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Chronology from sediment core HZM19, Holzmaar (West-Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)

Chronology is based on Birlo et al. 2023, the Age is in calibrated years Before Present. The sediment core HZM19 was collected in 2019, from Holzmaar, West-Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany using a UWITEC Piston Corer. The sediment core was collected to reconstruct environmental and climate changes of Holzmaar for the last 16,000 years cal BP. Particularly in this data set we cover between 2450-2950 cal BP.

X-ray fluorescense (XRF) core scanning from sediment core HZM19, Holzmaar (West-Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)

XRF measurements in 0.2 to 1 mm increments with an ITRAX XRF core scanner (Cox Analytics) and Cr tube (Croudance et al. 2015, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9849-5 ). The sediment core HZM19 was collected in 2019, from Holzmaar, West-Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany using a UWITEC Piston Corer. The sediment core was collected to reconstruct environmental and climate changes of Holzmaar for the last 16,000 years cal BP. Particularly in this data set we cover between 2450-2950 cal BP.

CNS analyses from sediment core HZM19, Holzmaar (West-Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)

C, N and S analysed with a CNS elemental analyser (EuroEA, Eurovector). Biogenic silica was measured following the leaching method of Müller & Schneider (1993, doi:10.1016/0967-0637(93)90140-X). The sediment core HZM19 was collected in 2019, from Holzmaar, West-Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany using a UWITEC Piston Corer. The sediment core was collected to reconstruct environmental and climate changes of Holzmaar for the last 16,000 years cal BP. Particularly in this data set we cover between 2450-2950 cal BP.

Diatom counts from sediment core HZM19, Holzmaar (West-Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)

Diatom analyses were done following (Battarbee, 1986; Battarbee et al., 2002; doi:10.2478/s11756-019-00407-8). Including an updated list of names. The sediment core HZM19 was collected in 2019, from Holzmaar, West-Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany using a UWITEC Piston Corer. The sediment core was collected to reconstruct environmental and climate changes of Holzmaar for the last 16,000 years cal BP. Particularly in this data set we cover between 2450-2950 cal BP. An aliquot of each freeze-dried sample was processed with standard procedures (Battarbee, 1986; Battarbee et al., 2002). Only species with >=5% relative abundance in at least two samples were used for further analyses. Species acronyms are listed seperately.

Sedimentary pigments from sediment core HZM19, Holzmaar (West-Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)

Chl and Bphe were measured with ultraviolet–visible photospectrometry (UV-VIS) using combined protocols of Lami et al. (1994, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2095-3_7) and Pniewski (2020, doi:10.2478/s11756-019-00407-8). The sediment core HZM19 was collected in 2019, from Holzmaar, West-Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany using a UWITEC Piston Corer. The sediment core was collected to reconstruct environmental and climate changes of Holzmaar for the last 16,000 years cal BP. Particularly in this data set we cover between 2450-2950 cal BP.

Magnetic Susceptibility from sediment core HZM19, Holzmaar (West-Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)

Magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements in 4 mm increments with a Bartington MS2E sensor mounted to a measuring bench (Nowaczyk, 2002, doi:10.1007/0-306-47669-X_8). The sediment core HZM19 was collected in 2019, from Holzmaar, West-Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany using a UWITEC Piston Corer. The sediment core was collected to reconstruct environmental and climate changes of Holzmaar for the last 16,000 years cal BP. Particularly in this data set we cover between 2450-2950 cal BP.

Hyperspectral scanning imaging index from sediment core HZM19, Holzmaar (West-Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)

Pigments measurements (RABD671 and RABD845) were made by Specim PFD-CL-65V10E linescan camera following the methods of (Butz et al., 2015, doi:10.1117/1.JRS.9.096031), at a resolution of 60 × 60 μm. Scanning methodology and index calculations can be found in (Zander et al., 2021, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143713). The sediment core HZM19 was collected in 2019, from Holzmaar, West-Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany using a UWITEC Piston Corer. The sediment core was collected to reconstruct environmental and climate changes of Holzmaar for the last 16,000 years cal BP. Particularly in this data set we cover between 2450-2950 cal BP.

XRF logging data from Nussloch loess cores

The Nussloch Drilling Campaign (NUSS) involved drilling three loess sediment cores (85 mm in diameter) on April 21-25, 2019, on top of a loess hill at 49.31°N, 8.73°E, at an altitude of 215 m, close to the most recently described outcrop at the Nussloch reference site in Germany. Downhole logging was performed in the three drilling holes. Core S2, which has the most complete stratigraphy compared to previously published profiles, was analyzed using XRF core scanning. The name of the samples is given as NUSS for Nussloch, S2 for core S2, and C1-C11 for the subcore numbers. Depth is expressed in meters from the topsoil to the lowest level reached during drilling. The XRF data consists of the following elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, and Pb, in counts. These raw data counts are followed by the following ratios: Ca/Sr, Rb/Sr, Rb/K, Fe/Al, Fe/Mn, Si/Al, Ti/Al, Ti/Zr, Zr/Rb, and Ca/Al. Measurements were conducted every 1 cm from the top of the sub-cores. The measurements were performed with a resolution of 5mm on the AVAATECH Core Scanner at the EDYTEM laboratory in Chambéry in June 2015. This investigation aimed to conduct a comprehensive coring to acquire a sedimentary archive to ensure the preservation of this distinctive Nussloch record for future research projects.

XRF core scanning of composite sediment core BIS-2000

The data set bundle comprises geochemical, XRF core scanning and pollen data from composite sediment core BIS-2000, which was compiled from two parallel sediment cores (BIS-1 and BIS-3) obtained near Bispingen, northern Germany (53.071528°N, 9.989861°E, 82.0 m). BIS-2000 comprises Last Interglacial (Eemian) to early Last Glacial (Weichselian) palaeolake deposits, which cover the section between 15.55 and 30.68 m composite depth. The data set Bispingen BIS-2000 XRF contains results of XRF core scanning. Analyses were carried out at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany, on the section between 15.08 and 31.20 m composite depth. Split sediment core segments were scanned with an ITRAX XRF core scanner and measured intensities of silicon, calcium and titanium were used to calculate the log-ratios log(Si/Ti) and log(Ca/Ti).

XRF core-scanning data of composite sediment core ROD11 from the crater basin of Rodderberg, Germany

XRF core-scanning data characterizes the sediment composition geochemically and supports palaeoclimatic reconstruction of glacial/interglacial cycles for the Middle Pleistocene sediment record from the crater basin of Rodderberg, Germany. A 72.8 m long sediment record was recovered by means of wire-line drilling with 3 m long liners from the silted-up crater basin of Rodderberg (East Eifel Volcanic Field) in the vicinity of the city of Bonn, Germany. The composite record ROD11 was subjected to XRF core scanning with a spatial resolution of 2 mm using an ITRAX XRF core scanner, Cox Analytics with a Molybdenum X-ray tube (Croudace et al., 2019; Croudace and Rothwell, 2015). The measurements were conducted with a fixed setting of 30 kV, 40 mA, and an exposure time of 5 s. The software Q-spec (Cox Analytics) was employed for processing of the scanner output and calculation of qualitative elemental measurements in counts. Principal component analysis was then employed to reduce the data dimension and identify latent environmental control factors for the reliable set of elemental data in the normalized (clr-transformed) and standardized XRF dataset (Bertrand et al., 2024). Valued by multiple dating techniques for the past 430 ka, this terrestrial record provides an environmental reconstruction since the Middle Pleistocene.

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