Das Projekt "Role of organic matter and soil biota on first steps of soil structuring. The case of alluvial soils from alpine to plain levels: Effect of climate on coarse woody debris decay dynamics and incorporation into the soils of forested Alpine areas (DecAlp)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Osnabrück, Institut für Geographie durchgeführt. The project deals with coarse woody debris, decay processes in alpine forest soils, soil organisms, humus forms and their relation to climate in an Alpine area (Trentino, climosequences from 1000 m to about 2200 m asl, N- and S- facing slopes, natural coniferous forest). Planned activities are grouped among 3 different 'compartments': Coarse woody debris (CWD) ? Humus forms ? Soil organic matter (SOM). We have the following research questions: (i) How does climate affect coarse woody decay above and especially in the soil of alpine sites? (ii) What time scales are involved in (CWD decay as a function of climate)? How quickly is CWD integrated into SOM fractions? In which way are the decay products of CWD stabilised? (iii) What are the links between decay mechanisms and the spatial distribution of humus forms? (iv) Can the humus form serve as a proxy for the soil biota for the spatial extrapolation.
Das Projekt "European Study of Carbon in the Ocean, Biosphere and Atmosphere: ocean section" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie durchgeführt. Objective: The long-term goal of ESCOBA is to investigate, quantify, model and eventually predict the behaviour of the global carbon cycle in response to the perturbation by man and with respect to its interaction with the physical climate system on time scales of up to several hundred years. The specific objectives of ESCOBA-ocean are to better understand the oceanic processes affecting the observed north-south atmospheric concentration gradient and to assess the impact of the seasonal cycle on the uptake of CO2 by the ocean. Both a modelling approach and an experimental approach will be used. General Information: This will be achieved by further collection of data, detailed model validation, sensitivity studies, incorporation of processes that appear likely to be important regarding oceanic CO2 uptake and transport neglected in previous studies, and simplification of complex 1-D biogeochemical models and their parameter fields. In particular, the role of DOC (dissolved organic carbon) in the carbon cycle will be studied, to better understand the export production partition into particulate and dissolved organic matter (DOM), the time scales of DOM decay and the Redfield ratio of DOM. Based on time series measurements at a fixed station in the oligotrophic North Atlantic (ESTOC station) the magnitude and decay characteristics of the DOM (dissolved organic matter) pulse that is expected to be associated with the spring bloom will be established and the seasonal evolution of the Redfield ratio in isolates of DOM will be analyzed. Satellite measurements will be used to study the world ocean productivity to assess the world ocean primary production (and the carbon fixation) in conjunction with a light-photosynthesis model as well as the temporal evolution (month-by-month) and interhemispheric difference in oceanic carbon fixation and circulation within the phytoplankton compartment. The resulting carbon fixation values will be combined with the pCO2 evolution as measured at sea via diagnostic and prognostic approaches. An experimental part of this project aims at the direct determination of the seasonal cycle and yearly average of the air-sea CO2 flux in two oceanic regions, the Indian ocean and the tropical Pacific ocean. The data will provide boundary conditions on these ocean basins to the atmospheric transport model intended at interpreting the north-south concentration gradient. In situ measurements will be carried out by ships and automated drifting buoys (CARIOCA). Satellite measurements of wind speed, sea surface temperature and ocean colour will be used to deduce the air-sea CO2 flux at regional scale to improve the computing of CO2 uptake in the models. Furthermore, the links between the transfer velocity and physical, chemical and biological parameters at the ocean surface will be investigated by direct ... Prime Contractor: Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Pari VI, Laboratoire d Oceanographie Dynamique et de Climatologie; Paris; France.
Das Projekt "Sub project: Shift in the synchronisation of leaf decay processes in fragmented streams" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Universität Cottbus, Institut für Boden, Wasser, Luft, Lehrstuhl für Gewässerschutz, Forschungsstelle Bad Saarow durchgeführt. Climate change will increase dry periods and droughts, which cause both, premature leaf fall and temporary fragmentation of small streams into a series of pools. This match of low or now flow situations with litter input is likely to alter litter decay in streams. We hypothesise mismatch and special interaction between physical leaching, microbial degradation and macroinvertebrate shredding. We want to manipulate pools of summer-dry streams by exposing litter packs (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) to assess the shift of environmental parameters, leaf mass loss rates, and leaf colonisation by microbes (fungi) and shredding macroinvertebrates. Exclusion of shredders from litterbags will give information on their relative importance. Microcosm experiments in the laboratory are conducted to isolate the effect of factor combinations (temperature, leachate, oxygen) found in the field on enzymatic activities and microbial decay rates. Feeding experiments with Gammarus pulex shall test the effect of secondary leaf compounds, critical oxygen concentration and temperature on shredding. The results will be combined in a descriptive model of leaf decay and the potential shift in the synchronisation of leaf decay processes in fragmented streams.
Das Projekt "Biomass fluidised bed gasification with in situ hot gas cleaning (AER-GAS II)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg durchgeführt. Objective: The project aim is a low-cost gasification process with integrated in-situ gas cleaning for the conversion of biomass into a product gas with high hydrogen concentration, high heating value and low tar/alkali/sulphur concentration in one process step for s ubsequent power production. The proposed process uses in-situ CO2 capture (AER, Absorption Enhanced Reforming). It is more efficient than conventional gasification due to (i) the in-situ integration of the reaction heat of CO2 absorption and water-gas shif t reaction heat (both exothermic) into the gasification and (ii) the internal reforming of primary and secondary tars, which cuts off the formation of higher tars. Thus, the chemical energy of tars remains in the product gas. The product gas after dust rem oval can directly be used in a gas engine for electricity generation. Due to the low operation temperature (up to 700 C) and due to CaO-containing bed materials, the proposed process allows the use of problematic feedstocks such as biomass with high minera l and high moisture content, e.g. straw, sewage sludge, etc., leading to an increased market potential for biomass gasification processes. Screening/development of absorbent materials with high attrition stability and tar cracking properties will be carrie d out. Analysis of tar formation/decomposition process will be studied in a lab-scale fixed bed reactor and a 100 kWth circulating fluidised bed reactor (continuous mode). With the acquired data, the 8 MWth biomass plant at Guessing, Austria, will be opera ted with absorbent bed material in order to prove the feasibility of a scale-up and to assess the economical aspects of the process. In order to point out the market potential, the cost reduction of the AER technology will be quantified in comparison with the conventional gasification power plant. Expected results will be: (i) a broad knowledge of the proposed process and (ii) a low-cost technology for biomass gasification with subsequent power production.
Das Projekt "System and methods for assessing conservation state and environmental risks for outer wooden parts of cultural buildings" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Deutsches Zentrum für Handwerk und Denkmalpflege durchgeführt. Objective: Develop and validate. - Systems and methods for assessing the conservation state for the outer wooden parts of cultural buildings. - Methods for measuring 1) continuous surface time of wetness (TOW) and resulting moisture content inside wood (INWOOD), 2) integrative damage to wood. - Methods for assessing and mapping environmental risk factors and areas for wood on meso and micro scale in some locations in Europe. General Information: The system (protocol) will be synthesized from the national systems and methods that are under development in the participating countries, and will be validated by assessing a representative sample of buildings in the chosen locations in Germany, in Poland, in Norway, and in Sweden. In Germany and Poland this also include a review of ongoing restoration work at the buildings. The system will consist of a PC-based sampling protocol, including an atlas for categorising types and degrees of damages and a method for their graphical mapping on buildings, and a guiding manual for need and type of measuring methods to be used at the various levels of examination. The protocol will also contain an overview of causes and effects of damages, based on the 'best available knowledge'. Limits, benefits and appropriate application for the protocol will be reviewed. Measurement methods for moisture are based on the NILU WETCORR measuring device, where the existing gold sensor measures surface of wetness, while nail electrodes will be developed into a new sensor application, WETCORR INWOOD, for continuously measuring the uptake and distribution of moisture within wood. Integrative Measurement methods for damage will include anatomy of wood, microbiological activities and building strength ness. The assessment of environmental risk factors will be based on calculating Scheffer's climatic index for potential wood decay from existing meteorological monthly data for temperature and duration of precipitation at the chosen locations, and on measurements of selected climatic variables at one site on each location. By comparison with the WETCORR data for wetness duration and temperature, this climatic risk factors can be transformed to a WETCORR based Climatic Risk Factor (CRF) for the micro-environmental conditions at the locations and on the buildings. Prime Contractor: Norwegian Institute for Air Research; Kjeller; Norway.
Das Projekt "Sub project: Tree species effects on the release of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen from decomposing logs" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bayreuth, Fachgruppe Geowissenschaften, Bayreuther Zentrum für Ökologie und Umweltforschung (BayCEER), Lehrstuhl für Bodenökologie durchgeführt. The release of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from decomposing logs might be a significant contribution to their mass loss and an important C input to the soil underneath the logs. Here we will contribute to the BeLongDead initiative by investigating concentrations, properties and fluxes of DOM as influenced by tree species, forest management, climatic conditions and time of log exposure. Furthermore we will follow the fluxes of mineral N and establish DOM and N budgets of the logs by comparing throughfall fluxes and fluxes with runoff from the logs. The runoff water from the logs will be collected periodically at selected sites using small gutters placed underneath the logs. In total, runoff water from 120 logs will be sampled. All 13 tree species will be studied in the Hainich sites, while at Schorfheide and Schwäbische Alb sites only beech, spruce and oak logs are compared. The elemental composition of DOM (C, N), its spectroscopic properties and 13C signatures will be determined. In addition, the mineralization of DOM to CO2 by soil organisms is investigated in laboratory incubations. In cooperation with the other members of we will be able to achieve ground braking progress on the processes driving the decomposition of logs, the related DOM release and N turnover as influenced by tree species, wood properties, climate, insect and fungi invasion.
Das Projekt "BIO FLAM - Verbrennungsverhalten reiner Brennstoffe bei der Stromerzeugung" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Stuttgart, Fakultät für Energietechnik, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen durchgeführt. A promising route to achieve CO2 reduction is the use of short cycle carbon containing fuels, which can be generally classified as secondary fuels. These fuels have the thermodynamic potential to replace fossil fuels but operational and environmental problems may dramatically affect the combustion system. To focus on the problem of secondary fuel application one requires detailed in advance knowledge of the typical combustion behaviour of these fuels. The objective of this project is to provide simple, capable test methods, which give more insight in the fate of secondary fuels in a power plants. IVD's part in the project focuses on the fuel characteristics which influence the potential for high temperature corrosion, slagging, fouling and ash quality. For the utilization of secondary fuels in power plants amounts, distribution and species of the ash forming constituents are major factors which have to be considered in the assessment of the fuel quality. IVD will apply conventional and advanced methods for the characterization of the secondary fuels, and will carry out lab scale experiments to evaluate the potential of slagging, corrosion and ash utilisation.
Das Projekt "Entwicklung eines Sensormoduls zur Ozon-Messung" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fachhochschule Dortmund, Fachbereich Elektrische Energietechnik durchgeführt. Ozon wird als starkes Oxidationsmittel in der Trinkwasseraufbereitung eingesetzt, um das Wasser zu entkeimen. Im Gegensatz zum Chlorgas, das ebenfalls fuer diesen Zweck eingesetzt wird, zerfaellt das Ozon bereits nach wenigen Minuten wieder in Sauerstoff. Nachteilige Wirkungen auf den Menschen werden somit ausgeschlossen. Das erforderliche Ozon muss daher kurz vorher in einem entsprechenden Generator erzeugt werden. Um die Zudosierung in den Wasserkreislauf zu regeln, ist eine exakte Ozonmessung erforderlich. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein Absorptionsphotometer aufgebaut, das im UV-Bereich bei 254 nm arbeitet und somit im Zentrum der Ozon-Bande misst. Zur Stabilitaetsverbesserung wurde ein Zweistrahlverfahren mit interner Referenzgasfuellung (Stickstoff) gewaehlt, um die erforderliche Langzeitstabilitaet zu gewaehrleisten. Die Signalverarbeitung wurde mit einem vorhandenen myC-System (DTME10 der Sensor Devices GmbH) realisiert. Die Messergebnisse zeigten eine extrem gute Langzeitstabilitaet bei einem kleinsten Messbereich von 4g/m 3 . Fuer Regelungszwecke werden Messbereiche von bis zu 200g/m 3 gefordert, die dann mit einer entsprechend kuerzeren Kuevette realisiert werden koennen.
Das Projekt "Funktionelle Beziehungen zwischen dem Bodentierbesatz und dem Streuabbau unter dem Einfluss der Landnutzung (Acker, Wald, Grünland)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung e.V., Institut für Landschaftsstoffdynamik durchgeführt. Zielsetzung: Abschätzung des Beitrages der Bodentiere zu wichtigen Parametern des Kohlenstoffhaushaltes in verschiedenen Ökosystemen (Reduziert und konventionell bearbeiteter Acker, Grünland, Wald).
Das Projekt "Entsorgung von bestrahltem Graphit" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK), IEK-6: Nukleare Entsorgung und Reaktorsicherheit durchgeführt. Graphit und nicht vollständig graphitierter Kohlestein finden weltweit in Forschungsreaktoren, in gasgekühlten Reaktoren und in anderen graphitmoderierten Reaktoren breite Verwendung. Für den Rückbau dieser Anlagen und die Entsorgung von bestrahltem Graphit, welcher relativ hohe Gehalte an Radiokarbon (14C) und andere Aktivierungs- und Spaltprodukte (z.B. 3H, 36Cl, 79Se, 99Tc, 129I, 135Cs, 152Eu, 154Eu etc.) enthält, ist die Freisetzung dieser Radioisotope näher zu untersuchen. Um den Eintritt von Radiokarbon in die Biosphere zu minimieren, ergeben sich hohe Anforderungen an die Rückhaltung dieses Isotops. Für das Endlager KONRAD sind sowohl die Gesamtaktivität für die Einlagerung 14C-haltiger Abfälle (max. 4 E14 Bq an 14C), als auch die jährlich einlagerbare Aktivität dieses Radionuklids vergleichsweise gering. Es bedarf daher im Hinblick auf KONRAD einer belastbaren Klärung der physikalischen und chemischen Phänomene sowie einer ergänzenden Charakterisierung der einzulagernden deutschen 14C-haltigen Abfälle. Insbesondere sind die Entstehungsprozesse von 14C und weiterer Aktivierungsprodukte aufgrund unterschiedlicher Ausgangmaterialien und Bestrahlungsbedingungen sowie die Freisetzungsmechanismen unter Endlagerkonditionen abzuklären und Vorschläge für spezifische Abfallgebinde zu erarbeiten.
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