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Integration of Non-CO2 Effects of Aviation in the EU ETS and under CORSIA

Der Luftverkehr verursacht neben Kohlendioxid (CO2) weitere Emissionen und atmosphärische Prozesse, wie z. B. die Ozon- und Kondensstreifenzirrenbildung, deren Klimawirkung stark vom Emissionsort (insbesondere Reiseflughöhe) und -zeitpunkt (u.a. Wetterbedingungen) abhängt und somit hochgradig nicht linear zum Kraftstoffverbrauch ist. Obwohl Nicht-CO2-Effekte ca. 2/3 der Klimawirkung der Luftfahrt induzieren, werden sie in bestehenden und aktuell geplanten Emissionshandelssystemen (z.B. EU ETS) bzw. marktbasierten Maßnahmen (MBM, z.B. CORSIA) zur Regulierung von klimawirksamen Luftverkehrsemissionen noch nicht berücksichtigt. Gegenstand dieses Forschungsprojekts ist die Erarbeitung von Konzepten zur Integration dieser Nicht-CO2-Effekte in das EU ETS bzw. CORSIA. Zu diesem Zweck werden zunächst geeignete Klimametriken zur Beurteilung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Nicht-CO2- und CO2-Klimawirkungen analysiert (Teil A). Es wird untersucht, welche Daten Luftfahrzeugbetreiber dafür erfassen müssen und wie nicht vorhandene Daten ggf. durch Schätzdaten ersetzt werden können (Teil B). Anschließend wird die derzeitige Praxis auf den freiwilligen Kohlenstoffmärkten zur Abschätzung der CO2- und Nicht-CO2-Effekte des Luftverkehrs dargestellt (Teil C). Der zusätzliche Verwaltungsaufwand zur Überprüfung der Berichterstattung der Nicht-CO2-Effekte wird in Teil D untersucht. Im letzten Schritt werden wesentliche Fragestellungen zur Einbindung von Nicht- CO2-Effekten in das EU ETS bzw. in CORSIA adressiert (Teil E). Die Einbeziehung von Nicht-CO2-Effekten ins EU ETS und CORSIA ist aus klimatologischen Gründen empfehlenswert und (Daten-)technisch möglich, aber mit einem zusätzlichen Verwaltungsaufwand für Behörden und Flugzeugbetreiber verbunden. Die Höhe des resultierenden Mitigationsanreizes sowie des entstehenden Mehraufwands ist dabei stark von der Berechnungsmethodik der CO2- Äquivalente abhängig. So gilt es bei der Wahl des CO2-Äquivalentansatzes zwischen einer einfachen Operationalisierbarkeit und einer hohen Anreizwirkung zur Veränderung der Flugroutenführung und zur Reduzierung der NOx-Emissionsindizes abzuwägen und Fehlanreize, die aufgrund der Nichtlinearität zwischen Nicht-CO2-Effekten und Kraftstoffverbrauch entstehen können, zu vermeiden. Quelle: Forschungsbericht

DLR Review of an EASA Report requested by the European Commission

In addition to CO₂, aviation affects the climate through other emissions and atmospheric processes, such as the formation of ozone and contrail cirrus. Although these non-CO₂ effects account for about 2/3 of aviation's total climate impact, they have not been regulated in the past.According to Article 30(4) of the EU ETS Directive, ‘the Commission shall present (before January 2020) an updated analysis of the non-CO₂ effects of aviation, accompanied, where appropriate, by a proposal on how best to address these effects.’ In light of this, the EU Commission commissioned a study to EASA.In this project, the corresponding EASA report to the European Commission was critically reviewed.

Decision parameters of an MRV scheme for integrating non-CO₂ aviation effects into EU ETS

In addition to CO2, aviation affects the climate through other emissions and atmospheric processes, such as the formation of ozone and contrail cirrus. Although these non-CO2 effects account for about 2/3 of aviation's total climate impact, they have not been regulated in the past.This report summarizes the most important decision parameters that need to be considered by policy-makers for the implementation of a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) framework for non-CO2 effects of aviation. Many of the considerations are also reflected in the MRV framework of the EU Emissions Trading System, which will enter into force on 1 January 2025.

Testing of a monitoring and reporting scheme for integrating non-CO₂ aviation effects into EU ETS

In addition to CO2, aviation affects the climate through other emissions and atmospheric processes, such as the formation of ozone and contrail cirrus. These non-CO2 effects account for about 2/3 of aviation's total climate impact but can vary widely from flight to flight. In order to target mitigation measures, it is therefore essential to calculate the climate impact at the level of individual flights.This project took the perspective of an airline and tested the necessary steps to monitor and process the data and determine the resulting climate impact based on about 400 flights. This work has laid the basis for the integration of a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification framework into the European Emissions Trading System.

Software for a simplified estimation of CO₂ equivalents of individual flights

In addition to CO2, aviation affects the climate through other emissions and atmospheric processes, such as the formation of ozone and contrail cirrus. These non-CO2 effects account for about 2/3 of aviation's total climate impact but can vary widely from flight to flight. Although scientists have complex models to determine the climate impact of individual flights, there was no simple tool for the public to estimate this relatively accurately and quickly.In this project a user-friendly Excel application has been developed that provides an estimation of the climate impact of a single flight that is much more detailed than a simple constant factor. Users simply need to enter the origin and destination of the flight and the aircraft size category.

Testing of a verification scheme for integrating non-CO₂ aviation effects into EU ETS

In addition to CO2, aviation affects the climate through other emissions and atmospheric processes, such as the formation of ozone and contrail cirrus. These non-CO2 effects account for about 2/3 of aviation's total climate impact but can vary widely from flight to flight. In order to target mitigation measures, it is therefore essential to calculate the climate impact at the level of individual flights.This project took the perspective of an authority and tested the necessary tasks and available data in order to assess the data reported by an airline. This work has laid the basis for the integration of a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification framework into the European Emissions Trading System.

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