation des westlichen Randstroms. Die Untersuchung wird sich ausschließlich auf vorhandene Datensätze stützen, Feldarbeiten sind nicht vorgesehen. Ein Vergleich mit Strömungs- und Tracerfeldern eines hochauflösenden Zirkulationsmodells (C. Böning) soll die Untersuchung unterstützen und gleichzeitig den Realitätsgrad der Modellfelder überprüfen.
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