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SP 1.5 Molekulare Charakterisierung von gelösten organischen Stoffen in der Meeresoberflächen-Mikroschicht (SML) und deren Einfluss auf den anorganischen Kohlenstoffkreislauf

Unsere Motivation ist es, die Rolle von gelöstem organischem Material (DOM) in marinen Oberflächenfilmen (SML) als eine Schlüsselkomponente zu verstehen, die den Gasaustausch zwischen Atmosphäre und Meer, die Karbonatchemie, sowie die Ökophysiologie der assoziierten Organismen beeinflusst (Engel et al., 2017). Während unserer Vorarbeiten haben wir Hinweise auf einen bisher unbekannten Zusammenhang zwischen DOM und Karbonatchemie in der SML gefunden, sowie auf eine hohe räumlich-zeitliche Dynamik in der DOM-Zusammensetzung. Obwohl die hohe Heterogenität des SML-DOM-Geometabolom (d.h. die Gesamtheit des DOM-Pools, der durch biotische und abiotische Prozesse produziert und modifiziert wird) bekannt ist, gibt es wenige detaillierte Studien darüber. Insgesamt gibt es noch kein mechanistisches Verständnis darüber, unter welchen Bedingungen DOM in der SML in verschiedene chemische Fraktionen aufgeteilt wird. Dies liegt an der derzeit geringen Verfügbarkeit von Daten von einer größeren Anzahl von Untersuchungsstandorten unter unterschiedlichen Umwelt- und Versuchsbedingungen, sowie an einen Mangel an interdisziplinären Studien, die Physik, Geochemie und Biologie kombinieren. Mit anderen Worten, uns fehlen grundlegende (organo-)geochemische Informationen von der größten Luft-Wasser-Grenzfläche der Erde, mit unbekannten Konsequenzen für den damit verbundenen Austausch von klimarelevanten Gasen. In diesem Projekt streben wir an, diese Lücke durch sich ergänzende Messungen der DOM-Zusammensetzung und anorganischer Kohlenstoff-Systemparameter zu schließen. Die Relevanz für die Forschungseinheit BASS ergibt sich aus dem Ziel unseres Teilprojekts, die fehlenden grundlegenden biogeochemischen Informationen des SML-DOM-Inventars zur Verfügung zu stellen und sie in den Kontext der Ökosystemprozesse in der SML zu setzen, einschließlich der DOM-Produktion (SP1.1) sowie des mikrobiellen (SP1.2) und photochemischen (SP1.4) Umsatzes. Darüber hinaus werden wir den Beitrag des DOM-Geometaboloms zum Säure-Basen-Gleichgewicht der SML untersuchen, von dem wir erwarten, dass es die Gasgleichgewichte in der Grenzfläche - insbesondere im Kohlensäuresystem und damit auch die Treibhausgasflüsse - beeinflusst (SP2.1).

Seawater carbonate chemistry and physiological performance parameters of Carcinus maenas under respective incubation conditions

Ocean acidification causes an accumulation of CO2 in marine organisms and leads to shifts in acid-base parameters. Acid-base regulation in gill breathers involves a net increase of internal bicarbonate levels through transmembrane ion exchange with the surrounding water. Successful maintenance of body fluid pH depends on the functional capacity of ion-exchange mechanisms and associated energy budget. For a detailed understanding of the dependence of acid-base regulation on water parameters, we investigated the physiological responses of the shore crab Carcinus maenas to 4 weeks of ocean acidification [OA, P(CO2)w = 1800 µatm], at variable water bicarbonate levels, paralleled by changes in water pH. Cardiovascular performance was determined together with extra-(pHe) and intracellular pH (pHi), oxygen consumption, haemolymph CO2 parameters, and ion composition. High water P(CO2) caused haemolymph P(CO2) to rise, but pHe and pHi remained constant due to increased haemolymph and cellular [HCO3-]. This process was effective even under reduced seawater pH and bicarbonate concentrations. While extracellular cation concentrations increased throughout, anion levels remained constant or decreased. Despite similar levels of haemolymph pH and ion concentrations under OA, metabolic rates, and haemolymph flow were significantly depressed by 40 and 30%, respectively, when OA was combined with reduced seawater [HCO3-] and pH. Our findings suggest an influence of water bicarbonate levels on metabolic rates as well as on correlations between blood flow and pHe. This previously unknown phenomenon should direct attention to pathways of acid-base regulation and their potential feedback on whole-animal energy demand, in relation with changing seawater carbonate parameters.

Transplantation von Steinkorallenfragmenten auf elektrochemisch erzeugte Riffstrukturen

Korallenriffe werden zunehmend mechanisch gestoert; die Bedeckung mit lebenden kalkabscheidenden Steinkorallen ist vielerorts unter die kritische Rate fuer das Riffwachstum gesunken. Zur Rehabilitation geschaedigter Korallenriffe wird in situ geeignetes Besiedlungssubstrat via Elektrolyses aus dem Meerwasser abgeschieden. Neben der Schaffung optimaler Ansiedlungsbedingungen fuer Korallenlarven sorgt eine zusaetzliche 'Aufforstung' mit lebenden Korallenfragmenten fuer die rasche Etablierung von Geruestbildnern. So koennen in veroedeten Arealen Trittsteinbiotope fuer die weitere Besiedlung und grossflaechige Bestandserholung geschaffen werden. Die Methode wurde im Kubikmetermassstab bei Aqaba im Roten Meer erfolgreich erprobt. Spezielle Anlagen fuer die Marikultur von Schwaemmen, Korallen und anderen wirtschaftlich interessanten Arten sowie der Einsatz bei der Schaffung spezieller Erlebnis- und Uebungsraeume fuer Tauchtouristen sind geplant.

Meer-Süßwasserunterschiede in der Strukturierung des mikrobiellen Nahrungsnetzes durch Räuber-Beute-Beziehungen - Teilprojekt 2 von 6 Anträgen im Rahmen eines Antragspakets 'Vergleich von Kontrollmechanismen in marinen und limnischen Nahrungsnetzen')

Es soll durch Mesokosmosexperimente und ergänzende Laborversuche mit Modellsystemen untersucht werden, welche Auswirkungen die unterschiedliche Zusammensetzung des Mesozooplanktons im Meer (überwiegend Copepoden) und im Süßwasser (überwiegend Cladoceren) auf die Struktur des mikrobiellen Nahrungsnetzes hat und inwieweit sich Prädationseffekte des Zooplanktons über die Protozoen bis zur Bakterienebene fortsetzen. Für diesen Vergleich stehen folgende Fragestellungen im Vordergrund: 1) Welchen Prädationseifluß haben limnische und marine Vertreter von cladoceren- und copepoden-dominiertem Zooplankton auf die verschiedenen funktionellen Gruppen heterotropher und mixotropher Protozoen? 2) Gibt es vom Mesozooplankton ausgehende direkte und indirekte (über die Protozoen) Wirkungen auf die Diversität, phänotypische Ausprägung und die Aktivitätsmuster des Bakterienplanktons? 3) Gibt es Unterschiede in den phänotypischen Anpassungen (z.B. Morphologie, Oberflächeneigenschaften, Exopolymere) planktischer Bakterien an Protozoenfraßdruck im limnischen und marinen Bereich?.

Chemical analysis of explosive compounds in common dab collected during RV Heincke expedition HE635 from munition dumping areas west of Sylt (NNW03L) and south-west of Heligoland (North Sea)

This dataset documents field investigations regarding the release of legacy World War I and II munition explosive compounds into marine biota, focusing on munition dumping areas west of the island of Sylt and south west of the island of Heligoland, North Sea. Flatfish Limanda limanda (common dab) was chosen as a sentinel species. Sampling was conducted during the HE635 cruise in March 2024 with the research vessel Heincke of the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI). Fish were caught using bottom trawls deployed close to the borders of the dumping areas marked on the sea charts. Before dissection, captured fish were transferred to seawater tanks, and only live fish were taken for analysis. Each individual was measured, weighed, and after killing the fish livers were assessed macroscopically. In addition, biometric factors were measured to determine condition factors as indicators of general health. Tissue samples of gills, liver, and muscle, as well as blood, bile, and urine, were taken, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -20°C before chemical analysis. Sample processing in the laboratory followed established protocols (Bünning et al. 2021). In brief, all samples were homogenized and then extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE). Bile, urine, and blood samples were treated with β-glucuronidase (Helix pomatia), followed by a liquid-liquid extraction step for blood and bile samples before SPE. All samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for the explosive compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), its metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), and the explosive by-products 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB). Additionally, liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to quantify the nitramine explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). The dataset includes measured compound concentrations and associated sample metadata.

Chemical analysis of explosive compounds in common dab (Limanda limanda) collected during the RV Heincke expedition HE622 from World War I + II munition dumping areas west of Sylt (NNW03L) and north of Spiekeroog (NSW03L)

This dataset documents field investigations regarding the release of legacy World War I and II munition explosive compounds into marine biota, focusing on munition dumping areas west of the island of Sylt, north of the island of Spiekeroog, and south of the reference area Borkum Riffgrund, North Sea. Flatfish Limanda limanda (common dab) was chosen as a sentinel species. Sampling was conducted during the HE622 cruise in June 2023 with the research vessel Heincke of the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI). Fish were caught using bottom trawls deployed close to the borders of the dumping areas marked on the sea charts. Before dissection, captured fish were transferred to seawater tanks, and only live fish were taken for analysis. Each individual was measured, weighed, and after killing of the fish livers were assessed macroscopically. In addition, biometric factors were measured to determine condition factors as indicators of general health. Tissue samples of gills, liver, and muscle, as well as blood, bile, and urine, were taken, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -20°C before chemical analysis. Sample processing in the laboratory followed established protocols. In brief, all samples were homogenized and then extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE). Bile, urine, and blood samples were treated with β-glucuronidase (Helix pomatia), followed by a liquid-liquid extraction step for blood and bile samples before SPE. All samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for the explosive compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), its metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), and the explosive by-products 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB). Additionally, liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to quantify the nitramine explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). The dataset includes measured compound concentrations and associated sample metadata.

Seawater carbonate chemistry and in situ and laboratory measurements of calcification

Ocean acidification (OA) is generally assumed to negatively impact calcification rates of marine organisms. At a local scale however, biological activity of macrophytes may generate pH fluctuations with rates of change that are orders of magnitude larger than the long-term trend predicted for the open ocean. These fluctuations may in turn impact benthic calcifiers in the vicinity. Combining laboratory, mesocosm and field studies, such interactions between OA, the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus, the sea grass Zostera marina and the blue mussel Mytilus edulis were investigated at spatial scales from decimetres to 100s of meters in the western Baltic. Macrophytes increased the overall mean pH of the habitat by up to 0.3 units relative to macrophyte- free, but otherwise similar, habitats and imposed diurnal pH fluctuations with amplitudes ranging from 0.3 to more than 1 pH unit. These amplitudes and their impact on mussel calcification tended to increase with increasing macrophyte biomass to bulk water ratio. At the laboratory and mesocosm scales, biogenic pH fluc- tuations allowed mussels to maintain calcification even under acidified conditions by shifting most of their calcification activity into the daytime when biogenic fluctuations caused by macrophyte activity offered temporal refuge from OA stress. In natural habitats with a low biomass to water body ratio, the impact of biogenic pH fluctuations on mean calcification rates of M. edulis was less pronounced. Thus, in dense algae or seagrass habitats, macrophytes may mitigate OA impact on mussel calcification by raising mean pH and providing temporal refuge from acidification stress.

Mesocosm experiment on the influence of heatwave on plankton

In the context of global change, marine organisms are subjected not only to gradual changes in abiotic parameters, but also to an increasing number of extreme events, such as heatwaves. However, we still know little about the influence of heatwaves on the structure of marine communities, and experimental studies are needed to test the impact of heatwaves alone, and in combination with other environmental drivers. Here, we conducted a mesocosm experiment and applied an integrated multiple driver design to assess the potential impact of heatwaves under ambient and future environmental conditions on natural coastal plankton communities. To represent future environmental conditions, temperature and pH were manipulated based on the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 proposed by the IPCC for 2100, and dissolved N:P ratios were increased to simulate the conditions expected in European coastal zones. Throughout the experiment, we measured abiotic conditions as well as the abundance of bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, and microzooplankton.

Mercury and explosive compound 4-aminodinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) in dab (Limanda limanda) caught at munition dumping site Kolberger Heide in the Kiel Bight, Baltic Sea

Dumped munitions contain various harmful substances which can affect marine biota like fish. One of them is mercury (Hg), included in the common explosive primer. Another is 4-aminodinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), an explosive-metabolite. 251 individual dab (Limanda limanda L.) caught at the dump site Kolberger Heide a and nearby reference sites in 2017 and 2018 were analysed. The table contain individual data on Hg, 4-aminodinitrotoluene, age, length, weight, sex and condition factor.

Observational dataset of behavioral response of three-spined sticklebacks to TNT exposure in a closed laboratory setup

Dumped munition in the German North Sea and Baltic Sea pose environmental risks as corrosion of the munition shells results in the leakage of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitroluene (TNT) into the marine environment. Uptake of TNT by marine biota and the associated negative effects on organisms are of major concern. This dataset reports behavioral responses of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to environmentally relevant concentrations of TNT. Experimental sticklebacks were laboratory-bred and held in groups of 30 individuals in 60 L tanks in the fish facilities at the Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology in Bremerhaven. Parental sticklebacks originated from the Weser estuary (Luneplate, Bremerhaven, Germany, 53°28'36.9" N; 8°31'08.9" E) and were collected in April 2023. A total of 60 sticklebacks were tested in a controlled laboratory setup at the fish facilities at the Thünen Institute in Bremerhaven, containing two hideout zones formed by artificial plants. Each hideout was connected to an infusion system delivering either a TNT solution (100 µg/L) or control water into the zone currently occupied by the fish. Experimental trials were video-recorded to enable post hoc behavioral analysis. Behavioral metrics included the total time spent in the exposed hideout zone (s), latency to first leave the exposed hideout zone (s), and the number of crossings between hideout zones.

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