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This dataset provides the surface velocity fields derived with MatPIV (open-source Matlab toolbox for Particle Image Velocimetry; Sveen 2004) of three seismotectonic analog models (e.g., Rosenau et al., 2017) performed to investigate the role of geometry and friction of a single subducting seamount on the seismogenic behavior of the megathrust. Model 1 has a seamount covered by sandpaper (i.e., high friction) that is placed at 1/2 of the trench-parallel length of the seismogenic zone. Model 3 has the same geometry of model 1, but the seamount is in direct contact with the gelatin (i.e., not covered by sandpaper, hence low friction). Model 5 has a low friction patch (i.e., no geometry) that is placed again at 1/2 of the trench-parallel length of the seismogenic zone. Together with the surface velocity fields, we also provide Matlab scripts for visualization. A more detailed description of the experimental setup, configuration of the models and materials can be found in Menichelli et al. (submitted), to which this dataset is supplementary. Our seismotectonic models represent a downscaled subduction zone (1 cm in the model corresponds to 6.4 km in nature; Rosenau et al., 2017). The experimental setup consists of a 60 x 34 cm2 Plexiglass box with a 10°-dipping aluminum basal plate that moves downward with a constant velocity of 0.01 cm/s, analog of the subducting plate. The overriding plate is represented by an elastic wedge of 2.5 wt% pigskin gelatin at T = 10 °C (Di Giuseppe et al., 2009). The seismogenic zone of the megathrust is simulated using a rectangular sandpaper patch (Corbi et al., 2013), with a downdip width of 16 cm and located 31 and 47 cm from the backstop. This corresponds to a 100-km-wide seismogenic zone extending over a depth interval between 15 and 34 km. The updip and down dip aseismic regions of the megathrust are simulated by plastic sheets that are fixed on the setup frame and not subject to subduction (Corbi et al., 2013). A 3D-printed PLA seamount is placed on the seismogenic zone (e.g., Van Rijsingen et al., 2019). The seamount has a height of 6.28 mm and a diagonal length of 94 mm, corresponding to 4 km and 60 km in nature, respectively. These dimensions scale well-known seamounts, such as the Joban Seamount chain in the Japan Trench or the Louisville seamount chain in the Tonga-Kermadec Trench. Experiments were monitored with a CCD camera that acquired a sequence of high-resolution top-view images (1600 x 1200 pixels2, 8 bit, 256 gray levels) at 7.5 fps for the entire duration of the experiment (i.e., ca. 24 minutes). Images are processed with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV; Adam et al., 2005) using the open-source Matlab toolbox MatPIV (Sveen, 2004). MatPIV provides the velocity field between two consecutive frames, measured at the surface of the model. The velocity field was then used as input to identify analog seismic events using the open-source Matlab function findpeak. The threshold used was 0.1 cm/s. Once earthquakes were identified, we derived their source parameters such as seismic slip, magnitude, and recurrence time following Corbi et al. (2017) and van Rijsingen et al. (2019).
This data set contains various data derived from rock and rock analogue testing and analogue models which are presented in Rosenau et al. (2016) to which these data are supplement to..A first group of data contains animations of complementary analogue and numerical models of subduction zone earthquake cycles (A). A second group comprises analogue earthquake data and time series of surface deformation derived from scale models of subduction zone earthquake cycles (B). A third group consist of time series of stick-slip experiments using a ring shear tester (C). Finally, friction data both from rocks and rock analogue materials (D) as well as elasticity data from rock analogues are presented (E).See the Description of data and the List of files in the Data Download section for additional data description.
This data set includes the results of high-resolution digital image correlation (DIC) analysis and digital elevation models (DEM) applied to analogue modelling experiments (Table 1). Six generic analogue models are extended on top of a rubber sheet. In Series A, as extension velocity increases, the initial biaxial plane strain condition evolves into triaxial constrictional or intermediate strain. Models A1 and A2 are two-phase models and Model A3 is a three-phase model. Conversely, in Series B, as extension velocity decreases, the model starts with triaxial constrictional strain and ends up with biaxial plane or intermediate triaxial strain. Models B1and B2 are two-phase models and Model B3 is a three-phase model. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Liu et al. (2025) to which this data set is supplement. The data presented here are visualized as topography, the horizontal cumulative surface strain, and incremental profiles.
This dataset presents the raw data of an experimental series of analogue models performed to investigate the influence of inherited brittle fabrics on narrow continental rifting. This model series was performed to test the influence of brittle pre-existing fabrics on the rifting deformation by cutting the brittle layer at different orientations with respect to the extension direction. An overview of the experimental series is shown in Table 1. In this dataset we provide four different types of data, that can serve as supporting material and for further analysis: 1) The top-view photos, taken at different steps and showing the deformation process of each model; they can be used to interpret the geometrical characteristics of rift-related faults; 2) Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) used to reconstruct the 3D deformation of the performed analogue models, allowing for quantitative analysis of the fault pattern. 3) Short movies built from top-view photos which help to visualize the evolution of model deformation; 4) line-drawing of fault and fracture patters to be used for fault statistical quantification. Further details on the modelling strategy and setup can be found in Corti (2012), Maestrelli et al. (2020), Molnar et al. (2020), Philippon et al. (2015), Zwaan et al. (2021) and in the publication associated with this dataset. Materials used for these analogue models were described in Montanari et al. (2017) Del Ventisette et al. (2019) and Zwaan et al. (2020).
This dataset is supplementary to the article of Ritter et al. (2017). In this article, a new experimental device is presented that facilitates precise measurements of boundary forces and surface deformation at high temporal and spatial resolution. This supplementary dataset contains the measurement data from two experiments carried out in this new experimental device: one experiment of an accretionary critical wedge and one of Riedel-type strike-slip deformation. For a detailed description of the set-up and an analysis of the data, please see Ritter et al. (2017).The data available for either experiment are:• A video showing deformation in top view together with the evolution of boundary force. This file is in AVI-format.• A time-series of 2D vector fields describing the surface deformation. These vector fields were obtained from top-view video images of the respective experiment by means of digital image correlation (DIC). Each vector field is contained in a separate file; the files are consecutively numbered. The vector fields are stored in *.mat-files that can be opened using e.g. the software Matlab or the freely available GNU Octave. They take the form of Matlab structure arrays and are compatible to the PIVmat-toolbox by Moisy (2016) that is freely available. The most important fields of the structure are: x and y, that are vectors spanning a coordinate system, and vx and vy, which are arrays containing the actual vector components in x- and y-direction, respectively.• A file containing the measurements of the boundary force applied to drive deformation. This file is also a *.mat-file, containing a structure F with fields force, velocity and position. These fields are vectors describing the force applied by the indenter, the indenter velocity and the indenter position
The dataset includes movies of 29 analogue experiments performed to investigate the effects on dike propagation by the following imposed parameters: density ratio between host-rock and magma analogues, rigidity layering and density layering of the host medium, flow rate and topography. The purpose of the experiments is to define a hierarchy of all the parameters considered, by varying systematically each of them, comparing semi-quantitatively the variations on dike geometry and velocity.Experimental setupThe experimental set-up consists of a 33 × 58 × 38.5 cm3 Plexiglas box and a peristaltic pump that injects water (magma analogue) into pig-skin gelatin (crustal analogue) alternatively from the bottom (Set 1) and the side of the box (Set 2).The gelatin rheological properties are varied by mixing different concentrations of gelatin powder and NaCl. We refer to “rigidity layering” when the rigidity ratio (i.e. Young’s Modulus) between the upper and lower layer (Eu/El) is < or > 1, and to “density layering” when Eu/El ~ 1, but the two layers show different densities (i.e. the ratio between the density of the upper and lower layer, ρU/ρL). The experiments with topography are prepared by imposing a mold with gently inward dipping flanks (2.4° and 3.7°) on the opposite sides of the box separated by a 8 cm wide horizontal plain on the gelatin surface.This configuration simulates the 2-D along-strike topography of the 2014 Bardarbunga intrusion (Iceland) and allows investigating the role of two opposite slopes on dike propagation. The topography profile dips parallel to the long side of the Plexiglas box (x axis in Figure 1 of Urbani et al. 2018). The flow rate has been changed between 0.079 and 0.435 ml/s. For the details about the model set-up, experimental results and interpretation refer to Urbani et al. (2018).The time-lapse movies show the time evolution of the dike shape, in side and map view, of 29 out of 33 models presented in Urbani et al. (2018). It is recommended to open the films with the VLC media player. The time-lapse of each experiment is indicated in the bottom left corner.A full list of files is given in “Experiments_Summary_2018-012.pdf” in which Set 1 (bottom injection) and Set 2 (lateral injection) experiments are indicated in red and blue color respectively. The same file also provides a summary of the boundary conditions imposed in each experiment. Tu and Tl indicate the thickness of the upper and lower layer respectively.
This data set includes digital image correlation data from analog earthquakes experiments. The data consists of grids of surface strain and time series of surface displacement (horizontal and vertical) and strain. The data have been derived using a stereo camera setup and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Detailed descriptions of the experiments and results regarding the surface pattern of the strain can be found in Kosari et al. (2022), to which this data set is supplementary. We use an analog seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2019 and 2017) to generate a catalog of analog megathrust earthquakes (Table 1). The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019) and Kosari et al. ( 2020). The subduction forearc model wedge is set up in a glass-sided box (1000 mm across strike, 800mm along strike, and 300 mm deep) with a dipping, elastic basal conveyor belt and a rigid backwall. An elastoplastic sand-rubber mixture (50 vol.% quartz sandG12: 50 vol.% EPDM rubber) is sieved into the setup representing a 240 km long forearc segment from the trench to the volcanic arc. The shallow part of the wedge includes a basal layer of sticky rice grains characterized by unstable stick-slip sliding representing the seismogenic zone. Stick-slip sliding in rice is governed by a rate-and-state dependent friction law similar to natural rocks. According to Coulomb wedge theory (Dahlen et al., 1984), two types of wedge configurations have been designed: a “compressional” configuration represents an interseismically compressional and coseismically stable wedge (compressional configuration), and a “critical” configuration, which is interseismically stable (close to critically compressional) and may reach a critical extensional state coseismically (critical configuration). In the compressional configuration, a flat-top (surface slope α=0) wedge overlies a single large rectangular in map view stick-slip patch (Width*Length=200*800 mm) over a 15-degree dipping basal thrust. In the critical configuration, the surface angle of the elastoplastic wedge varies from the coastal segment onshore (α=10) to the inner-wedge offshore (α=15) segments over a 5-degree dipping basal thrust. Slow continuous compression of the wedge by moving the basal conveyor belt at a speed velocity of 0.05 mm/s simulates plate convergence and results in the quasi-periodic nucleation of quasi-periodic stick-slip events (analog earthquakes) within the rice layer. The wedge responds elastically to these basal slip events, similar to crustal rebound during natural subduction megathrust earthquakes.
This dataset is supplementary material to the article of Ritter et al. (2017). In this article, the similarity of fault propagation work in analogue sandbox experiments to natural fault networks is investigated through measurements in a strike-slip sandbox and in a ring-shear-tester. The transient shear strength of the samples is measured for different fault lengths and from this the work is determined. For a detailed description of the procedure and the set-up please see Ritter et al. (2017).The data available in this supplementary publication are:• For the strike-slip experiments three video sequences of the deformation together with the evolution of boundary force for fault lengths of 20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm. The videos show the curl of the deformation field, determined by Digital Image Correlation of top-view video images. These files are in AVI-format and included in the zip folder 2017-005-Ritter-movies.zip.• A folder containing force vs. displacement measurements for each experiment (2017-005-Ritter-forces.zip). These are 25 ASCII-files that contain two columns of numerical data: the first column is the displacement in meter; the second column is the corresponding force in newton. The files are named according to the following pattern: <fault length in meter>_<experiment number>.asc• A Matlab script to load the force files and calculate the work. This file is called “plotwork.m” and calls the Matlab function “work.m”, which does the actual calculations. These files have been tested in Matlab version 2012b.The surface deformation data are available upon request.
We present videos and figures from 22 scaled analogue models used to investigate the interactions between a density anomaly rising in the mantle and the lithosphere in a Newtonian system.The experimental setup consists of a two layers viscous lithosphere-upper mantle system obtained by using silicone putty-glucose syrup in a tank sized 40 cm × 40 cm× 50 cm. Glucose syrup (i.e., mantle) is a Newtonian, low viscosity, high-density fluid while silicone putty (i.e., lithosphere) is a visco-elastic material that behaves in a quasi-Newtonian fashion. The mantle upwelling (i.e., plume head) is produced by a high viscosity, low-density silicone sphere with a constant radius (15 mm) rising through the mantle at an average rise velocity of ~2.6 mm/s. A side-view camera images the ascending path of the sphere, allowing to track the sphere location and compute its velocity. A top-view, 3-D scanner records the evolution of topography from which the lithospheric uplift rate is inferred. All details about the model set-up, modeling results and interpretation are detailed in Sembroni et al. (2017).The additional material presented in this publication includes 2 tables, 5 figures, and 23 time-lapse movie. The rheological properties of materials used in each model are listed in Table 1.Table 2 is an excel file where the raw data of the models are specified (i.e., bulge width, topography, and uplift rate). Such data have been obtained by the 3-D scanner and then processed by a MATLAB code.Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 represent the 2-D topography evolution of the bulge in each experiment. Images have been grouped by considering the different experimental setups (i.e., homogeneous continental lithosphere - Figure 1, homogeneous oceanic lithosphere - Figure 2, low viscous decoupling layer - Figure 3, intermediate viscous decoupling layer - Figure 4, high viscous decoupling layer - Figure 5). Such figures consist of topographic profiles extracted from the surface obtained by the 3-D scanner in four different time steps (red numbers in the figures). 22 side-view videos (from Movie 1 to Movie 22) show the progress of the models from the releasing to the impingement of the sphere beneath the plate. The velocity of the video has been accelerated by a factor of 7.While, the first 22 movies show the evolution of the experiments, Movie 23 shows the mantle convective flow associated to the ascending path of the mantle upwelling. Such flow has been detected by tracking the bubbles inside the syrup. In this model, no lithosphere has been placed on top of the syrup.
This dataset contains 11 top view photographs of fault pattern in sand surfaces from a series of analogue tectonic experiments run to investigate the interaction between faults and volcanic features in areas characterized by pure extension, such as in rift areas (de-Matteo_2018-004_datasets.zip: Fig 02 – Fig 12). Additionally, a figure with a sketch of the experimental setup is provided (Fig 01), a file describing experimental settings for analogue experiments (Table 1.pdf) and a file with figure captions (Figure captions.pdf). This dataset is supplementary to De Matteo et al. (2018), discussing if and how the presence of a volcanic edifice and/or of an intrusive body (i.e. a magmatic chamber) perturbs the local stress field, influencing the magnitude and the attitude of a fault pattern, in a rift zone.Models had dimensions of 40 x 30 x 5 cm. They were built on a metal table confined by two border walls normal to the extension direction: one of them (fixed wall) was fastened to the table and the other one (mobile wall) was connected to an electrical stepped motor (Fig 01). Models had a common set up consisting of a uniform 3 cm-thick brittle layer, made up of sand settled on a basal ~1.5 cm-thick rubber sheet, made of nitrile rubber, fixed to both walls. The sand was a mixture of dry quartz-sand mixed with K-Feldspar powder (70/30% in weight). The mixture had a grain size <250 µm, an angle of internal friction of ~39°, a cohesion of ~65 Pa and a density of ~1550 kg/m3. In some experiments a small cylindrical pocket of fluid material (1 cm thick and with variable diameter) was introduced in the brittle layer, 1 cm above the surface, to simulate an intrusive body. The fluid material was composed by a different Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), with density of ~1100 kg/m3 and viscosity of ~ 700 Pa s (Corti et al., 2005). In some experiments volcanic edifices were introduced, modeled with the sand mixture also used for the brittle layer.The model parameters that have been changed were the presence or not of a volcanic edifice and/or of an intrusive body, the diameters of both the volcano and the intrusive body, the height of the volcano and the depth of the intrusive body. For details of experimental setups see table 1.The stretching of the basal rubber sheet, imposed by using a pure and simple shear deformation apparatus, allowed inducing a progressive, diffuse extension to models.The displacement velocity has been varied from 2 to 10 cm/h since -being purely brittle models- the scaling velocity in not relevant. Experiments were performed at the Laboratorie Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise Pascal (Clermont-Ferrand, France) and at the Tectonic Modeling Laboratory of the CNR-IGG hosted at the Earth Science Department of the University of Florence (Italy).
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