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A database of analogue models and geophysical data investigating caldera resurgence; DynamiCal project

In this dataset we provide data for 6 experimental models of caldera collapse and subsequent resurgence monitored through geophysical sensors (a force or “impact sensor”, Piezotronics PCB 104 200B02 and a Triaxial piezoelectric accelerometer, Model 356B18). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory), which is a joint laboratory between the Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was partly supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS), by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia and by the “Monitoring Earth's Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project (NextGenerationEU). Specifically, this work was performed in the frame of the DynamiCal project, funded by the 2° TNA-NOA call of the ILGE-MEET project.

40Ar/39Ar Dating of Quaternary Basaltic Volcanism at the Kula Volcanic Province, Western Türkiye

During this research at the 40Ar-39Ar Geochronology Laboratory, CNR, Pisa, Italy, the analysis focused on 40Ar- 39Ar radiometric dating to investigate three distinct periods of volcanism from the Kula Volcanic Province in western Türkiye. This area is a monogenetic volcanic field (MVF) and exhibits three eruptive periods in the Quaternary Period. The three periods of volcanism are named the Burgaz (first stage), the Elikcitepe (second stage), and the DivilitTepe (third stage). This type of volcanism is poorly understood due to their small eruption size and limited material, lack of suitable datable material, and short eruption duration, with geological histories often poorly constrained. The data publication includes data of four samples from the three different eruptive phases that were analysed, including one from the first stage, one from the second stage, and two from the third stage. The samples were successfully dated and gave ages as the Early Pleistocene (first stage), the Middle Pleistocene (second stage) and the Holocene (third stage). The data from this work will be used as part of a PhD thesis. The ages will be integrated into a more detailed geochemical analysis and facilitate a detailed examination of the temporal and spatial relationships for the evolution of the volcano, and insights into the mechanisms driving volcanic activity in the region. Data was acquired by an ARGUS VI multi-collector noble gas mass spectrometer, using the step-heating process for all samples. Between 9.9 and 11.1 mg of groundmass material was analysed. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at Ar-40/Ar-39 Laboratory supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.

Supplement to: Graben formation and dike arrest during the 2009 Harrat Lunayyir dike intrusion in Saudi Arabia: Insights from InSAR, stress calculations and analog experiments

This dataset is supplementary material to the article by Xu et al. (2016) ‘Graben formation and dike arrest during the 2009 Harrat Lunayyir dike intrusion in Saudi Arabia: Insights from InSAR, stress calculations and analog experiments’. The Authors described the spatial and temporal effects of a propagating dike on crustal deformation, including the interaction with faulting, using a multidisciplinary approach. This supplementary material concerns the analog modelling part only. For a detailed description of the experimental procedure, set-up and materials used, please refer to the article of Xu et al. (2016; paragraph 5). The data available in this supplementary publication are: - A folder (2019-003_Corbi-et-al_Fig6.zip) containing: 1. top-view pictures (e.g. ‘lunayyr1_0025.JPG’) and displacement data obtained with MatPiv (e.g. ‘uun25.mat’ and ‘uvn25.mat’; dike parallel and orthogonal components; respectively) shown in figure 6 of Xu et al 2016. 2. a Matlab script (‘fig6_a_h.m’) that allows reproducing the same figure setup as in figure 6 panels a-h of Xu et al 2016. The thick red line highlights dike position. The background shading refers to dike orthogonal displacement. - A folder (2019-003_Corbi-et-al_PIV_data.zip) containing: 1. surface deformation data obtained with MatPiv. Each file (‘vel_fine_piv#.mat’) contains 4 elements (x, y, u, v) representing the coordinates and horizontal and vertical component of incremental velocity field organized in a 143 x 215 matrix; 2. the run_movie.m Matlab script. Running it the user can visualize the space-time evolution of cumulative surface displacement. The background shading refers to dike orthogonal component of displacement. The thick red line highlights dike position. - A folder (2019-003_Corbi-et-al_pictures.zip) containing the whole set of pictures from the experiment shown in Xu et al., 2016. - A movie (2019-003_Corbi-et-al_graben formation.mp4) obtained using the whole set of pictures (96 photos). The thick red line highlights dike position. The amount of dike opening is reported as header. - A movie (2019-003_Corbi-et-al_cum_displacement.mp4) showing the space-time evolution of cumulative surface displacement, where the background shading refers to dike orthogonal component of displacement. The thick red line highlights dike position.

What controls sill formation: an overview from analogue models

This data publication includes movies and figures of twenty-six analogue models which are used to investigate what controls sill emplacement, defining a hierarchy among a selection of the proposed factors: compressive stresses, interface strength between layers, rigidity contrast between layers, density layering, ratio of layer thickness, magma flow rate and driving buoyancy pressure (Sili et al., 2019). Crust layering is simulated by pig-skin gelatin layers and magma intrusions is simulated by colored water. The experimental set-up is composed of a 40.5 X 29 X 40 cm3 clear-Perspex tank where a mobile wall applies a deviatoric compressive stress (C, in Table 1) to the solid gelatin (Figure 1). In each experiment is imposed two layers with different density and rigidity, separated by a weak or strong interface, excluding two experiments characterized by homogeneous gelatin (experiment 4 and 12). Three different rigidity contrast (1, 1.3, 1.8) between the two layers are imposed, defined as the ratio between the Young’s moduli of the upper (Eu) and lower (El) layer. By using NaCl and gelatin concentration, two layers with same rigidity but different densities are obtained, investigating the influence of the density contrasts on sill emplacement. The effects of the ratio between layer thicknesses (i.e. the ratio between upper and lower layer thickness: Thu/Thl) was simulated by changing only the thickness of the upper layer; while magma flow rate are studied changing the flow rate of peristaltic pump. Water density was increased by adding NaCl to analyze the effect of changing driving buoyancy pressure (Pm) that depends on the density difference between host rock and magma (Δρ), gravitational acceleration (g) and intrusion length (H). In the table different colors indicate the experiment result: black = dike; red = sill and blue = sheet. The here provided material includes time-lapse movies showing intrusion propagation of the twenty-six models with a velocity of 5 times higher compared to the real time (1 second in the movie is 25 real seconds). These visualizations are side (XZ or YZ plane in Figure 1) and/or top views (XY plane in Figure 1).

Supplementary Material for Analogue Experiments on Lateral versus Vertical Dike Propagation

The dataset includes movies of 29 analogue experiments performed to investigate the effects on dike propagation by the following imposed parameters: density ratio between host-rock and magma analogues, rigidity layering and density layering of the host medium, flow rate and topography. The purpose of the experiments is to define a hierarchy of all the parameters considered, by varying systematically each of them, comparing semi-quantitatively the variations on dike geometry and velocity. Experimental setup The experimental set-up consists of a 33 × 58 × 38.5 cm3 Plexiglas box and a peristaltic pump that injects water (magma analogue) into pig-skin gelatin (crustal analogue) alternatively from the bottom (Set 1) and the side of the box (Set 2). The gelatin rheological properties are varied by mixing different concentrations of gelatin powder and NaCl. We refer to “rigidity layering” when the rigidity ratio (i.e. Young’s Modulus) between the upper and lower layer (Eu/El) is < or > 1, and to “density layering” when Eu/El ~ 1, but the two layers show different densities (i.e. the ratio between the density of the upper and lower layer, ρU/ρL). The experiments with topography are prepared by imposing a mold with gently inward dipping flanks (2.4° and 3.7°) on the opposite sides of the box separated by a 8 cm wide horizontal plain on the gelatin surface. This configuration simulates the 2-D along-strike topography of the 2014 Bardarbunga intrusion (Iceland) and allows investigating the role of two opposite slopes on dike propagation. The topography profile dips parallel to the long side of the Plexiglas box (x axis in Figure 1 of Urbani et al. 2018). The flow rate has been changed between 0.079 and 0.435 ml/s. For the details about the model set-up, experimental results and interpretation refer to Urbani et al. (2018). The time-lapse movies show the time evolution of the dike shape, in side and map view, of 29 out of 33 models presented in Urbani et al. (2018). It is recommended to open the films with the VLC media player. The time-lapse of each experiment is indicated in the bottom left corner. A full list of files is given in “Experiments_Summary_2018-012.pdf” in which Set 1 (bottom injection) and Set 2 (lateral injection) experiments are indicated in red and blue color respectively. The same file also provides a summary of the boundary conditions imposed in each experiment. Tu and Tl indicate the thickness of the upper and lower layer respectively.

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