Other language confidence: 0.9755867571051972
This in situ data set of absorption coefficients by phytoplankton at the first eight Ocean Land Colour Imager (OLCI) bands (centred at 400 nm 412.5 nm, 442.5 nm, 490 nm, 510 nm, 560 nm, 620 nm, 665 nm, abbreviated as aph(400), aph(412), aph(443), aph(490), aph(510), aph(560), aph(620), and aph(665)) consists of different data sets gathered together from in situ measurements collected in open, coastal, and inland surface waters spread around the globe and covering the time from first data delivery by OLCI on S3A in May 2016 until November 2022 which were matched to Ocean Land Colour Imager on Sentinel-3A and -3B and used in the paper by Bracher et al. (2025). We only used the absorption coefficient data derived from measurements on discrete water samples to ensure a similar method procedure followed and a similar uncertainty. It includes publicly available data and newly collected, measured and analysed data sets from the Phytooptics group at the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI, PI: Astrid Bracher) and Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR, PI: Andrew C. Banks). This collection was matched that in situ data points had to fall within the 3x3 OLCI FR pixel box and a time window of + 12 hours which followed established community protocols (IOCCG 2018) and particularly EUMETSAT's OLCI matchup protocol (EUMETSAT 2022). Firstly, a pre-processing for quality control and a conversion of the considered in situ data to a common format following Valente et al. (2022) was performed. We flagged and disregarded the following data from the final quality-controlled data set which had (1) unrealistic or missing date or geographic coordinate fields, (2) poor quality (e.g., original flags) or method of observation that did not meet the criteria for the dataset (e.g., not defined in the community protocols (IOCCG 2018, 2019a, 2019b), and (3) spuriously high or low data. For the last item, the following limits were imposed: [0.0001–10] m−1 for aph(443). OLCI pixels were discarded when flagged with the recommended flags in (EUMETSAT 2022), and the remaining matchups were only considered valid if more than 50% of satellite pixels were available at remote sensing reflectance centred at band 560 nm (Rrs(560), e.g., 5 out of 9 for the 3x3 criterion) per an in situ data point, and a coefficient of variation <0.2. Dedicated matchup software developed by EUMETSAT was used to ensure that the validation process followed the established guidelines, ThoMaS (the Tool to generate Matchups of OC products with S3 OLCI https://gitlab.eumetsat.int/eumetlab/oceans/ocean-science-studies/ThoMaS). In situ data from Valente22 (see details on data sets below) were already provided at the nominal OLCI band 443 nm. All other aph(λ) data were provided in hyperspectral resolution (1nm, 2nm or around 3.3 nm resolution). Following Zibordi et al. (2023), these hyperspectral absorption coefficients were transformed to the nominal OLCI bands by averaging over the specific bandwidth. The OLCI matchup data, based on their associated RRS data at the first eight OLCI bands, were assigned to the specific optical water classes (OWCs) according to the Mélin & Vantrepotte (2015) classification. This contains 17 OWCs which range from very turbid to (OWC 1) oligotrophic to very clear waters (OWC 17). The OWC is also delivered for each matchup point (if the assignment fails the field contains "NaN". We provide also for OLCI the standard deviation of the OLCI matchup data to a in situ data point within the 3x3 pixels. For the in situ data we provide the estimate of the uncertainty for each matchup point further described in Bracher et al. (2025).
This in situ data set of absorption coefficients by coloured dissolved organic matter at band centred at 442.5 nm (aCDOM(443)), note: for brevity the band is named 443) consists of different data sets gathered together from measurements collected in open, coastal, and inland surface waters spread around the globe and covering the time from first data delivery by Ocean Land Colour Imager (OLCI) on Sentinel-3A (S3A) in May 2016 until November 2022 which were matched to OLCI on S3A and S3B and used in the paper by Bracher et al. (2025). We only used the absorption coefficient data derived from measurements on discrete water samples to ensure a similar method procedure followed and a similar uncertainty. It includes publicly available data and newly collected, measured and analysed data sets from the Phytooptics group at the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI, PI: Astrid Bracher) and Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR, PI: Andrew C. Banks). This collection was matched that in situ data points had to fall within the 3x3 OLCI FR pixel box and a time window of + 12 hours which followed established community protocols (IOCCG 2018, IOCCG 2019) and particularly EUMETSAT's OLCI matchup protocol (EUMETSAT 2022). Firstly, a pre-processing for quality control and a conversion of the considered in situ data to a common format following Valente et al. (2022) was performed. We flagged and disregarded the following data from the final quality-controlled data set which had (1) unrealistic or missing date or geographic coordinate fields, (2) poor quality (e.g., original flags) or method of observation that did not meet the criteria for the dataset (e.g., not defined in the community protocols (IOCCG 2018, 2019a), and (3) spuriously high or low data. For the last item, the following limits were imposed: [0.0001–10] m−1 for aCDOM(443). OLCI pixels were discarded when flagged with the recommended flags in (EUMETSAT 2022), and the remaining matchups were only considered valid if more than 50% of satellite pixels were available at remote sensing reflectance centred at band 560 nm (Rrs(560), e.g., 5 out of 9 for the 3x3 criterion) per an in situ data point, and a coefficient of variation <0.2. Dedicated matchup software developed by EUMETSAT was used to ensure that the validation process followed the established guidelines, ThoMaS (the Tool to generate Matchups of OC products with S3 OLCI https://gitlab.eumetsat.int/eumetlab/oceans/ocean-science-studies/ThoMaS). In situ data from AODN-2 and Lehmann22 (see description of specific datasets below) were already provided at the nominal OLCI band 443 nm. All other aCDOM(λ) data were provided in hyperspectral resolution (1nm, 2nm or around 3.3 nm resolution). Following Zibordi et al. (2023), these hyperspectral absorption coefficients were transformed to the nominal OLCI bands by averaging over the specific bandwidth. The OLCI matchup data, based on their associated RRS data at the first eight OLCI bands, were assigned to the specific optical water classes (OWCs) according to the Mélin & Vantrepotte (2015) classification. This contains 17 OWCs which range from very turbid to (OWC 1) oligotrophic to very clear waters (OWC 17). The OWC is also delivered for each matchup point (if the assignment fails the field contains "NaN". We provide also for OLCI the standard deviation of the OLCI matchup data to a in situ data point within the 3x3 pixels. For the in situ data we provide the estimate of the uncertainty for each matchup point further described in Bracher et al. (2025).
This in situ data set of absorption coefficients by non-water components at the first eight Ocean Land Colour Imager (OLCI) bands (centred at 400 nm 412.5 nm, 442.5 nm, 490 nm, 510 nm, 560 nm, 620 nm, 665 nm, abbreviated as anw(400), anw(412), anw(443), anw(490), anw(510), anw(560), anw(620), and anw(665)) consists of different data sets gathered together from measurements collected in open, coastal, and inland surface waters spread around the globe and covering the time from first data delivery by OLCI on S3A in May 2016 until November 2022 which were matched to Ocean Land Colour Imager on Sentinel-3A and -3B and used in the paper by Bracher et al. (2025). We only used coincident hyperspectral absorption coefficients by particulates and coloured dissolved organic matter or non-algal particulates, phytoplankton and coloured dissolved organic matter derived from measurements on discrete water samples to ensure a similar method procedure followed and a similar uncertainty. These coincident measurements were summed up to calculate anw(λ). The collection includes publicly available data and newly collected, measured and analysed data sets from the Phytooptics group at the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI, PI: Astrid Bracher) and Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR, PI: Andrew C. Banks). The data collection was matched that in situ data points had to fall within the 3x3 OLCI FR pixel box and a time window of + 12 hours which followed established community protocols (IOCCG 2018) and particularly EUMETSAT's OLCI matchup protocol (EUMETSAT 2022). Firstly, a pre-processing for quality control and a conversion of the considered in situ data to a common format following Valente et al. (2022) was performed. We flagged and disregarded the following data from the final quality-controlled data set which had (1) unrealistic or missing date or geographic coordinate fields, (2) poor quality (e.g., original flags) or method of observation that did not meet the criteria for the dataset (e.g., not defined in the community protocols (IOCCG 2018, 2019a, 2019b), and (3) spuriously high or low data. For the last item, the following limits were imposed: [0.0001–10] m−1 for anw(443). OLCI pixels were discarded when flagged with the recommended flags in (EUMETSAT 2022), and the remaining matchups were only considered valid if more than 50% of satellite pixels were available at remote sensing reflectance centred at band 560 nm (Rrs(560), e.g., 5 out of 9 for the 3x3 criterion) per an in situ data point, and a coefficient of variation <0.2. Dedicated matchup software developed by EUMETSAT was used to ensure that the validation process followed the established guidelines, ThoMaS (the Tool to generate Matchups of OC products with S3 OLCI https://gitlab.eumetsat.int/eumetlab/oceans/ocean-science-studies/ThoMaS). The anw(λ) data provided in hyperspectral resolution (1nm, 2nm or around 3.3 nm resolution) were transformed to the nominal OLCI bands by averaging over the specific bandwidth, following Zibordi et al. (2023). The OLCI matchup data, based on their associated RRS data at the first eight OLCI bands, were assigned to the specific optical water classes (OWCs) according to the Mélin & Vantrepotte (2015) classification. This contains 17 OWCs which range from very turbid to (OWC 1) oligotrophic to very clear waters (OWC 17). The OWC is also delivered for each matchup point (if the assignment fails the field contains "NaN". We provide also for OLCI the standard deviation of the OLCI matchup data to a in situ data point within the 3x3 pixels. For the in situ data we provide the estimate of the uncertainty for each matchup point further described in Bracher et al. (2025).
This data set of absorption coefficients by coloured detrital and dissolved organic matter at the first eight Ocean Land Colour Imager (OLCI) bands (centred at 400 nm 412.5 nm, 442.5 nm, 490 nm, 510 nm, 560 nm, 620 nm, 665 nm, abbreviated as aCDM(400), aCDM(412), aCDM(443), aCDM(490), aCDM(510), aCDM(560), aCDM(620), and aCDM(665)) consists of different data sets gathered together in situ from measurements collected in open, coastal, and inland szrface waters spread around the globe and covering the time from first data delivery by OLCI on S3A in May 2016 until November 2022 which were matched to Ocean Land Colour Imager on Sentinel-3A and -3B and used in the paper by Bracher et al. (2025). We only used coincident hyperspectral absorption coefficients by non-algal particulates and coloured dissolved organic matter derived from measurements on discrete water samples to ensure a similar method procedure followed and a similar uncertainty. These coincident measurements were summed up to calculate aCDM(λ). The collection includes the matched OLCI aCDOM products and the publicly available data and newly collected, measured and analysed data sets from the Phytooptics group at the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI, PI: Astrid Bracher) and Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR, PI: Andrew C. Banks). The data collection was matched that in situ data points had to fall within the 3x3 OLCI FR pixel box and a time window of + 12 hours which followed established community protocols (IOCCG 2018) and particularly EUMETSAT's OLCI matchup protocol (EUMETSAT 2022). Firstly, a pre-processing for quality control and a conversion of the considered in situ data to a common format following Valente et al. (2022) was performed. We flagged and disregarded the following data from the final quality-controlled data set which had (1) unrealistic or missing date or geographic coordinate fields, (2) poor quality (e.g., original flags) or method of observation that did not meet the criteria for the dataset (e.g., not defined in the community protocols (IOCCG 2018, 2019a, 2019b), and (3) spuriously high or low data. For the last item, the following limits were imposed: [0.0001–10] m−1 for aCDM(443). OLCI pixels were discarded when flagged with the recommended flags in (EUMETSAT 2022), and the remaining matchups were only considered valid if more than 50% of satellite pixels were available at remote sensing reflectance centred at band 560 nm (Rrs(560), e.g., 5 out of 9 for the 3x3 criterion) per an in situ data point, and a coefficient of variation <0.2. Dedicated matchup software developed by EUMETSAT was used to ensure that the validation process followed the established guidelines, ThoMaS (the Tool to generate Matchups of OC products with S3 OLCI https://gitlab.eumetsat.int/eumetlab/oceans/ocean-science-studies/ThoMaS). The aCDM(λ) data provided in hyperspectral resolution (1nm, 2nm or around 3.3 nm resolution) were transformed to the nominal OLCI bands by averaging over the specific bandwidth, following Zibordi et al. (2023). The OLCI matchup data, based on their associated RRS data at the first eight OLCI bands, were assigned to the specific optical water classes (OWCs) according to the Mélin & Vantrepotte (2015) classification. This contains 17 OWCs which range from very turbid to (OWC 1) oligotrophic to very clear waters (OWC 17). The OWC is also delivered for each matchup point (if the assignment fails the field contains "NaN". We provide also for OLCI the standard deviation of the OLCI matchup data to a in situ data point within the 3x3 pixels. For the in situ data we provide the estimate of the uncertainty for each matchup point further described in Bracher et al. (2025).
The effects of a phytoplankton bloom and photobleaching on colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the sea-surface microlayer (SML) and the underlying water (ULW) were studied in a month-long mesocosm study, in May and June of 2023, at the Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM) in Wilhelmshaven, Germany. The mesocosm study was conducted by the DFG research group BASS (Biogeochemical processes and Air–sea exchange in the Sea-Surface microlayer, Bibi et al., 2025) in the Sea Surface Facility (SURF) of the ICBM. The facility contains an 8 m × 1.5 m × 0.8 m large outdoor basin with a retractable roof, which was closed at night and during rain events. The basin was filled with North Sea water from the adjacent Jade Bay. Homogeneity of the ULW in the basin was achieved by constant mixing of the water column. The daily SML and ULW samples were collected alternating in the morning, about 1 h after sunrise, and in the afternoon, about 10 h after sunrise. The alternation of sampling times intended to capture a potential effect of sun-exposure duration on DOM transformations and elucidated the day and night variability of the layers. The SML was collected via glass plate sampling (Cunliffe and Wurl, 2014). The ULW was sampled via a submerged tube and a connected syringe suction system in 0.4 m depth. The removed sample volume was refilled with Jade Bay water every day. SML and ULW samples were filtered through pre-flushed 0.7 µm Whatman GF/F and 0.2 nucleopore filters into brown bottles and were stored dark and at 4 °C until measurement within weeks of the study. The brown bottles were previously combusted at 500 °C. CDOM was measured with three liquid waveguide capillary cells (LWCC, WPI, USA) of different pathlengths (10 cm, 50 cm, 250 cm) to increase the measurement sensitivity following the protocols of Röttgers et al. (2024) using a spectral detector (Avantes, Netherlands) for a total spectral range from 230 to 750 nm. A sodium chloride (NaCl) solution was used for the salinity correction. The blank-corrected absorbance spectra were then converted into Napierian absorption coefficients (Bricaud et al., 1981).
This dataset was collected during the cruise HE545 (10.11.2019 - 12.11.2019) with RV HEINCKE from Cuxhaven, Germany to Bremerhaven, Germany. It contains absorption coefficients [m-1] from water constituents in a range of 400 to 710 nm (2 nm resolution). In total, 31 samples have been taken in approx. 5 m depth. At some occasions, also other depths were sampled. The water samples were analyzed for the total absorption coefficients of water constituents (a_tot). The absorption coefficient measurements were performed with a point-source integrating-cavity absorption meter (PSICAM) with a sample volume of approx. 400 ml. The specifications of the PSICAM, relevant publications, information regarding the measurements, calibration of the instrument, and data correction are provided in a separate document. Raw data are available on request from the authors. Supplementary Information attached. Chief Scientist of HE545: Dr. Thomas Badewien / Dr. Jochen Wollschläger, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM). Work related to Coastal ocean darkening - Light availability in the past and future marine environment (COD).
This dataset was collected during the cruise HE527 (19.03.2019 - 31.03.2019) with RV HEINCKE from Bremerhaven, Germany to Bremerhaven, Germany. It contains absorption coefficients [m-1] from water constituents in a range of 400 to 710 nm (2 nm resolution). In total, 34 stations have been sampled. Where the water column was mixed, one sample was taken from approx. 5 m. In case of stratified water or chlorophyll-a maxima present, additional samples from greater depths were taken. The water samples were fractionated by filtration to investigate the absorption with respect to size classes. Thus, data from unfiltered samples are available as well as data from water that passed a 20 µm, 2 µm, and 0.2 µm filter, respectively (denoted as a_tot, a_20µm, a_2µm, and a_cdom). The absorption coefficient measurements were performed with a point-source integrating-cavity absorption meter (PSICAM) with a sample volume of approx. 400 ml. The specifications of the PSICAM, relevant publications, information regarding the measurements, calibration of the instrument, and data correction are provided in a separate document. Raw data are available on request from the authors. Supplementary Information attached. Chief Scientist of HE527: Dr. Thomas Badewien, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM). Work related to Coastal ocean darkening - Light availability in the past and future marine environment (COD).
This dataset was collected during the cruise HE516 (17.07.2018 - 16.08.2018) with RV HEINCKE from Bremerhaven, Germany to Bremerhaven, Germany. It contains absorption coefficients [m-1] from water constituents in a range of 400 to 710 nm (2 nm resolution). In total, 75 stations have been sampled. Where the water column was mixed, one sample was taken from approx. 5 m. In case of stratified water or chlorophyll-a maxima present, additional samples from greater depths were taken. The water samples were fractionated by filtration to investigate the absorption with respect to size classes. Thus, data from unfiltered samples are available as well as data from water that passed a 20 µm, 2 µm, and 0.2 µm filter, respectively (denoted as a_tot, a_20µm, a_2µm, and a_cdom). The absorption coefficient measurements were performed with a point-source integrating-cavity absorption meter (PSICAM) with a sample volume of approx. 400 ml. The specifications of the PSICAM, relevant publications, information regarding the measurements, calibration of the instrument, and data correction are provided in a separate document. Raw data are available on request from the authors. Supplementary Information attached. Chief Scientist of HE516: Dr. Bernd Krock, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research. Work related to Coastal ocean darkening - Light availability in the past and future marine environment (COD).
This dataset was collected during the cruise HE503 (22.02.2018 - 01.03.2018) with RV HEINCKE from Bremerhaven, Germany to Bremerhaven, Germany. It contains absorption coefficients [m-1] from water constituents in a range of 400 to 710 nm (2 nm resolution). In total, 24 stations have been sampled. Where the water column was mixed, one sample was taken from approx. 5 m. In case of stratified water or chlorophyll-a maxima present, additional samples from greater depths were taken. The water samples were fractionated by filtration to investigate the absorption with respect to size classes. Thus, data from unfiltered samples are available as well as data from water that passed a 20 µm, 2 µm, and 0.2 µm filter, respectively (denoted as a_tot, a_20µm, a_2µm, and a_cdom). The absorption coefficient measurements were performed with a point-source integrating-cavity absorption meter (PSICAM) with a sample volume of approx. 400 ml. The specifications of the PSICAM, relevant publications, information regarding the measurements, calibration of the instrument, and data correction are provided in a separate document. Raw data are available on request from the authors. Chief Scientist of HE503: Dr. Thomas H. Badewien / Dr. Jochen Wollschläger , Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM) Work related to Coastal ocean darkening - Light availability in the past and future marine environment (COD)
This dataset was collected during the cruise HE491 (08.07.2017 - 25.07.2017) with RV HEINCKE from Bremerhaven, Germany to Trondheim, Norway. It contains absorption coefficients [m-1] from water constituents in a range of 400 to 710 nm (2 nm resolution). In total, 23 stations have been sampled. Where the water column was mixed, one sample was taken from approx. 5 m per station. In case of stratified water or chlorophyll-a maxima present, additional samples from greater depths were taken. The water samples were fractionated by filtration to investigate the absorption with respect to size classes. Thus, data from unfiltered samples are available as well as data from water that passed a 20 µm, 2 µm, and 0.2 µm filter, respectively (denoted as a_tot, a_20µm, a_2µm, and a_cdom). The absorption coefficient measurements were performed with a point-source integrating-cavity absorption meter (PSICAM) with a sample volume of approx. 400 ml. The specifications of the PSICAM, relevant publications, information regarding the measurements, calibration of the instrument, and data correction are provided in a separate document. Raw data are available on request from the authors. Supplementary Information attached. Chief Scientist of HE491: Prof. Dr. Oliver Wurl, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM). Work was done in cooperation with the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research (HZG). Work related to Next generation, Cost-effective, Compact, Multifunctional Web Enabled Ocean Sensor Systems Empowering Marine, Maritime and Fisheries Management (NeXOS).
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