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Acoustic Recordings of Strokkur Geyser Eruptions: Data from August 23–27, 2023

This dataset comprises acoustic recordings of eruptive events at Strokkur Geyser, Iceland, collected during a field campaign from August 23–27, 2023. The data were recorded using four Chaparral M-60 UHP2 infrasound microphones with a flat frequency response from 0.05–200 Hz. The microphones were deployed in a semicircular array around the geyser pool, approximately 7.5 meters from its center. The signals were digitized using DiGOS Data-Cube3 digitizers with a sampling rate of 400 Hz, ensuring high-resolution capture of both low-frequency infrasound and high-frequency audio signals. Each recording spans approximately 2 ½ hours per day and is timestamped using GPS for precise temporal accuracy. The data are provided as miniSEED files with applied sensitivity, allowing direct calculation of sound pressure levels in Pascal (Pa). The exact locations for each sensor on each day are given below. The dataset highlights acoustic signals associated with the growth, rupture, and disintegration of the water bulge preceding Strokkur’s eruptions. Distinct features, such as "M-shaped" infrasound waveforms, are evident and provide insight into the dynamic processes driving geyser eruptions. The dataset offers a valuable resource for studying acoustic emissions during geyser activity, providing a high-resolution foundation for research on subsurface processes and fluid dynamics. It also facilitates comparative studies of geophysical signals in geysers and analogous volcanic systems. August 23 (Small array configuration): Recording times: 6:25 – 9:41 UTC (exact start times for each sensor may vary as they were started separately). Sensor C3H: 64.31299, -20.30095 Sensor C3G: 64.31308, -20.30089 Sensor C3F: 64.31311, -20.30064 Sensor C3C: 64.31303, -20.30070 August 24 (Half circle around the geyser, until 8:36 UTC): Recording times: 6:50 – 9:17 UTC (exact start times for each sensor may vary). Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30093 Sensor C3G: 64.31280, -20.30073 Sensor C3F: 64.31273, -20.30066 Sensor C3C: 64.31267, -20.30062 August 24 (After 8:36 UTC, modified configuration): Sensor C3F moved to 64.313203, -20.301558 to record gas bubble sounds near another ground opening. Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30093 Sensor C3G: 64.31280, -20.30073 Sensor C3C: 64.31267, -20.30062 August 25 (Half circle around the geyser): Recording times: 6:56 – 9:20 UTC (exact start times for each sensor may vary). Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30093 Sensor C3G: 64.31280, -20.30073 Sensor C3F: 64.31273, -20.30066 Sensor C3C: 64.31267, -20.30062 August 26: No measurements were taken. August 27 (Line configuration, before 8:01 UTC): Recording times: 6:18 – 9:26 UTC (exact start times for each sensor may vary). Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30072 Sensor C3G: 64.31283, -20.30071 Sensor C3F: 64.31288, -20.30071 Sensor C3C: 64.31292, -20.30062 August 27 (After 8:01 UTC, returned to half circle around the geyser): Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30093 Sensor C3G: 64.31280, -20.30073 Sensor C3F: 64.31273, -20.30066 Sensor C3C: 64.31267, -20.30062

Drone photos and videos, DEM and orthophoto, marker file of tremor episodes of one day during the 2021 Geldingadalir eruption

In March 2021, a six-month eruption began in the Geldingadalir valley in Iceland, characterised by effusion episodes and lava fountains. On 8 June 2021, the active crater featured an active lava pond with episodic lava pond fluctuations. To analyse the eruption on this day in June, we used a seismometer from the University of Cambridge to measure the tremor duration, repose time and amplitude on this day in June. In addition, we used high-resolution videos and images captured by UAS from the German Research Centre (GFZ) in Potsdam, which allowed us to create a digital elevation model (DEM) and an orthomosaic to estimate the lava pond level over time and the diameter of the boiling area. The data used in this study, including videos, DEM, orthomosaic, and a marker file of the start and end of the tremor episodes, are publicly available

Electrical measurements of explosive volcanic eruptions from Stromboli Volcano, Italy

These data files contain short periods of electrical data recorded at Stromboli volcano, Italy, in 2019 and 2020 using a prototype version of the Biral Thunderstorm Detector BTD-200. This sensor consists of two antennas, the primary and secondary antenna, which detect slow variations in the electrostatic field resulting from charge neutralisation due to electrical discharges. The sensor recorded at three different locations: BTD1 (38.79551°N, 15.21518°E), BTD2 (38.80738°N, 15.21355°E) and BTD3 (38.79668°N, 15.21622°E). Electrical data of the following explosions is provided (each in a separate data file): - Three Strombolian explosions on 12 June 2019 at 12:46:53, 12:49:27 and 12:56:10 UTC, respectively. - A major explosion on 25 June 2019 at 23:03:08 UTC. - A major explosion on 19 July 2020 at 03:00:42 UTC. - A major explosion on 16 November 2020 at 09:17:45 UTC. - A paroxysmal event at 3 July 2019 at 14:45:43 UTC. Each filename indicates the location of the BTD, the starting date and time of the file in UTC, and a short description of the three data columns inside the file (unixtime, primary, secondary). The first column provides the Unix timestamp of each data point, which is the time in seconds since 01/01/1970. All time is provided in UTC. The second column provides the measured voltage [V] recorded by the primary antenna. The third column provides the measured voltage [V] recorded by the secondary antenna.

Trace and major element concentrations of mineral phases found in ETZ-13 (alkaline basalt from the Main Ethiopian Rift) and glass/mineral compositions in the run products of experiments conducted at various P-T-XH2O in an internally heated pressure vessel using this basalt

We have performed experiments on a basalt from the Main Ethiopian Rift (Ethiopia) to assess its pre-eruptive conditions in the magma chamber. The files contain all the analyses performed on the starting material (basalt) and the run products, both for the glass and mineral phases. Several experiments were carried out at temperatures between 1080°C and 975°C, mostly at 2 kbar and under reduced conditions (IHPV). The age spectrum of the basalt used (40Ar/39Ar) is also presented. Details are provided in the associated data description file.

A database of analogue models testing the interaction between magmatic intrusion-related doming and caldera collapse

This dataset presents the raw data from one experimental series (named CCEX, i.e., Caldera Collapse under regional Extension) of analogue models performed to investigate the process of caldera collapse followed by regional extension. Our experimental series tested the case of perfectly circular collapsed calderas afterward stretched under regional extensional conditions, that resulted in elongated calderas. The models are primarily intended to quantify the role of regional extension on the elongation of collapsed calderas observed in extensional settings, such as the East African Rift System. An overview of the performed analogue models is provided in Table 1. Analogue models have been analysed quantitatively by means of photogrammetric reconstruction of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used for 3D quantification of the deformation, and top-view photo analysis for qualitative descriptions. The analogue materials used in the setup of these models are described in Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019), Bonini et al., 2021 and Maestrelli et al. (2021a,b).

Multiparametric measurements of the 2021 Tajogaite eruption on La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain

This data repository contains electrical and seismic tremor measurements, thermal infrared imagery, atmospheric conditions and information on plume heights that were recorded and collected during the 2021 Tajogaite eruption on La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain. The 2021 Tajogaite eruption lasted from 19 September until 13 December 2021. The "data description" file provides more detailed information on each dataset and the way the data is formatted. The electrical data was recorded using a Biral Thunderstorm Detector BTD-200. This sensor was installed at two consecutive locations: BTD1 (28.635°N, 17.876389°W) recorded from 11-26 October 2021 and BTD2 (28.602365°N, 17.880475°W) recorded from 27 October 2021 until the end of the eruption. The volcanic tremor measurements were recorded at seismic station PLPI (28.5722°N, 17.8654°W), which was operated by the Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias. Here we provide the seismic tremor amplitudes within the Very Long Period (0.4-0.6 Hz) and the Long Period (1-5 Hz) frequency bands between 10 September and 20 December 2021. Thermal infrared videography of the explosive volcanic activity was done using an InfraTec HD thermal infrared (TIR) video camera. This camera was installed in El Paso (28.649361°N, 17.882279°W) and recorded almost continuously between 3-8 November 2021. Here we provide individual thermal infrared frames. Atmospheric conditions were obtained from weather balloon measurements at Güímar (station nr. 60018) on Tenerife, which were provided by the University of Wyoming, Department of Atmospheric Science (http://weather.uwyo.edu/). In addition, atmospheric data was collected from ground-based weather stations at El Paso and Roque de los Muchachos, which were operated by the State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) of Spain on La Palma. Information on the volcanic plume heights was obtained from both the Toulouse Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (https://vaac.meteo.fr/volcanoes/la-palma/) as well as the Plan de Emergencias Volcánicas de Canarias.

Morphology of Stromboli’s crater terrace between May 2019 and January 2020 mapped by UA

Active volcanoes frequently show substantial topographic changes and variable eruption intensity, style and/or directionality. Here we provide high-resolution photogrammetric data sets of Stromboli’s crater terrace collected during 5 field campaigns between May 2019 and January 2020 supporting the publication Schmid, M, Kueppers U, Ricci T, Taddeucci J, Civico R and Dingwell DB (2021) “Characterizing Vent and Crater Shape Changes at Stromboli: Implications for Risk Areas”. The aerial imagery for the photogrammetric reconstruction of the crater terrace geometry was acquired by UAVs (DJI Phantom 4Pro+ & Mavic 2 Pro) and processed with the commercial software Metashape by Agisoft. The created digital elevation models (DEMs), orthomosaics and 3D models were used to characterize vent and crater shape and their changes through time. The activity during the observational period was characterized by elevated Strombolian activity and two paroxysms on 3 July and 28 August 2019. Our study revealed significant changes to crater terrace morphology and vent geometry on various time scales and the strong control of vent geometry on the directionality of explosions.

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