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First-principles kinetic modeling for solar hydrogen production

The development of sustainable and efficient energy conversion processes at interfaces is at the center of the rapidly growing field of basic energy science. How successful this challenge can be addressed will ultimately depend on the acquired degree of molecular-level understanding. In this respect, the severe knowledge gap in electro- or photocatalytic conversions compared to corresponding thermal processes in heterogeneous catalysis is staggering. This discrepancy is most blatant in the present status of predictive-quality, viz. first-principles based modelling in the two fields, which largely owes to multifactorial methodological issues connected with the treatment of the electrochemical environment and the description of the surface redox chemistry driven by the photo-excited charges or external potentials.Successfully tackling these complexities will advance modelling methodology in (photo)electrocatalysis to a similar level as already established in heterogeneous catalysis, with an impact that likely even supersedes the one seen there in the last decade. A corresponding method development is the core objective of the present proposal, with particular emphasis on numerically efficient approaches that will ultimately allow to reach comprehensive microkinetic formulations. Synergistically combining the methodological expertise of the two participating groups we specifically aim to implement and advance implicit and mixed implicit/explicit solvation models, as well as QM/MM approaches to describe energy-related processes at solid-liquid interfaces. With the clear objective to develop general-purpose methodology we will illustrate their use with applications to hydrogen generation through water splitting. Disentangling the electro- resp. photocatalytic effect with respect to the corresponding dark reaction, this concerns both the hydrogen evolution reaction at metal electrodes like Pt and direct water splitting at oxide photocatalysts like TiO2. Through this we expect to arrive at a detailed mechanistic understanding that will culminate in the formulation of comprehensive microkinetic models of the light- or potential-driven redox process. Evaluating these models with kinetic Monte Carlo simulations will unambiguously identify the rate-determining and overpotential-creating steps and therewith provide the basis for a rational optimization of the overall process. As such our study will provide a key example of how systematic method development in computational approaches to basic energy sciences leads to breakthrough progress and serves both fundamental understanding and cutting-edge application.

Naturfasern

Faserpflanzen gehören zu den ältesten nachwachsenden Rohstoffen. Eine große Anzahl von Pflanzenarten enthalten vor allem aus Zellulose bestehende Fasern mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften. Die größte wirtschaftliche Bedeutung hat die Baumwolle erlangt, aber auch Jute, Sisal, Flachs, Hanf und Kokosfasern spielen eine wichtige Rolle. Im Freistaat Sachsen ist in den Regionen Erzgebirge, Oberlausitz und Vogtland der Flachs (Faserlein), außerhalb der höheren Mittelgebirgslagen auch der Hanf anbauwürdig. Flachs und Hanf sind botanisch und bezüglich ihrer Wuchsform sehr unterschiedliche Pflanzen. Verwendung finden Kurz- und Langfasern in Mischgarnen, Verbundwerkstoffen, Geotextilien, Dämmstoffen, Verpackungsmaterialien, technischen Textilien, Asbestersatz.

Die Qualitaet pflanzlicher Oele und ihre zuechterische Verbesserung

Die Versorgung der Bevoelkerung mit ernaehrungsphysiologisch hochwertigen Pflanzenfetten ist ein wichtiges Anliegen zur Gesunderhaltung der Menschen. Mit dem Ziel der Verbesserung der Fettsaeuremuster in den wichtigsten oelliefernden Pflanzen wird gearbeitet mit: Winterraps, Sommerraps, Rueben, Lein, Sojabohnen, Sonnenblumen.

Adaptations and counter-adaptations in the coevolutionary arms race of a baculovirus and its insect host

Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV, Baculoviridae) is one of the most important agents for the control of codling moth (CM, Cydia pomonella, L.) in both biological and integrated pest management. The rapid emergence of resistance against CpGV-M, which was observed in about 40 European CM field populations from 2003 on, could be traced back to a single, dominant, sex-linked gene. Since then, resistance management has been based on mixtures of new CpGV isolates (CpGV-I12, -S), which are able to overcome this resistance. Recently, resistance even to these novel isolates was observed in CM field populations. This resistance does not follow the described dominant, sex-linked inheritance trait. At the same time, another isolate CpGV-V15 was identified showing high virulence against these resistant populations. To elucidate this novel resistance mechanism and to identify the resistance gene(s) involved, we propose a comprehensive analysis of this resistance on the cellular and genomic level of codling moth. Because of the lack of previous knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of virus resistance in insects, several different and complementary approaches will be pursued. This study will not only give an in-depth insight into the genetic possibilities for development of baculovirus resistance in CM field populations and how the virus overcomes it, but can also serve as an important model for other baculovirus-host interaction systems.

Barley dwarfs acting big in agronomy. Identification of genes and characterization of proteins involved in dwarfism, lodging resistance and crop yield

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an important cereal grain which serves as major animal fodder crop as well as basis for malt beverages or staple food. Currently barley is ranked fourth in terms of quantity of cereal crops produced worldwide. In times of a constantly growing world population in conjunction with an unforeseeable climate change and groundwater depletion, the accumulation of knowledge concerning cereal growth and rate of yield gain is important. The Nordic Genetic Resource Center holds a major collection of barley mutants produced by irradiation or chemical treatment. One phenotypic group of barley varieties are dwarf mutants (erectoides, brachytic, semidwarf, uzu). They are characterized by a compact spike and high rate of yield while the straw is short and stiff, enhancing the lodging resistance of the plant. Obviously they are of applied interest, but they are also of scientific interest as virtually nothing is known about the genes behind the development of plant dwarfism. The aim of this project is to identify and isolate the genes carrying the mutations by using state of the art techniques for gene cloning at the Carlsberg Laboratory. The identified genes will be connected with the mutant phenotype to reveal the gene function in general. One or two genes will be overexpressed and the resulting recombinant proteins will be biochemically and structurally characterized. The insights how the mutation effects the protein will display the protein function in particular. Identified genes and their mutant alleles will be tested in the barley breeding program of the Carlsberg brewery.

Forest functions arrangement with the CBD's Ecosystem Approach - A study on the Bengawan Solo River Basin, Java, Indonesia

The natural capital of forests consists to a great extend of the forests environmental functions for human well-being, which not only include goods and services (source and sink functions) but also include life-support functions that reflect ecosystem performance (ecosystem functioning). Shifting the management approach from a traditional one to one that is more aware of the ecosystem complexity, the idea of 'ecosystem functioning is appearing to tackle gradual declines of ecosystem functions. Within CBDs framework, the Ecosystem Approach has been introduced on account of the necessity for open decision making with strong links between all stakeholders and the latest scientific knowledge due to uncertainty and unpredictability in nature. The Ecosystem Approach is still in need of further elaboration, even though as a concept Ecosystem Approach has been widely accepted. To aim forest enhancement, this approach has been regarded as the most feasible concept for the study area, the Bengawan Solo River Basin - Java, Indonesia. Therefore the principles and operational guidelines will be used to analyse and evaluate the current forest management in those areas of the Bengawan Solo River Basin, in which ecosystem function is the basis for forest development area. This research focuses on ecological functions of forests at various levels of ecosystem management planning, from the forestry sectors point of view.

Pollen and environmental reconstruction, Holocene dynamics of tropical rainforest, climate, fire, human impact and land use in Sulawesi and Sumatra, Indonesia

The present-day configuration of Indonesia and SE Asia is the results of a long history of tectonic movements, volcanisms and global eustatic sea-level changes. Not indifferent to these dynamics, fauna and flora have been evolving and dispersing following a complicate pattern of continent-sea changes to form what are today defined as Sundaland and Wallacea biogeographical regions. The modern intraannual climate of Indonesia is generally described as tropical, seasonally wet with seasonal reversals of prevailing low-level winds (Asian-Australian monsoon). However at the interannual scale a range of influences operating over varying time scales affect the local climate in respect of temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall. Vegetation generally reflects climate and to simplify it is possible to distinguish three main ecological elements in the flora of Malaysia: everwet tropical, seasonally dry tropical (monsoon) and montane. Within those major ecological groups, a wide range of specific local conditions caused a complex biogeography which has and still attract the attention of botanists and biogeographers worldwide. Being one of the richest regions in the Worlds in terms of species endemism and biodiversity, Indonesia has recently gone through intensive transformation of previously rural/natural lands for intensive agriculture (oil palm, rubber, cocoa plantations and rice fields). Climate change represents an additional stress. Projected climate changes in the region include strengthening of monsoon circulation and increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall and drought events. The ecological consequences of these scenarios are hard to predict. Within the context of sustainable management of conservation areas and agro-landscapes, Holocene palaeoecological and palynological studies provide a valuable contribution by showing how the natural vegetation present at the location has changed as a consequence of climate variability in the long-term (e.g. the Mid-Holocene moisture maximum, the modern ENSO onset, Little Ice Age etc.). The final aim of my PhD research is to compare the Holocene history of Jambi province and Central Sulawesi. In particular: - Reconstructing past vegetation, plant diversity and climate dynamics in the two study areas Jambi (Sumatra) and Lore Lindu National Park (Sulawesi) - Comparing the ecological responses of lowland monsoon swampy rainforest (Sumatra) and everwet montane rainforests (Sulawesi) to environmental variability (vulnerability/resilience) - Investigating the history of human impact on the landscape (shifting cultivation, slash and burn, crop cultivation, rubber and palm oil plantation) - Assessing the impact and role of droughts (El Niño) and fires - Adding a historical perspective to the evaluation of current and future changes.

Evaluierung und Adaptierung der Empfehlungen zur mineralischen Kaliumdüngung

Der Boden beeinflusst durch Wasserhaushalt, Temperaturverhältnisse, Bodenstruktur, Bodenleben, Lufthaushalt und Angebot an Nährstoffen den Charakter und die Qualität des Weines. Der Einfluss des Bodens auf die Weinqualität erfolgt über die Versorgung mit Nährstoffen. Ausreichend und regelmäßig gedüngte Böden erbringen gehaltvollere Weine. Der Nährstoff Kalium spielt in der Rebenernährung eine Schlüsselrolle. Kalium ist für die Wasseraufnahme und den Wasserhaushalt wesentlich, da es quellend wirkt und das Öffnen und Schließen der Spaltöffnungen regelt. Kalium ist als wichtiges Element für viele Enzymreaktionen am Eiweiß- und Kohlehydratstoffwechsel und damit an der Zucker- und Bukettbildung beteiligt. Außerdem fördert es die Trauben- und Holzreife sowie die Frosthärte. Kaliumreiche Weine sind gut gepuffert und dadurch wird die geschmackliche Wirkung der Säuren im Wein als weniger scharf und harmonisch empfunden. In den Richtlinien für die sachgerechte Düngung im Weinbau wird derzeit die jährliche Ausbringung folgender Mengen an Kalium (K) empfohlen: Gehaltsstufe A: 100 kg, Gehaltsstufe B: 83 kg, Gehaltsstufe C: 66 kg und Gehaltsstufe D: 33 kg. Aufgrund immer wieder auftretender Kaliummangelsymptome sowohl an Blättern als auch an Beeren und im Besonderen aufgrund des Auftretens von Traubenwelke soll diese Empfehlung evaluiert und adaptiert werden, um eine gute Versorgung der Reben zu gewährleisten.

Effiziente Tropf- und Unterflurbewässerung zur Ertrags- und Qualitätssicherung im Weinbau

Zielsetzung: Die Arbeit soll zeigen, inwieweit trockenheitsbedingte Wasser- und damit auch Nährstoffdefizite durch gezielte Bewässerungsmaßnahmen mittels Tropf- und Unterflurbewässerung ausgeglichen werden können und inwieweit die Inhaltsstoffbildung in den Beeren durch gezielte jährliche Wassergaben während der Entwicklungsstadien 'Ende des Traubenschlusses' (BBCH 79) bis 'Reifebeginn' (BBCH 81) verbessert werden kann. Dazu werden die Effekte auf den Blattnährstoffgehalt, die Wuchsleistung, den Ertrag, das Traubengewicht, das Beerengewicht, das Mostgewicht, den Säuregehalt im Most und den pH-Wert analysiert. Mittels Mikrovinifikation und anschließender Weinanalyse und sensorischer Weinbewertung wird der Einfluss auf die Weinqualität ermittelt. Außerdem werden weitere chemische Parameter in den Mosten und Weinen analysiert. Desweiteren sollen mögliche Unterschiede und damit Vor- und Nachteile des jeweiligen Bewässerungsverfahrens ermittelt und beschrieben werden. Bedeutung des Projekts für die Praxis: Im Zuge der klimatischen Veränderungen kommt es in manchen Weinbaugebieten verstärkt zu längeren Trockenphasen. Dadurch verschlechtert sich die Wasser- und Nährstoffaufnahme der Reben. Diese Arbeit soll zeigen, inwieweit trockenheitsbedingte Wasser- und damit auch Nährstoffdefizite durch gezielte Bewässerungsmaßnahmen ausgeglichen werden können und inwieweit die Inhaltsstoffbildung in den Beeren durch gezielte jährliche Wassergaben während der Entwicklungsstadien 'Ende des Traubenschlusses' (BBCH 79) bis 'Reifebeginn' (BBCH 81) verbessert werden kann. Dazu werden die Effekte auf den Blattnährstoffgehalt, die Wuchsleistung, den Ertrag, das Traubengewicht, das Beerengewicht, das Mostgewicht, den Gehalt an Säure im Most und den pH-Wert analysiert. Mittels Mikrovinifikation und anschließender Weinanalyse und sensorischer Weinbewertung wird der Einfluss auf die Weinqualität ermittelt. Außerdem erfolgt die Analyse weiterer chemischer Parameter der Moste und Weine. Die Wasserausbringung soll gezielt und ressourcen- und umweltschonend erfolgen.

Linum leonii F.W. Schultz Lothringer Lein Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Gefährdet

Regional auch zunehmend.

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