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Vertical displacement time series from GNSS stations in the great Alpine area

ASCII files reporting the position time-series, in the Eurasia-fixed reference frame, of GNSS in the great Alpine area (excluding Switzerland). The columns are: Time, U, Su, site, long, lati, representing, respectively, epoch (in decimal years), displacement in the Up component (in mm), uncertainty (one standard deviation) of the Up component (in mm), Station ID, Longitude of the station (°), Latitude of the station (°).

The Finnish National Seismic Network

The Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki (ISUH) was founded in 1961 as a response to the growing public concern for environmental hazards caused by nuclear weapon testing. Since then ISUH has been responsible for seismic monitoring in Finland. The current mandate covers government regulator duties in seismic hazard mitigation and nuclear test ban treaty verification, observatory activities and operation of the Finnish National Seismic Network (FNSN) as well as research and teaching of seismology at the University of Helsinki.The first seismograph station of Finland was installed at the premises of the Department of Physics, University of Helsinki in 1924. However, the mechanical Mainka seismographs had low magnification and thus the recordings were of little practical value for the study of local seismicity. The first short-period seismographs were set up between 1956 and 1963. The next significant upgrade of FNSN occurred during the late 1970’s when digital tripartite arrays in southern and central Finland became fully operational, allowing for systematic use of instrumental detection, location and magnitude determination methods. By the end of the 1990’s, the entire network was operating using digital telemetric or dial-up methods. The FNSN has expanded significantly during the 21st Century. It comprises now 36 permanent stations. Most of the stations have Streckeisen STS-2, Nanometrics Trillium (Compact/P/PA/QA) or Guralp CMG-3T broad band sensors. Some Teledyne-Geotech S13/GS13 short period sensors are also in use. Data acquisition systems are a combination of Earth Data PS6-24 digitizers and PC with Seiscomp/Seedlink software or Nanometrics Centaurs. The stations are connected to the ISUH with Seedlink via Internet and provide continuous waveform data at 40 Hz (array) or 100-250 Hz sampling frequency. Further information about instrumentation can be found at the Institute’s web site (www.seismo.helsinki.fi). Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code HE, and arefully open.

Building Monitoring and Decentralized on-site Earthquake Early Warning network, Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan)

Building monitoring and decentralized, on-site Earthquake Early Warning system for the Kyrgyz capital Bishkek. Several low cost sensors equipped with MEMS accelerometers have been installed in eleven buildings within the urban area of the city. The different sensing units communicate with each other via wireless links and the seismic data are streamed in real-time to data centres at GFZ and the Central Asian Institute for Applied Geoscience (CAIAG) using internet. Since each sensing unit has its own computing capabilities, software for data processing can be installed to perform decentralised actions. In particular, each sensing unit can perform event detection tasks and run software for on-site early warning. If a description for the vulnerability of the building is uploaded to the sensing unit, this can be exploited to introduce the expected probability of damage in the early-warning protocol customized for a specific structure. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code KD.

Kivu Seismological Network (KivuSnet)

KivuSNet represents the first dense broadband seismic network installed in the Kivu Rift region, which is located in the bordering region of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda. Here the active volcanoes Nyamulagira (the most active in Africa) and Nyiragongo (host to the largest persistent lava lake on Earth) threaten the city of Goma and neighbouring agglomerations, and destructive earthquakes can also affect the region. The deployement started with the first stations in 2012/2013 and since October 2015, 13 stations are operated with real-time data transmission. The development of KivuSNet has been carried out in the framework of several research projects and is in particular associated with the project REmote Sensing and In Situ detection and Tracking of geohazards (RESIST), funded by the Belgian Science Policy and the National Research Fund of Luxembourg. KivuSNet aims at opening a new window for the seismological knowledge in this highly active rifting region, allowing for unprecedented insights into tectonic and volcanic seismicity, tremor patterns and Earth structure as well as for sustainable real-time monitoring of the volcanoes in the area. Together with the often co-located KivuGNet geodetic stations, KivuSNet closes a dramatic observational gap in this region. Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code KV. Embargo policy: - All data before 1 August 2019 remain under embargo until 1 August 2024; - Data acquired from 1 August 2019 onwards are opened 3 years after their acquisition, progressively in 1-months batches (e.g. Data from August 2019 would be opened on 1 September 2022, data from September 2019 would be opened on 1 October 2022 etc.) - For any access request to data that are still under embargo, written permission of the RESIST project partners is needed.

Northern Finland Seismological Network

Sodankylä geophysical observatory (SGO) has operated in Sodankylä in northern Finland since 1913. SGO was originally founded by the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. Now it takes care of national and international duties studying the space and geoenvironment as an independent research organisation in the University of Oulu. SGO performs long-term measurements, builds instruments, innovates and maintains domestic and international measurements, and performs research from these measurements. The seismic observations at SGO started in Sodankylä 1956. In 2005-2006 SGO seismic stations were updated to broadband instrumentation and connected to GEOFON data center. Today, the number of seismic stations has increased to 9. The stations have Streckeisen STS-2 or Nanometrics Trillium PA/PH broadband sensors. 3 of the stations are so called Posthole stations located in borehole 5-22 m below surface. The rest of the stations are located on the surface or in a more traditional type of vault. Data acquisition systems are either Earth Data PS6-24 digitisers and PC with Seiscomp or Nanometrics Centaurs. The continuous waveform data are collected at 100 Hz sampling frequency. The data are available from GEOFON data center. Further information about instrumentation can be found at the Institute’s web site (https://www.sgo.fi/). Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code FN, and arefully open.

GEOFON Seismic Network

GEOFON (GEOFOrschungsNetz) is the global seismological broad-band network operated by the German GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ). The GEOFON seismic network came into being in 1993 as one of the three pillars of the GEOFON program dedicated to Ernst von Rebeur-Paschwitz, proposer of a global earthquake monitoring system, who recorded the first teleseismic seismogram in Potsdam in 1889. The program and its seismic network were created to provide high quality broad-band data for scientific use and foster common standards in the seismological community. The network has evolved towards real-time data acquisition and distribution while keeping the high quality broad-band data in focus. Today the network plays a leading role in global real-time seismology providing valuable data for almost all fundamental and applied global/regional seismological research projects at GFZ and the wider seismological community. The GEOFON network is operated jointly with more than 50 international partners and in 2014 consists of about 80 active stations on all continents, but concentrated in Europe and the Mediterranean region as well as in the Indian Ocean. Station operation is mostly performed by local partners with GFZ guidance and logistic support, allowing the global network to be well-advanced technically while still extremely cost-effective. All stations are equipped with broad-band sensors (generally STS-2) that allow resolution of the complete seismic spectrum from small high-frequency local earthquakes to the largest global earthquakes. Data from all stations are freely redistributed in real-time for earthquake monitoring and tsunami warning centers immediately after acquisition at the GEOFON data centre via wired or satellite links. Archived data is also available. GEOFON is part of the Modular Earth Science Infrastructure (MESI) housed at GFZ.

The Iquique Local Network and PicArray

The Iquique Local Network (ILN), a temporal network of broadband and short period seismic stations has been operating in Northern Chile since 2009. The aim of this installation was to locally densify the permanent seismic installation of the Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory in Chile (IPOC), with the main goal to decrease the magnitude of detected earthquake, to improve the hypocentral location accuracy, to allow a more accurate investigation of seismic source parameters, and to analyse proposed seismogenic structures of the Northern Chile seismic gap. The network setup evolved with time, with different geometries at different installation phases, aiming to study different seismicity features. In the first phase, started in 2009 and operational since 2010 until autumn 2013, the network had a sparse configuration, targeting a broad region extending from 19.5° S in the North to approximately 21.3° S South of Iquique. In the following stage, operational until fall 2017, most broadband stations were rearranged into a small aperture seismic array (PicArray) close to the village of Pica, to monitor with array techniques the shallow seismicity at the plate interfacer, intermediate and deep focus seismicity. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code IQ, and arefully open.

Migration, environment and climate change

Dieser Endbericht umfasst die Ergebnisse des Forschungsvorhabens "Umweltdegradation, Klimawandel und Migration: Globale Bestandsaufnahme von Forschung und Prognosen" im Auftrag des Bundesumweltministeriums (BMU) und des Umweltbundesamtes (UBA). Er beinhaltet die Ergebnisse von drei Teilberichten, die während des Vorhabens erstellt wurden. Ferner werden die Lücken hinsichtlich des bestehenden Wissens und der Politikmaßnahmen identifiziert und Ansätze und Einstiegspunkte ausgewiesen, um diese Lücken zu adressieren. Der erste Teilbericht leistet eine Bewertung der bisher vorliegenden wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse zum Thema Umweltmigration und bietet eine aktuelle Bestandsaufnahme einer steigenden Zahl von Studien, die den Zusammenhang zwischen Umwelt und Migration betrachten. Dies schließt auch Betrachtungen ein, wie unterschiedliche Formen der menschlichen Mobilität Anpassung an Umwelt- und Klimaveränderungen befördern oder behindern können. Basierend auf der Literaturauswertung betrachtet der zweite Teilbericht "Migration, environment and climate change: Impacts" ausgewählte Wege, wie Umweltveränderungen menschliche Mobilität prägen. Zudem wird der Einfluss weiterer z.B.politischer, ökonomischer und demographischer Faktoren auf Politikfelder wie das der Anpassung an den Klimawandel betrachtet. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser zwei Teilberichte liegt der Fokus des dritten Teilberichtes auf Politikimplikationen und Einstiegspunkten zur Stärkung politischer Antworten auf menschliche Mobilität im nationalen und internationalen Kontext von Anpassungspolitiken und -finanzierung. Das Projektteam, das diese Studie verfasst hat, organisierte zudem einen Fachworkshop in Berlin und eine internationale Konferenz in Bonn, die dazu beitrugen, die Projektergebnisse zu erarbeiten. Um einen fruchtbaren Austausch mit den Fachpersonen zu ermöglichen, wurden die Erkenntnisse aus den drei Teilberichten in einem Diskussionspapier aufgearbeitet Die Rückmeldung der beiden Veranstaltungen wurde in die Teilberichte eingearbeitet. Bei der internationalen Konferenz wurden die Ergebnisse mit Teilnehmenden aus verschiedenen Weltregionen geteilt (mit einem besonderen Fokus auf der Karibik, dem Pazifik und den Philippinen), um den Wissens- und Erfahrungsaustausch zu befördern. Quelle: Forschungsbericht

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