Das Projekt "D 1.2: Reducing alternation and production of off-season fruits in Lychee, Longan and Mango" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Kulturpflanzenwissenschaften (340), Fachgebiet Düngung und Bodenstoffhaushalt (340i) durchgeführt. The aim and vision of sub-project D1.2 was and is to encourage hillside farmers to plant erosion resistant fruit trees instead of erosion susceptible annual plants. For that reason, experiments to overcome the irregular bearing behaviour of the three most common fruit tree species in Northern Thailand (Litchi, Longan and Mango) from the first SFB period will be continued in order to make their planting more attractive to the farmers. Considerable progress has been made in D1 during the past 3 years to induce flowers and fruit in Longan trees by the application of KClO3 . With this technique, it was not only possible to induce year around flowers and fruit (off season fruit) but also to overcome the generally rather irregular fruiting behaviour of these trees. A similar technique is now being developed for Mango by using an inhibitor of the bio-synthesis of the plant hormone gibberellin. Only Litchi still resist this kind of manipulation by an 'off season technique' (OST). Great effort will therefore be devoted establishing a similar system for this species as well. Reliably, this can only be done by gaining a much better knowledge of the - most certainly hormonal - regulatory system that governs flower induction in trees. Investigations into the hormonal changes taking place during natural and induced flower induction is, therefore, one of the central objectives in this sub-project, with the goal to better understand the process of flower induction. Until now most of the progress in this area is entirely empirical in nature and a more specific manipulation therefore difficult. While the ability to produce off season fruit all year around and under various weather conditions has brought about a great number of new possibilities, new challenges will still be faced with regard to these methods. These circumstances will affect the whole production chain from the orchard to the market and consumer. In order to better investigate and understand these new situations, a large model experiment with Mango will be set up and problems like tree pruning, water and nutrient demand, phytopathological problems, demand on work force, fruit processing and drying etc. will be investigated by the interdisciplinary co-operation of 8 sub-projects within the SFB. The results obtained during these investigations will be shared with hillside farmers enabling them to take advantage of these new possibilities, which will provide for more reliable yields and allow them to market fruit year around. In general, these new opportunities should encourage farmers to plant more trees and thus reduce erosion. However, to make this system not only reliable and economic but also ecologically and socially beneficial to the society all potential benefits as well as risks have to be evaluated carefully from all different aspects.
Das Projekt "D 1.3: Regulation of flowering in tropical fruit crops on erosion prone sites in Northern Thailand" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Kulturpflanzenwissenschaften, Fachgebiet Ertragsphysiologie der Sonderkulturen (340f) durchgeführt. NRCT component: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Sruamsiri, Pittaya - Development of Clean Technology for Off-season Fruit Production: A Case Study of Mango, Longan, Litchi and Tangerine. Specific basic and applied science activities for each crop will be carried out in an attempt to solve the following issues. Longan: Previous research work has shown that flower induction can successfully be manipulated by application of KClO3. This crop is therefore an ideal model plant to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of flowering by: 1. determining acquisition and distribution of KClO3 using isotope labelling techniques and measuring enzyme activities in leaves to decide whether nitrate reductase is involved in the conversion and flower inducing activity of KClO3; 2. identifying mutual influences between hormones including their time-dependent changes brought about by manipulation of hormone biosynthesis through exogenously applied plant growth regulators (PGRs); 3. investigating the effect of off-season production systems on carbohydrate distribution and reserves. Mango: Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is already commercially used to manipulated flower induction in mango, however, the technique may not be sustainable due to its persistence in plant and soil. Prohexadione-Ca (Pro-Ca), another gibberellin biosynthesis inhibiting compound, and specific crop management techniques may prove to be successful and more sustainable alternatives to PBZ and warrant detailed investigation by: 1. evaluating appropriate time-of-season, concentration and application procedure (injection or spray) of Pro-Ca as possible alternative of PBZ and subsequent effects on hormonal status; 2. pruning or defoliation techniques which may induce a secondary flower through an altered hormonal status in the bud tissue. Litchi: There are still no proven orchard management practices for inducing off-season flowering in litchi. The main research objective is to study the significance of plant stress (pruning, girdling shoot tipping techniques, water and nutrient deficiency) on flowering signals by determining carbohydrate changes and hormonal status.
Das Projekt "Seasonal regulation of ion- and metabolite transport between poplar shoot tissues" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften mit Botanischem Garten, Lehrstuhl für Botanik I Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik durchgeführt. We intend to investigate the molecular mechanisms of mineral nutrient dependent poplar physiology with special focus on potassium. This will be accomplished using two different approaches. 1. Molecular biology: We will study the regulation of ion channels and transporters by different environmental conditions, such as the effect of nutrition, salt, hormonal action, cold and drought during wood production and the dormancy-growth transitions. Phenotype analysis of transporter sense/antisense plants will be used to gain insights into the role of the transporters in tree physiology. On the basis of a laser-micro-dissection system, we will be able to prepare cDNA of distinct cell types and generate subtractive cDNAs to determine genes, specific for the differentiation of vessels and bast fibers. 2. Electrophysiological investigations: We will compare the functional properties of the transporters. Ion-fluxes and transporters, involved in cambial activation will be characterized in vivo and in vitro. The response to changes in e.g. the extracellular medium in vitro, will provide a measure for the regulation of ion transport by apoplastic factors in vivo. Based on this data sets we should be able to establish a model on the seasonal fluxes of potassium in relation to the transporter properties and dynamics in the context of tree physiology in general and xylogenesis in particular.
Das Projekt "Einfluss eines rekombinanten humanen P450-Systems auf endogene Inhaltsstoffe in transformierten Pflanzen von Nicotiana tabacum L." wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Umweltforschung, Biologie V, Lehrstuhl für Umweltbiologie und -chemodynamik durchgeführt. Pflanzliche P450-Enzyme besitzen sowohl Aufgaben im Primär- und Sekundärstoffwechsel der Pflanzen als auch in der Metabolisierung von Xenobiotika einschließlich Herbiziden. Da z.B. Mais eine natürliche Resistenz gegenüber dem Triazin-Herbizid Atrazin aufweist, konnten suszeptible Wildpflanzen, die bei Feldanbau neben den Kulturpflanzen aufkommen, durch Anwendung des Herbizids ohne Schädigung der Kulturpflanzen selektiv bekämpft werden (Herbizidselektivität). Kulturpflanzen wie z.B. Tabak und Kartoffel, die keine oder nur eine unzureichende natürliche Resistenz gegenüber einem bestimmten Herbizid besitzen, können durch Agrobacterium tumefaciens-vermittelte Transformation mit einem Säuger-P450-Isoenzym (z.B. CYP1A1 oder CYP1A2) Herbizid-resistent werden. Seit einigen Jahren gibt es in dieser Richtung Bestrebungen, P450-transgene Pflanzen herzustellen. Aufgrund der überlappenden, breiten Substratspezifität des jeweils eingebrachten Säuger-P450-Isoenzyms (Ratte, Mensch) wird in den transgenen Pflanzen meist eine multiple Resistenz gegen verschiedene Herbizide mit unterschiedlichen Strukturen und Wirkmechanismen beobachtet. Vor der Vermarktung von transgenen Pflanzen müssen diese in Feldversuchen getestet werden. Dabei wird die Verträglichkeit des Genproduktes, die Eigenschaften der modifizierten Pflanze, die Expressionsstabilität des eingebrachten Fremd-Gens und mögliche ökologische Auswirkungen untersucht. Zusätzlich sollte neben der Substratspezifität des fremden P450-Isoenzyms gegenüber Xenobiotika getestet werden, ob pflanzliche Sekundärmetaboliten als Substrate in Frage kommen. Außerdem sind mögliche Einflüsse auf den normalen Stoffwechsel der Pflanzen von Interesse, die sich auf den Phänotyp der Pflanzen auswirken können. Z.B. wurde bei Cyp2c14-transformierten Tabak-Pflanzen (aus Kaninchen) eine verstärkte Seneszenz beschrieben, die sich in einem verringertem Chlorophyll-Gehalt, einem erhöhten Gehalt an Abbauprodukten der Lipid-Peroxidation und einem Abbauprodukt des Nornicotins und in einer Abnahme des Nicotin-Gehaltes äußerte. Außerdem wuchsen die Pflanzen langsamer und brauchten mehr Zeit zur Bewurzelung. Dies sind Anzeichen dafür, dass das Einbringen eines Fremd-P450-Gens in Tabak über die oxidative Veränderung der Membranlipide oder -sterole und damit über die Veränderung der Membranstruktur, durch einen hormonellen Eingriff durch Umsetzung eines Brassinosteroids oder die Unterdrückung endogener P450-Gene möglicherweise schwerwiegende metabolische Auswirkungen zur Folge haben kann. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde untersucht, ob die Agrobakterien-vermittelte Transformation von Tabak mit der cDNA des humanen CYP1A2 Auswirkungen auf den endogenen Nicotin-Gehalt der Pflanzen zur Folge haben. CYP1A2 gehört dabei neben anderen Isoenzymen im Gegensatz zu den Hauptenzymen CYP2A6, CYP2B6 und CYP2D6 zu den Isoenzymen, die Nicotin nur bei hoher Substratkonzentration umsetzen. Nicotin besitzt dabei als natürliches Insektizid eine wichtige ökol u.s.w.
Das Projekt "Evaluation of the effects of endocrine active chemicals (EACs) for sensitive aquatic wildlife species with the test organism Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Mollusca)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Frankfurt am Main, Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität, Abteilung Aquatische Ökotoxikologie durchgeführt. Recent reports have shown that a number of xenobiotics in the environment are able of interfering with the normal endocrine function in animals and also in humans. Suspected effects of such compounds, often referred to as endocrine disruptors (EDs) or endocrine active chemicals (EACs), in humans include decreased sperm counts, increased cases of breast, testicular and other forms of reproductive cancers, genital abnormalities (e.g. hypospadia, cryptorchidism), premature puberty in females, and increased cases of endometriosis. In contrast to these suspicious cases in humans there is convincing evidence for chemically-induced endocrine disruption from wildlife studies. However, the overwhelming majority of investigations on effects of EACs is laboratory based and focuses on vertebrates while much less has been done in the field to address potential population-level effects. More detailed information about the effects on and mechanisms of action in invertebrates has only been obtained from a few cases although invertebrates represent more than 95Prozent of the known species in the animal kingdom. The limited number of examples for endocrine disruption in invertebrates is partially due to the fact that their hormonal systems are rather poorly understood in comparison with vertebrates. Deleterious endocrine changes following an exposure to certain compounds may therefore easily be missed or simply be unmeasurable at present, even though a number of field investigations and laboratory studies show that endocrine disruption has probably occurred. The example of tributyltin (TBT) compounds and their masculinising effects in more than 150 species of prosobranch molluscs shows that apparently trivial biochemical changes can have drastic effects up to the community level by a final sterilisation of affected females with a consequent demise and local extinction of populations. However, with the exception of TBT in marine prosobranchs, it has never been convincingly shown that EACs are capable to exert such far-reaching effects in field populations and pose a risk for their survival at environmentally relevant concentrations. The objective of the proposed project is: (1) to analyse the degree to which aquatic wildlife in central Europe is exposed to EACs in its natural habitat by assessing the well-defined effects in the test with Potamopyrgus antipodarum and (2) to evaluate the potential role of EACs for population declines of sensitive aquatic wildlife species with the example of prosobranch snails by correlating effect data with results from analyses of the macrozoobenthic community.
Das Projekt "Contaminant mixtures and human reproductive health - novel strategies for health impact and risk assessment of endocrine disrupters (CONTAMED)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Brunel University London, Institute for the Environment durchgeführt. Objective: Disruption of hormonal signalling in fetal life can irreversibly affect human development and reproductive health at a later age. Of considerable concern in Europe is a decline in male semen quality and a high prevalence of congenital malformations and hormone-dependent cancers. Although it appears plausible that environmental chemicals with endocrine activity may be involved in the causation of these disorders, there is no evidence for adverse effects of individual substances at relevant human exposure levels. However, there are indications that combinations of chemicals play a cumulative role. CONTAMED aims to explore the hypothesis that combined exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in fetal life may lead to adverse delayed impacts on human reproductive health. To achieve this goal, CONTAMED will combine epidemiological approaches with laboratory science. The work plan for CONTAMED is organised in three major strands focusing on human studies, animal models and in vitro assays including metabolomics.
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