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Three-dimensional hydrochemical data of Lake Runstedt (Germany) for three campaigns in 2023

Lake Runstedt, around 30 km west of Leipzig, is a post-mining lake created by the flooding of the former Großkayna open-cast mine. After the end of the lignite mining, the pit was partially filled with industrial waste and fly ash for several decades. With high concentrations of ammonium in the sediment, oxygen consumption due to nitrification of ammonium released into the lake is a major challenge to the lake’s water quality. To ensure the oxygen supply in the hypolimnion (i.e. the bottom lake layer that is not affected by wind mixing) in summer, three aerators are operated in the lake by the Lausitzer und Mitteldeutsche Bergbau-Verwaltungsgesellschaft (LMBV). In 2023, the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology was commissioned by the BGR to carry out three measurement campaigns (end of July/beginning of August, mid-September, mid-October) on the lake using an autonomous surface vehicle (here: a catamaran-shaped robotic device) to assess the spatial effects of the aeration on lake water quality. The data set provided contains the collected three-dimensional data of water temperature, oxygen content, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity and chlorophyll. In addition, laboratory analyses of water samples obtained with a Ruttner sampler are included. The data reflect the conditions before and after operation of the aerators. Detailed explanations can be found in the publication “Spatial heterogeneity of dissolved oxygen and sediment fluxes revealed by autonomous robotic lakewater profiling” (2025) by Röder et al. in the journal Limnology and Oceanography (http://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70174).

High-resolution measurements of essential climate variables in the North Sea from the autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES during RV Heincke cruise HE626

The autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES collected key climate variables, including sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS), during the RV Heincke cruise HE626 in the German Bight. HALOBATES recorded SST and SSS at seven different depths with a high vertical resolution of approximately 10 cm, ranging from the near-surface layer (NSL) (between 30 and 100 cm) to the sea-surface microlayer (SML) (uppermost millimeter). Temperature and conductivity (used for salinity calculation) were measured using conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensors connected to a flow-through system on HALOBATES. Additional temperature sensors were placed beneath the catamaran to capture in-situ temperature at six depths within the NSL. Salinity measurements were adjusted using discrete water samples to correct for any sensor biases. During the operation, two data loggers equipped with meteorological stations on the catamaran monitored essential weather conditions. HALOBATES was in operation from July 21, 2023, to August 8, 2023.

High-resolution measurements of essential climate variables in the North Sea from the autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES during RV Heincke cruise HE614

The autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES measured Essential Climate Variables (ECV), such as sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS), during the RV Heincke cruise HE614 in the German Bight. HALOBATES captured the SST and SSS at seven depths with a high vertical resolution of about 10 cm, from the near-surface layer (NSL) (between 30 and 100 cm) and the sea surface microlayer (SML) (upper millimeter). Conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensors measured temperature and conductivity (for salinity calculation) via a flow-through system on HALOBATES. Additional temperature sensors were mounted underneath the catamaran to measure in-situ temperature in situ at six depths in the NSL. Salinity was corrected with discrete water samples to remove biases between the sensors. Two data loggers with several meteorological stations on the catamaran captured important weather variables during operation time. The surfactant concentration was measured from discrete samples of SML and 100 cm depth. HALOBATES was operated between 01 March 2023 and 22 March 2023.

High-Resolution Measurements of Essential Climate Variables in the Harbor of Bremerhaven from the Autonomous Surface Vehicle HALOBATES during RV Heincke Cruise HE614

The autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES measured Essential Climate Variables (ECV), such as sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS), during the RV Heincke cruise HE614 in the harbor of Bremerhaven. HALOBATES captured the SST and SSS at six depths with a high vertical resolution of about 10 cm, from the near-surface layer (NSL) (between 30 and 100 cm) and the sea surface microlayer (SML) (upper millimeter). Conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensors measured temperature and conductivity (for salinity calculation) via a flow-through system on HALOBATES. Additional temperature sensors were mounted underneath the catamaran to measure in-situ temperature at six depths in the NSL. Salinity was corrected with discrete water samples to remove biases between the sensors. Two data loggers with several meteorological stations on the catamaran captured important weather variables during operation time. HALOBATES was operated on 14 and 15 March 2023.

High-resolution measurements of essential climate variables in the North Sea from the autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES during RV Heincke cruise HE609

The autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES measured Essential Climate Variables (ECV), such as sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS), during the RV Heincke cruise HE609 in the German Bight. HALOBATES captured the SST and SSS at seven depths with a high vertical resolution of about 10 cm, from the near-surface layer (NSL) (between 30 and 100 cm) and the sea surface microlayer (SML) (upper millimeter). Conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensors measured temperature and conductivity (for salinity calculation) via a flow-through system on HALOBATES. Additional temperature sensors were mounted on the catamaran to contact the water at six depths in the NSL directly. Salinity was corrected with discrete samples, and biases between the sensors were removed. Two data loggers with several weather stations on HALOBATES captured important weather variables during operation time. HALOBATES was operated between 05 October 2022 and 23 October 2022.

High-resolution measurements of essential climate variables in the North Sea from the autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES during a research cruise with RV Senckenberg (September 2022)

During the RV Senckenberg cruise in the German Bight near Helgoland, the autonomous research catamaran HALOBATES collected data on Essential Climate Variables (ECV), including sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) and meteorological variables. The catamaran recorded SST and SSS at seven depths. Measurements covered the near-surface layer (NSL) from 30 to 100 cm with a high vertical resolution of approximately 10 cm and the first millimeter of the ocean, the sea-surface microlayer (SML), also known as the ocean's skin layer. Conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensors measured temperature and conductivity via a flow-through system on HALOBATES. Additional temperature sensors were mounted below the catamaran to measure the water temperature in situ at six depths in the NSL. Salinity was corrected with reference data from discrete samples, and biases between the sensors were removed for salinity and temperature, respectively. Two weather stations on the catamaran recorded relevant meteorological variables such as wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, humidity, and solar radiation. Additional meteorological sensors (optical laser disdrometer and two pyrgeometers) were mounted on RV Senckenberg, monitoring precipitation and incoming and outgoing longwave irradiance. The dataset consists of two HALOBATES operations conducted on 21 and 22 September 2022.

High-resolution measurements of essential climate variables in the North Sea from the autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES during RV Heincke cruise HE598

The autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES measured Essential Climate Variables (ECV), such as sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS), during the RV Heincke cruise HE598 in the German Bight. HALOBATES captured the SST and SSS at seven depths with a high vertical resolution of about 10 cm, from the near-surface layer (NSL) (between 30 and 100 cm) and the sea surface microlayer (SML) (upper millimeter). Conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensors measured temperature and conductivity (for salinity calculation) via a flow-through system on HALOBATES. Additional temperature sensors were mounted on HALOBATES to contact the water at six depths in the NSL directly. Salinity was corrected with discrete samples, and biases between the sensors were removed. Two data loggers with several weather stations on the catamaran captured important weather variables during operation time. HALOBATES was operated between 30 April 2022 and 23 May 2022.

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