Das Projekt "Do it yourself solar house" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Garbersbau, Hermann Garbers GmbH & Co. durchgeführt. Objective: Aim of the project was to demonstrate the marketability of our 'Do-it-yourself-solar-house'. By this, the gap between our developments and their application should be closed. The specific innovation of the project is, that our Do-it-yourself-conception bases on a construction manual for building (solar) houses which is very detailed but nevertheless also understandable for non-professionals. In addition, we can and do supply full technical support to the client, e.g. concerning safety standards etc., because all construction sites are located near. The market studies which have been carried out, show that in the FRG the market share of Do-it-yourself-houses (one-and-two-family-houses) is about 51,9 per cent. For the first time, our project will introduce to his large market the possibility of building a solar house by a Do-it-yourself technique. General Information: The purpose of this project was to close the gap between the developments of the do-it-yourself-solar houses we (Solar Module) have carried out so far and their application and establishment on the market. Before carrying out the necessary data for the assessment of technical and commercial feasibility of this plan. Compared to conventional buildings this do-it-yourself concept will save costs and, therefore, this concept will contribute to establish (on larger scale) the environment protecting passive solar energy on the market. By the application of passive technology, five detached family houses are heated by solar energy. Conventional energy will be replaced and resources of raw materials will be saved. The houses were built in normal sizes. All five houses are equipped with a conventional heating system (gas). The floor area of the solar houses is about 12 m2. Three of five solar houses are facing South, two facing West. The provided locations for these buildings are two different districts in the region of Lüneburg. Achievements: The clients decided in favour of a do-it-yourself detached family house mainly for financial reasons. They all belong to the financially weak. For them building a do-it-yourself solar house meant increasing the value of their home and possibly saving energy. The solar houses are used mostly as an extension of the living room. In all cases the warm air of the solar house was used for heating the living-room. The solar houses facing South had some problems with overheating during summer time. Some occupants regret that their solar house is too small. Three of five occupants think that the solar house needs too much attention e.g. cleaning the glass. Thermal reaction of the building on cloudy winter days: an effect of diffuse sunlight can be observed in the houses with Solar Modules facing South. Otherwise, there is no influence on the room-temperature. Thermal reaction of the building on sunny winter days: greatest influence of solar radiation is to be seen in the Solar Module facing South e.g. it made the temperature of the Solar Module...
Das Projekt "Waste heat utilization of a blast furnace by the use of a heat pump" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Krupp Hoesch Stahl durchgeführt. Objective: To utilize the waste heat of blast furnace using a heat pump. The temperature of the coolant circuits is 57 deg. C which is raised to 90 deg. C by means of a heat pump and so waste heat is fed into the existing hot water heating networks. It is expected to achieve a 2265 TOE//year energy saving at project level. Payback time estimated at 3.1 years. In case of success, this technology could be transferred to about 100 blast furnaces in the Community, corresponding to an available waste heat potential of about 885 000 TOE/year. General Information: Blast furnaces are generally cooled by three cooling water circuits: the circuit for cooling the blast tuyerers, the hot blast slide valves, and the staves. About 42 GJ/h of waste heat are dissipated today unutilized by the water/air cooling systems. The cooling water temperature at the blast furnace No 7 of the Hoesch Stahl AG is about 57 deg. C, and the heat pump proposed to be installed will raise the temperature level at 90 deg. C, and feed the waste heat into the existing hot water heating networks. The heat pump will be powered by a back pressure turbine. With this turbine the unutilized steam energy (enthalpy) of the reduction station between the existing 33 bar and 12 bar steam network can be utilized. The first step of the project is to combine the separately operated heating centers. After the installation of the heat pump unit and the integration of the heating centres, the heat pump will supply the hot water network with heat. The construction costs are estimated at 3.8Million DM (year 85). Costs reduction of up to 20 per cent are expected for units of this type. In addition to the energy saving the annual operating and maintenance costs will decrease significantly by establishing a central hot water network. Compared to the units operating today, a saving of about 225 000 DM (year 85) is taken into account for operating and maintenance costs.
Das Projekt "PV hybrid systems for 5 remote sites in the german alps" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Deutscher Alpenverein e.V. durchgeführt. Objective: Photovoltaic, hybrid electricity supplies for five different sites in the German Alps. The mountain huts are not connected to the grid. Lightning protection of the systems is a major concern. Economic operation and reduced ecological pollution are aims of the project. General Information: Five remote sites are equipped with PV generators for lighting, household appliances, communication equipment and water pumping. The auxiliary generators are foreseen to operate only if the demand cannot be met by the pv part. In the four small installation the inverter operates only on demand of 220 V ac load. The two larger systems use a special transformerless inverter (developed for the project SE/134/83, Rappenecker Hof), which is operating continuously. 'Global monitoring' is made for the small installations, and 'Analytical monitoring' for the two larger stations. Nr. of subsystems: 5 Power of subsystems: 900, 1000, 1040, 5000, 5400 Wp Total power: 13,3 kWp Backup: Diesel, gas (and wind at one site) Number of modules: 266 Module description: 20 Siemens SM50 (Purtscheller) and 152 AEG PQ36/45 (Brunnstein, Meiler, Mindelheim) and 94 TST MQ36D/53 (Watzmann). Connection: 24 V (for systems smaller than+ 1 kWp) or special Support: special mounting (no holes in the roof) on the sheet metal roofs Max power tracker: none Charge controller: special design by Uhlmann Solarelectronic, IBC Battery: Bayern, Fiamm, Hoppecke, Hagen Batt. (V): 24 V for systems smaller than= 1kWp; special connection for the 2 large systems Capacity (Ah): 100 and 150 Ah at 162 V, 500 and 600 Ah at 24 V. Inverter: Special transformerless inverter at two sites. (Watzmannhaus and Mindelheimer Huette) with 10 kVA each of FhG-ISE (sinusoidal). At two other sites (Purtscheller and Brunnstein): 'Al-elektronic' (trapezoidal) with 1.6 kVA each. At Meiler Huette: 'Sunpower' 2 kVA (sinusoidal). Load description: For lights: fluorescent lamps for 24 V and 230 V. Water pump. Low consumption household appliances, freezers, refrigerators, dish washers ecc. Monitoring: 'Global' for the 4 small systems, 11 data, daily, manual reading of mechanical meters. 'Analytical' for the two larger systems: data, hourly averages stored in data logger.
Das Projekt "Use of Geothermal Water to heat a Recreational Resort in Weiden (Bavaria)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Stadt Weiden i. d. OPf. durchgeführt. Objective: To use geothermal water for thermal spa applications and sauna in a recreational resort centre to be built in Weiden. The reservoir at 1300 m depth is made of detrital formations overlying granitic and gneissic basement. Expected flow rate is about 18 m3/h of drinking water at 35 degree of Celsius. Water will be treated and filtered before use in baths to avoid Fe and Mn oxydes. Well drilling will be realized close to the resort site to have the shortest distribution network possible. General Information: The well was drilled to a final depth of 1459,75 m between November 88 and September 89. It was fitted with 7 5/8' casing down to 960 m. Two sections (583-797 m and 851-941 m) were left free from cementation for later tapping measures (perforation). At a depth of 1230 a hydro carbonaceous zone has been struck. Oil tests and loggings were done and the cored interval for the installation of casing had to be enlarged. After completion of the oil tests the oil bearing zone has been sealed by installation of a 159 mm casing down to 1224 m. Mud loss occurred between 1309 and 1319 m and between 1383 and 1389. Pumping tests in the open hole showed a flow rate of 0,05 l/s at 150 m depression. To get a sufficient output higher aquifers (857-933 m and 608 - 753 m) were tapped by perforation. Long time pumping tests were carried out (November, December 1990) out and showed an output of about 7,2 m3/h at about 23 degree of Celsius. Achievements: This project encountered difficulties when the drilling crossed an hydro carbonaceous zone. (0,4 m3 of oil has been produced). This problem led the operator to cement the lowest part of the drilling and to produce water from a shallower reservoir with both low temperature and flow rate. The well is exploited at 6,5 m3/h - 23 degree of Celsius. The discharge temperature is 14 degree of Celsius and the power of 106 kWht. Annual energy savings expected are 65 TOE.
Das Projekt "Heat recovery in the production of phosphoric acid" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von BK Ladenburg GmbH durchgeführt. Objective: The combustion of yellow phosphorus generates 24,350 kJ of heat per kg of the substance. The large-scale production of phosphoric acid involves the combustion of yellow phosphorus. The considerable amounts of heat generated in this process have been evacuated by means of cooling water. The project suggests to utilize this heat, in the future, for the generation of steam and to have it converted into electric power. This process-heat recovery enables considerable savings of primary energy (coal, oil, gas). General Information: The heat generated by the large-scale combustion of phosphorus is absorbed, in an acid tower, by recirculating acid. The recirculating acid then releases the heat previously absorbed into a heat exchanger (cooling water). The amounts of heat thus transferred are subsequently released, mainly in the form of steam, from the cooling tower into the atmosphere. Now, the new method suggests an upstream combustion chamber before the acid tower, thus utilizing a major part of the heat generated in the combustion of yellow phosphorus for the production of energy. The new method represents an energy-recovery process on a very high temperature level, with the possibility to produce high-pressure to medium-pressure steam with subsequent power/heat coupling. The estimated energy generation, at 8000 hours, would be as follows: Steam 15 t/h = 120,000 t/a with steam-pressure reduction from 80 bars/550 degree of Celsius to 40 bars/450 degree of Celsius. Electric power: 550 kWh = 4,400 mWh/a. Achievements: The project cannot be carried on, for the following reasons: - The capital expense (investment), in view of the actual cost level, will be approx. 30-40 per cent higher than estimated at the time of submission. - The capital payback period, due to the price decline for primary energy, will be excessively long (7 years); longer than there is an assured supply of phosphorus. - Since 1985, in view of a modified strategy, our company has increased its efforts to manufacture speciality products rather than to produce mass phosphates (commodities); this will lead to a reduced demand of phosphorus in the future. - A drastic collapse, since early 1986, in the sale of phosphate salts used in washing powers, detergents, and cleaning agents, will further reduce the amounts of phosphorus needed in the manufacture of our product line. - A major aspect of the project was the purchase of energy by Joh. A. Benckiser, with whom we have a joint network. Joh. A. Benckiser are no longer prepared to purchase any such energy.
Das Projekt "Use of geothermal water for bathing and district heating purposes in bad walsee" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Stadtverwaltung Bad Waldsee durchgeführt. Objective: The aim of the project is to extract thermal water from an undisturbed area of the Upper Jurassic (Malm), which will then be used to supply the municipal spa facilities of Bad Waldsee. The unsatisfactory result obtained by the well GB Bad Waldsee 2 which had been sunk in 1985 justified the drilling of a second geothermal well in the Upper Jurassic. After comprehensive planning work this well was sunk in the year 1992. General Information: This project is a follow-up project to the geothermal project Bad Waldsee which started in 1985. The scope of the project includes the drilling of a large well in the Upper Jurassic, the testing of the thermal water aquifer to be developed and the well completion required to extract thermal water. The well GB Waldsee 2 has been drilled successfully down to the Malm formation, according to the drilling and casing programme. At the final depth (1970 m) and well equipment a final long term pumping test has been carried out on the second half of 1992. The preliminary results indicate a maximum pumping flow rate of 18 m3/h at 68 degree of Celsius temperature. Achievements: The final report including the definitive results (productivity of the well) will be terminated mid 1993. According to the 'definitions of terms for spas results and mineral springs' established by the German Tourist Association, the water extracted is classified as a 'fluoride and sulfure containing thermal water' and thus be used for balneological and therapeutical applications in the spa faclities of Bad Waldsee. The geothermal water will be utilized for bathing purposes, to produce hot water and to feed an existing gas heat pump in the control district heating station.
Das Projekt "PV hybrid systems for three remote houses" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft FhG, Abteilung für Forschungs- und Budgetplanung durchgeführt. Objective: This project demonstrates three photovoltaic hybrid (wind, Diesel, gas) systems, with continuous AC energy supplied by an inverter. All three sites are far away from the grid. General Information: Three different subsystems at three different sites. A common feature is newly developed indicator of the state of charge of the battery. This indicator allows economic energy management and optimized use of the auxiliary generator. All three subsystems have the same type of special inverter (ISE design) to supply 220 V AC. In the new version of the ISE inverter it is sufficient to have one battery with the full tension of 162 V; the other dc tensions, 84, 42, 24 and 12 V are generated by a DC/DC converter. (Patented system). 1) The Grimmelshofen system, 1.76 kWp, on a private house, a former railroad signal house, has a Diesel/gas auxiliary generator. The PV arrays are mounted on the roof of the house. 2) The Rotwandhaus system, 5 kWp, on a guesthouse in the bavarian Alps near Spitzingsee, has a wind auxiliary generator (20 kWp turbine). The PV arrays are mounted on the roof. 3) The Bognago system, 4.32 kWp, on a site of several isolated guest huts, has a hydro electric generator, 5 kW for the main house supply (household appliances, water pump). This system has also a Diesel/gas auxiliary generator. Nr. of subsystems: 1 + 1 + 1 Power of subsystems: 1.76 + 5.1 + 4.32 kWp Total power: 11 kWp Backup: Diesel (+wind + hydro) Number of modules: about 240 TST (AEG) Module description: AEG PQ 36/45 and Italsolar 36 SL/A Connection: 12 in series Support: On the roof (Rotwandhaus), roof integrated (Langer and Bognago) Max power tracker: none Charge controller: special Battery: HAGEN Batt. (V): 162 (168 Langer) Capacity (Ah): 1 x 75 Ah (OGI) and 1x37.5 Ah (OpzS) at 168 V for Langer house, 400 Ah at 162 V, type Hagen OCSM, for Rotwandhaus, 200 Ah at 162 V, type FIAMM PMF, for Bognago. Inverter: special (ISE design transformer less inverter with DC/DC converter for all three systems, 10 kW. Load description: Household appliances, Dishwater, washing machine, refrigerator, freezer, TV, lights, and water pump. Monitoring: Data logger for 11 main parameters with integrators for mechanical backup. Achievements: The system in the Langer-house works perfectly, satisfying the seasonal needs of the Langer family. The final yield over nine months is 1.3 kWh/(d x kWp) at a reference yield of 3.5 kWh/(d x kWp). The battery and the inverter have both high efficiency. The Rotwandhouse system is operating since September 92. Of the 11.3 MWh totally produced in 1993 3.4 MWh are of pv origin, 2.4 MWh of wind origin and 5.5 MWh are Diesel generated. The final yield for the pv supply was 1.6 kWh/(d x kWp) at a reference yield of 3.8 kWh/(d x kWp). At Bonago, operating since September 1991, the consumption is much higher than expected. The pv systems works correctly, but the motor generator fraction is high. From the whole project many valuable lessons were learned,...
Das Projekt "Application of ductile cast iron pipes in the district heating system saar-west" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fernwärme-Verbund Saar GmbH durchgeführt. Objective: To build and operate a pre-insulated district heat transmission pipe system of ductile cast iron socket pipes with pressed-through passages and stilt supports. The expected advantages of such a system were the considerable cost savings during construction and the short installation time. The cast-iron pipes are connected with coupling sleeves as part of the Saar district heating distribution system. The innovative concept was expected to diminish corrosion and avoid the need for expensive welding and heat compensation measures at the weld. General Information: The project concerns the installation of a district heating transmission line consisting of cast-iron socket pipes with pressed-through passages and stilt support. The new pre-insulated pipes were part of the new construction of the central transmission system Saar-West in Germany. The transmission pipes transport the heat from the place of heat generation at the 'Dillinger Hütte' in Dillingen to the city of Saarlouis. Other supply areas were connected to the central transmission system as well. The total length of the line is 4 km. 3.6 km of this are made up of cast-iron pipes of which 2.5 km are underground, 0.9 km are above ground on concrete pedestals, 0.175 km of this are pressed through passages under roads and 0.03 km are on a footbridge. The pipes are made of cast-iron and were therefore expected to be resistant to corrosion. They are insulated with polyurethane material and are couples with flexible gaskets which absorb the expansion forces. Therefore, the expensive and time consuming welding with the addition of expansion compensating devices were not required. A pipeline monitoring system was installed along the entire length of the pipes. At defined intervals along the pipe hybrid modules were located 1 m from a socket connection. Nominal width: 500/300/250 Nominal pressure: PN 25 Operating temperatures: 130 deg. C. Achievements: The installation of 4.4 km was completed at the end of September 1986. After a successful pressure test the line was commissioned in October 1986. The aim of lowering low laying costs and shortening of the assembly time was achieved. In the operation the system could not meet the stipulated requirements. Considerable damages to the insulation material and the sleeves led to a drastic reduction in life expectancy. Parts of the pipes have to be replaced in the near future. The installed control and monitoring system operated satisfactorily.
Das Projekt "250-KW-Windturbine fuer Husum" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Husumer Schiffswerft durchgeführt. Objective: To achieve maximum use of wind energy and to gain experience by the construction of a 250 kW wind turbine at Husumer Schiffswerft. General Information: A 3 bladed, 25 m diameter, 250 kW wind turbine has been constructed by Husumer Schiffswerft and will be installed near the factory. The energy generated is fed into the factory grid; possible surplus is returned to the grid. The construction in modules aiming to obtain maximum capacity is innovative, as well as the single bearing basement of the nacelle. Furthermore, universal rotor hub allowing the installation of fixed pitch and variable pitch blades with improved blade-flange and blade-surface. The estimated annual yield at the site of installation is 500 MWh/yr which yields to a cost of energy generated of about 0,123DM/kWh. Payback time is estimated to 11 years which is expected to be reduced at about 5 years when the machine will be produced in series. Achievements: Machine installed on the 25.03.88. Continuous unmanned operation up to date considered as very successful. The measurement data acquisition system has regularly recorded the operating data and electricity outputs. The plant runs perfectly on automatic and feeds its energy into the grid. In 1989 the HSW-250 produced 361 MWH of electricity, operating 5616 h, with a mean annual wind speed of 5.1 m/s. Some changes have been made to the production machines as a result of experience with the prototype. Tip breaks are no longer used because of the noise the generate. Emphasis paid to the inclusion of a 'soft start' system. Over 100 machines have been built, derived directly from the prototype funded by this project, very high level of replication. A 750 kw W.T. was also developed along similar lines.
Das Projekt "Waste treatment plant for the treatment of slurry and liquid brewey wastes" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Eisenmann Maschinenbau KG durchgeführt. Objective: The project aims at demonstrating that slurry-type wastes originating from the food industry - and a brewery is selected as a typical example - constitute a substantial energy resource. These wastes should therefore not be destroyed by an aerobic, energy-demanding process, but on the contrary be treated in such a way as to recover the energy. Biomethanation is an appropriate process for this, provided innovative adequate pretreatments, namely pretreatments with enzymes, make it possible for methane archae-bacteria to transform the organic matter into methane. Besides, the biogas can be utilized by the industry itself and the pollution abatement constitutes an important fringe benefit. General Information: The innovative treatment system consists of 4 consecutive steps. The slurry-type brewery waste will be enzymatically hydrolyzed to monomeric compounds, simultaneously fermented to organic acids and separately biomethanized. Preceeding these two steps is a buffer step to cope with the discontinuous fonctionning of the brewery, namely over the week-end. Following these two steps, is a step of physico-chemically-assisted thickening yielding a filtrate to be recycled in the 3rd step and a sludge to be composted. The first step, buffering, takes place in 5 m3 tank where yeast and marc are mixed and heated at 70 degree of Celsius In this step, the Kieselgur filter aid is specifically removed by fast sedimentation, an essential part or the process. In the second step, 220 l portions of the previous step are mixed with O.O1 per cent enzyme, heated at 70 degree of Celsius and introduced in the first anaerobic reactor of next step. The third step consists of 2 step biomethanation system: acidogenesis and methanogenesis. Acidogenesis is conducted in a 3step cascade mode with part of the sludge recycled, the excess sludge being led to step 4. The gas produced in the acidogenic step passes through the methanogenic reactor. The mixed liquor of the methanogenic step passes through an ultrafiltration device. The liquid portion is of good quality enough to be discharged in the sewer. The more solid portion is fed into step 4. The biogas is stored in a 15 m3 gasholder at low pressure and subsequently at 15 bar in a high pressure container of 67 m3 capacity, in order to allow for a 3 times a week use, at peak-demand times of energy in the brewery. The fourth step collects the excess sludge, thickens it in a filterpress, recycles the filtrate in the third step and yields and easily compostable solid cake. The waste to be treated amounts to 800 m3 y-1, containing 55,300 kg of TOC (total organic carbon).With an expected global conversion of 70 per cent, the biogas yield is 72,000 Nm3 y-1,equivalent to 42.6 toe. Total costs are 920,020 DM, all of it being eligible. EC contribution is 367.850 DM. Total investment cost is 678,020 DM. Maintenance and operation costs amount to 20,000 DM yearly. Per unit thermal kWh produced, this is equal respectively...
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