Die Gesamtfilterwirkung ist ein Kennwert zur Bewertung des Bodens als Filter für sorbierbare Stoffe und wird über das mechanische und physiko-chemische Filtervermögen bewertet. Unter sorbierbare Stoffe fallen insbesondere Stoffgruppen wie die Kationen der Nährstoffe, Schwermetalle und Organika, die entweder im Bodenwasser gelöst sind oder an kleinen Partikeln haften bzw. selbst in Partikelform vorliegen. In gelöster Form werden die genannten Stoffe an den Austauschern (Bodenmaterial) gebunden und so der Bodenlösung entzogen. In Partikelform werden sie im Boden gefiltert, wenn sie aufgrund mechanischer Hindernisse, wie z. B. am Ende von Wurmröhren, mit dem Sickerwasser nicht mehr weiter transportiert werden können. Die Gesamtfilterwirkung kann in Abhängigkeit von der Kationenaustauschkapazität und der Luftkapazität geschätzt werden. Das Schätzergebnis besteht aus insgesamt 11 Stufen, von denen in Schleswig-Holstein nur 8 relevant sind. Je höher die Stufe ist, desto höher ist die Gesamtfilterwirkung. Sie ist in feinkörnigem Bodenmaterial mit geringer Luftkapazität am größten, wie z. B. in der Marsch und im Östlichen Hügelland, und in grobkörnigem Bodenmaterial mit hoher Luftkapazität am geringsten, wie z. B. in der Vorgeest. Mit der Gesamtfilterwirkung wird eine natürliche Bodenfunktionen nach § 2 Abs. 2 BBodSchG bewertet und zwar nach Punkt 1.c) als Abbau-, Ausgleichs- und Aufbaumedium für stoffliche Einwirkungen auf Grund der Filter-, Puffer- und Stoffumwandlungseigenschaften, insbesondere auch zum Schutz des Grundwassers. Das hierfür gewählte Kriterium ist das mechanische und physiko-chemische Filtervermögen des Bodens mit dem Kennwert Gesamtfilterwirkung. Die Karten liegen für die folgenden Maßstabsebenen vor: - 1 : 1.000 - 10.000 für hochaufgelöste oder parzellenscharfe Planung, - 1 : 10.001 - 35.000 für Planungen auf Gemeindeebene, - 1 : 35.001 - 100.000 für Planungen in größeren Regionen, - 1 : 100.001 - 350.000 für landesweit differenzierte Planung, - 1 : 350.001 - 1000.000 für landesweite bis bundesweite Planung.
Das Projekt "Isotopic - Exchange at Critical Landscape Interfaces (H-01)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuther Zentrum für Ökologie und Umweltforschung (BayCEER), Labor für Isotopen-Biogeochemie durchgeführt.
Das Projekt "Contribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi to the formation and mobilization of soil organic matter (SOM)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Department Umweltmikrobiologie durchgeführt. In forest ecosystems ectomycorrhizal fungi are responsible for the mobilization of mineral nutrients from soil organic matter (SOM) resulting in a marked increase in productivity of their symbiotic host plants. In return the fungi obtain a significant amount of photosynthetic products from these plants, allowing the formation of an extensive hyphal system. These hyphae constitute a major part of soil biomass and, ultimately, a major source for SOM formation. While plant-fungal nutrient exchange has been analyzed extensively, this proposal is focused on the fungal contribution to SOM formation and on the processes leading to the acquisition of nutrients by the fungi. These two processes will be studied separately and in a quantitative way using isotopic labeling in soil bioreactors. Analysis of the fate of 13C labeled fungal material (Laccaria bicolor) in soil bioreactors will tell how fast and to what extent the various fractions of hyphal biomass are transformed into non-living SOM. As potential molecular or structural markers for SOM formation from fungal hyphae we will analyze characteristic remnants of fungal hyphae in SOM using scanning electron microscopy, DNAfragments using a PCR approach for the fungal rRNA internal transcribed spacerregions and biochemical markers like fatty acids and ergosterol. The impact of ectomycorrhizal mycelia supported by Pinus sylvestris plantlets on 13C- and 15N-labeled SOM and on microbial biomass will be analyzed in separate soil bioreactor experiments.
Das Projekt "Aging of engineered inorganic nanoparticles in surface waters" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Institut für Umweltwissenschaften durchgeführt. When released into surface waters, engineered inorganic nanoparticles (EINP) can be subject to multiple transformations. The objectives of MASK are to understand under which conditions EINP in aquatic systems will attach to suspended matter, under which conditions and in which time scale EINP are coated by NOM present in freshwater systems, how these coated colloidal particles are stabilized in the aquatic system and to which extent the aquatic aging processes are reversible. Homo-aggregation, coating changes, biological interactions and hetero-aggregation are hypothesized as key processes governing EINP aging in water bodies. In process orientated laboratory incubation experiments (50 ml to 6 l) with increasing complexity, MASK unravels the relevance and the interplay of inorganic colloids, aquagenic and pedogenic organic matter and solution physicochemistry for stability of EINP. These systems will successively approach situations in real waters. MASK thus provides information on EINP fluxes in the aquatic compartment, their time scales, reversibility and relative relevance. EINP will be analysed by standard light scattering techniques, ICP-MS, ESEM/EDX, WetSTEM and AFM. A method coupling hydrodynamic radius chromatography (HDC) with ICPMS recently developed by K. Tiede for nAg0 will be optimized and developed for further EINP analysis, MASK is further responsible for the virtual subproject ANALYSIS, the development and optimization of joint research unit methods of EINP analysis, sample preparation and sample storage, the exchange of methods and coordinates the joint analyses and the central EINP database.
Das Projekt "Development and risk assessment of transgenic environmentally-friendly insect pest control methods for fruit flies and mosquitoes" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Gießen, Institut für Phytopathologie und Angewandte Zoologie, Abteilung Angewandte Entomologie durchgeführt. Various species of pest insects cause substantial damage to agriculture every year, or transmit deadly diseases to animals and humans. A successful strategy to control pest insect populations is based on the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), which uses the release of mass-reared, radiation sterilized male insects to cause infertile matings and thus reduce the pest population level. However, irradiation is not applicable to every insect species. Thus, new strategies based on genetic modifications of pest insects have been developed or are currently under investigation.The goal of the proposed research is to improve the development and ecological safety of genetically engineered (GE) insects created for enhanced biological control programs, including the SIT and new strategies based on conditional lethality. A major concern for GE insect release programs is transgene stability, and maintenance of their consistent expression. Transgene loss or intra-genomic movement could result in loss of strain attributes, and may ultimately lead to interspecies movement resulting in ecological risks. To address potential transgene instability, a new transposon vector that allows post-integration immobilization will be tested in the Mediterranean, Mexican and Oriental fruit fly tephritid pest species. In addition, the system will be established in the mosquito species Aedes and Anopheles - carriers of dengue and malaria.Random genomic insertion is also problematic for GE strain development due to genomic position effects that suppress transgene expression, and insertional mutations that negatively affect host fitness and viability. Diminished transgene expression could result in the unintended survival of conditional lethal individuals, or the inability to identify them. To target transgene vectors to defined genomic insertion sites having minimal negative effects on gene expression and host fitness, a recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) strategy will be developed that. RMCE will also allow for stabilization of the target site, will be tested in tephritid and mosquito species, and will aid to the development of stabilized target-site strains for conditional lethal biocontrol. This will include a molecular and organismal evaluation of an RNAi-based lethality approach. Lethality based on an RNAi mechanism in the proposed insects would increase the species specificity and having multiple targets for lethality versus one target in existing systems. By seeking to improve transgene expressivity and stabilization of transposon-based vector systems, this proposal specifically addresses issues related to new GE insects by reducing their unintended spread after field release, and by limiting the possibilities for transgene introgression.
Das Projekt "Quantification of small-scale physicochemical properties of intact macropore surfaces in structured soils" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF) e.V., Institut für Bodenlandschaftsforschung durchgeführt. In structured soils, the interaction of percolating water and reactive solutes with the soil matrix is mostly restricted to the surfaces of preferential flow paths. Flow paths, i.e., macropores, are formed by worm burrows, decayed root channels, cracks, and inter-aggregate spaces. While biopores are covered by earthworm casts and mucilage or by root residues, aggregates and cracks are often coated by soil organic matter (SOM), oxides, and clay minerals especially in the clay illuviation horizons of Luvisols. The SOM as well as the clay mineral composition and concentration strongly determine the wettability and sorption capacity of the coatings and thus control water and solute movement as well as the mass exchange between the preferential flow paths and the soil matrix. The objective of this proposal is the quantitative description of the small-scale distribution of physicochemical properties of intact structural surfaces and flow path surfaces and of their distribution in the soil volume. Samples of Bt horizons of Luvisols from Loess will be compared with those from glacial till. At intact structural surfaces prepared from soil clods, the spatial distribution (mm-scale) of SOM and clay mineral composition will be characterized with DRIFT (Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform) spectroscopy using a self-developed mapping technique. For samples manually separated from coated surfaces and biopore walls, the contents of organic carbon (Corg) and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) will be analyzed and related to the intensities of specific signals in DRIFT spectra using Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) analysis. The signal intensities of the DRIFT mapping spectra will be used to quantify the spatial distribution of Corg and CEC at these structural surfaces. The DRIFT mapping data will also be used for qualitatively characterizing the small scale distribution of the recalcitrance, humification, and microbial activity of the SOM from structural surfaces. The clay mineral composition of defined surface regions will be characterized by combining DRIFT spectroscopic with X-ray diffractometric analysis of manually separated samples. Subsequently, the spatial distribution of the clay mineral composition at structural surfaces will be determined from the intensities of clay mineral-specific signals in the DRIFT mapping spectra and exemplarily compared to scanning electron microscopic and infrared microscopic analysis of thin sections and thin polished micro-sections. The three-dimensional spatial distribution of the total structural surfaces in the volume of the Bt horizons will be quantified using X-ray computed tomography (CT) analysis of soil cores. The active preferential flow paths will be visualized and quantified by field tracer experiments. These CT and tracer data will be used to transfer the properties of the structural surfaces characterized by DRIFT mapping onto the active preferential flow paths in the Bt horizons.
Das Projekt "Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests in Yunnan (German-Chinese Cooperation for Agrarian Research)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hamburg, Arbeitsbereich für Weltforstwirtschaft und Institut für Weltforstwirtschaft des Friedrich-Löffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit durchgeführt. Background: An increasing frequency of massive flooding along the lower Yangtse River in China ended in a disastrous catastrophe in summer 1998 leaving several thousand people homeless, more than 3.600 dead and causing enormous economic damage. Inappropriate land-use techniques and large scale timber felling in the water catchment of the upper Yangtse and its feeder streams were stated to be the main causes. Immediate timber cutting bans were imposed and investigations on land use patterns were initiated by the Chinese Government. The Institute for World Forestry of the Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products was approached by the Yunnan Academy of Forestry in Kunming to exchange experiences and to cooperate scientifically in the design and application of appropriate afforestation and silvicultural management techniques in the water catchment area of the Yangtse. This cooperation was initiated in 1999 and is based on formal agreements in the fields of agrarian research between the German and Chinese Governments. Objectives: The cooperation was in the first step focussing on the identification of factors which caused the enormous floodings. After their identification measures of prevention were determined and put into practice. In this context experiences made in past centuries in the alpine region of central Europe served as an incentive and example for similar environmental problems and solutions under comparable conditions. Relevant key questions of the cooperation project were: - Analysis of forest related factors influencing the recent floodings of the Yangtse, - Analysis and evaluation of silvicultural management experiences from central Europe for know-how transfer, - Evaluation of rehabilitation measures for successful application in Yunnan, - Dissemination of knowledge through vocational training. Results: - Frequent wild grazing of husbandry is a key factor for forest degeneration beyond unsustainable timber harvests, forest fires and insect calamities leading to increased water run-off in the mountainous region of Yunnan; - Browsing of cattle interrupts succession thus avoiding natural regeneration and leaving a logging ban ineffective; - Mountain pasture in the Alps had similar effects in the past in central Europe. The introduction of controlled grazing has led to an ecologically compatible coexistence of pasture and ecology. Close-to-nature forestry can have positive effects in this sensitive environment. - Afforestation with site adopted broadleaves and coniferous tree species was implemented on demonstration level using advanced techniques in Yunnan.
Das Projekt "ICON Coordination: Logistics, Information Management and Regional Development Pathways" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Gießen, Institut für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Bereich Tierökologie und Spezielle Biologie durchgeführt. SP0 is conceived for coordination of the ICON research, for internal and external scientific exchange as well as for investigating development pathways of land use on the Philippines. The SP0 team will supervise the project activities as a whole, including reporting and final synthesis. It will design the ICON homepage, establish and maintain a web-based database and present the project and its results in scientific forums and public media. It will organize collaboration and scientific exchange with international networks dealing with atmospheric processes, global carbon, nitrogen, water and energy cycles, and long-term ecological research. Specifically, SP0 is devoted to ensuring a sound integration of the ICON project within the scientific communities of Germany and SE Asia. Supported by the ICON local research coordinator based at and employed by IRRI, it will coordinate with the IRRI farm management to assist other ICON subprojects with field setup, routine data collection and technical backstopping.
Das Projekt "3D tomography for SCIAMACHY limb and nadir measurements: retrieval of stratospheric NO2, BrO and OClO profiles and their application for the investigation of stratospheric chemistry" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (Otto-Hahn-Institut) durchgeführt. Satellite measurements strongly contribute to the understanding of the processes related to stratospheric ozone loss, e.g. by global and long term monitoring of ozone and its depleting substances. For instance, measurements performed in limb geometry by SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT largely improved the knowledge about the vertical distribution of species like BrO and OClO only recently. However, there are still important open questions, like e.g. the chlorine activation processes on different kinds of aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds. Also, the role of very short lived species in the stratospheric bromine budget or the effects of a possible enhancement of the Brewer-Dobson circulation are not fully understood.Globally, the vertical distribution of ozone depleting species varies significantly in space and time due to solar illumination, atmospheric chemistry and transport. Especially strong gradients occur near the twilight zone or across stratospheric transport barriers (polar vortex boundary, subtropical transport barriers). These regions are of particular importance for chemistry and transport of the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, since they separate air masses on large scales but also enable exchange between them.Standard 1-D profile retrievals, which assume horizontal homogeneity, result in large systematic biases due to neglecting the effect of horizontal gradients on the measurement. We propose to develop, improve and apply a tomographic profile retrieval algorithm, which optimally combines the information provided by the SCIAMACHY limb and nadir measurements. An improved global dataset of 3D stratospheric profiles for NO2, BrO and OClO for the 10 years of the SCIAMACHY mission (2002-2012) will be developed, compared to atmospheric chemistry simulations and applied to selected questions of atmospheric science. The dataset developed in this project will be very useful for investigating the complex interplay of stratospheric chemistry and transport processes, and will help to reduce the uncertainties in the distribution of ozone depleting species, in particular for regions with large horizontal inhomogeneity.
Das Projekt "Understanding Pelagic Redoxcline Processes in the Baltic Sea (REDOX); Impact of lateral intrusions and mixing on the biogeochemistry and microbiology of pelagic redoxclines" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung durchgeführt. In coastal and marginal seas with stable stratification and reduced water exchange, hypoxic deep-water conditions are a frequently observed phenomenon. The so-called redoxcline, developing under such conditions at the top of the anoxic layer, is characterized by strong biogeochemical gradients, which are the location of some important microbially mediated element transformations. Here, our project hypothesis is that the rapid and intermittent modification of the local biogeochemical and microbiological conditions associated with lateral intrusions, in particular due to turbulent mixing between intrusions and ambient waters, constitutes an essential component of the redoxcline system. We plan to study this link between hydrography, turbulent mixing, biogeochemical processes, and microbial activities, taking the central Baltic Sea with its well-defined redoxcline as an example. A recently established autonomous profiling system in the Central Baltic Sea will provide high-resolution data, allowing us to determine the long-term variability of hydrographic, biogeochemical, and mixing parameters associated with the intrusions. The impact of mixing for the microbial activities and communities will be investigated during ship cruises, combining observations of mixing parameters, and representative biogeochemical and microbial transformation processes.