Other language confidence: 0.9867484976150754
This dataset comprises acoustic recordings of eruptive events at Strokkur Geyser, Iceland, collected during a field campaign from August 23–27, 2023. The data were recorded using four Chaparral M-60 UHP2 infrasound microphones with a flat frequency response from 0.05–200 Hz. The microphones were deployed in a semicircular array around the geyser pool, approximately 7.5 meters from its center. The signals were digitized using DiGOS Data-Cube3 digitizers with a sampling rate of 400 Hz, ensuring high-resolution capture of both low-frequency infrasound and high-frequency audio signals. Each recording spans approximately 2 ½ hours per day and is timestamped using GPS for precise temporal accuracy. The data are provided as miniSEED files with applied sensitivity, allowing direct calculation of sound pressure levels in Pascal (Pa). The exact locations for each sensor on each day are given below. The dataset highlights acoustic signals associated with the growth, rupture, and disintegration of the water bulge preceding Strokkur’s eruptions. Distinct features, such as "M-shaped" infrasound waveforms, are evident and provide insight into the dynamic processes driving geyser eruptions. The dataset offers a valuable resource for studying acoustic emissions during geyser activity, providing a high-resolution foundation for research on subsurface processes and fluid dynamics. It also facilitates comparative studies of geophysical signals in geysers and analogous volcanic systems. August 23 (Small array configuration): Recording times: 6:25 – 9:41 UTC (exact start times for each sensor may vary as they were started separately). Sensor C3H: 64.31299, -20.30095 Sensor C3G: 64.31308, -20.30089 Sensor C3F: 64.31311, -20.30064 Sensor C3C: 64.31303, -20.30070 August 24 (Half circle around the geyser, until 8:36 UTC): Recording times: 6:50 – 9:17 UTC (exact start times for each sensor may vary). Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30093 Sensor C3G: 64.31280, -20.30073 Sensor C3F: 64.31273, -20.30066 Sensor C3C: 64.31267, -20.30062 August 24 (After 8:36 UTC, modified configuration): Sensor C3F moved to 64.313203, -20.301558 to record gas bubble sounds near another ground opening. Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30093 Sensor C3G: 64.31280, -20.30073 Sensor C3C: 64.31267, -20.30062 August 25 (Half circle around the geyser): Recording times: 6:56 – 9:20 UTC (exact start times for each sensor may vary). Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30093 Sensor C3G: 64.31280, -20.30073 Sensor C3F: 64.31273, -20.30066 Sensor C3C: 64.31267, -20.30062 August 26: No measurements were taken. August 27 (Line configuration, before 8:01 UTC): Recording times: 6:18 – 9:26 UTC (exact start times for each sensor may vary). Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30072 Sensor C3G: 64.31283, -20.30071 Sensor C3F: 64.31288, -20.30071 Sensor C3C: 64.31292, -20.30062 August 27 (After 8:01 UTC, returned to half circle around the geyser): Sensor C3H: 64.31276, -20.30093 Sensor C3G: 64.31280, -20.30073 Sensor C3F: 64.31273, -20.30066 Sensor C3C: 64.31267, -20.30062
Here we present a photogrammetric dataset on the 2018-2019 eruption episode at Shiveluch Volcano, one of the most active volcanoes in Kamchatka Peninsula. The data were acquired by optical sensors and complemented by thermal sensors. The optical satellite images were tri-stereo panchromatic 1-m resolution imagery acquired on 18 July 2018 with Pléiades satellite PHR1B sensor. We processed the data in Erdas Imagine 2015 v15.1. For the relative orientation of the images, 37 tie points were calculated automatically with further manual correction, and for the interior and exterior orientation, Rational Polynomial Coefficients block adjustment, which is a transformation between pixels to latitude, longitude, and height information, was automatically employed. After the image orientation, we obtained a photogrammetric model with a total root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.2 m. By using the Enhanced Automatic Terrain Extraction module (eATE) with normalized cross correlation algorithm as implemented in the Erdas Imagine software, we were able to extract a 2 m resolution point cloud (PC) referenced to the WGS84 coordinate system UTM57 zone. This PC was filtered with the CloudCompare v2.9.1 noise filter and then manually cleaned with the CloudCompare segmentation tool. As strong volcanic steam emissions caused a large gap in the PC at the NE part of the dome, we used a 5 m resolution DEM constructed from TanDEM-X data to fill the gap and obtain the missing topography. TanDEM-X is a bistatic SAR mission, formed by adding a second, almost identical spacecraft, to TerraSAR-X. Therefore, it allows the acquisition of two simultaneous SAR imageries over the same area, eliminating possible temporal decorrelations between them and maintaining a normal baseline between 250 and 500 m, which is suitable for SAR interferometry for DEM generation. We used the interferometric module in ENVI SARscape to build the interferogram, perform the unwrapping step and finally convert it into height information using forward transformation from radar to geographic coordinates. The RMSE of the generated DEM is evaluated based on the coherence value, i.e. quality of the interferogram, and is estimated to be approximately 5 m.
Explosive volcanic eruptions generate sound mostly in the infrasound (<20 Hz), but also in the acoustic (>20 and < 20k Hz) frequency range. Sound from volcanoes is recorded and used to describe quantitatively properties of the eruptive column, e.g. mass flux, and therefore it has monitoring purposes. However, a physical understanding of the underlying processes, their efficiency, and – maybe most importantly – the acting parameters like gas overpressure, absolute gas/magma volume, fragmentation depth and geometry of the plumbing system are unknown. To shed light over the relationship between sound emissions and source conditions, we performed shock-tube experiments generating gas-only jets in an anechoic chamber testing the following conditions: - 3, 4, 50, 75, 80 and 130 bar reservoir overpressure; - 2.14 and 8.57 L/D non-dimensional reservoir volumes, where L is the length of the shock-tube reservoir and D the diameter; - cylinder and two funnels with 15- and 30-degree flaring walls nozzle geometries. The jets’ sound emissions were recorded with a near and far-field array composed of a total of 16 microphones. This archive consists of the raw sound emission recording for the experiments performed. Thus, for each experiment, the user can access a single experiment. Each file is in CSV format. File names are self-explanatory following the format: Acoustic_[vent shape]_[pressure ratio]_[non-dimensional mass supply]_[YYYYMMDDTHHMMSS].csv. As an example, a user who wishes to access the data corresponding to an experiment performed at 50 bar, L/D 8, and a cylindrical nozzle will have to look for the file Acoustic_cyl_50bar_LD8_20160830T094809.csv. For detailed description, please refer to the associated data description pdf.
This data is an high resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated for the Merapi summit by combining terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) photogrammetry data and TanDEM-X data acquired in the years between 2012 and 2017. The structures of the data are further analysed in Darmawan et al. 2017a (http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.11.006), and a previous DEM was available in Darmawan et al. 2017b (https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.1.2017.003). The 3D point clouds of the different data were merged and interpolated to a raster format (Geotiff format).
These data files contain short periods of electrical data recorded at Stromboli volcano, Italy, in 2019 and 2020 using a prototype version of the Biral Thunderstorm Detector BTD-200. This sensor consists of two antennas, the primary and secondary antenna, which detect slow variations in the electrostatic field resulting from charge neutralisation due to electrical discharges. The sensor recorded at three different locations: BTD1 (38.79551°N, 15.21518°E), BTD2 (38.80738°N, 15.21355°E) and BTD3 (38.79668°N, 15.21622°E). Electrical data of the following explosions is provided (each in a separate data file): - Three Strombolian explosions on 12 June 2019 at 12:46:53, 12:49:27 and 12:56:10 UTC, respectively. - A major explosion on 25 June 2019 at 23:03:08 UTC. - A major explosion on 19 July 2020 at 03:00:42 UTC. - A major explosion on 16 November 2020 at 09:17:45 UTC. - A paroxysmal event at 3 July 2019 at 14:45:43 UTC. Each filename indicates the location of the BTD, the starting date and time of the file in UTC, and a short description of the three data columns inside the file (unixtime, primary, secondary). The first column provides the Unix timestamp of each data point, which is the time in seconds since 01/01/1970. All time is provided in UTC. The second column provides the measured voltage [V] recorded by the primary antenna. The third column provides the measured voltage [V] recorded by the secondary antenna.
Monitoring Velocity Changes using Ambient Seismic Noise SeisMIC (Seismological Monitoring using Interferometric Concepts) is a python software that emerged from the miic library. SeisMIC provides functionality to apply some concepts of seismic interferometry to different data of elastic waves. Its main use case is the monitoring of temporal changes in a mediums Green's Function (i.e., monitoring of temporal velocity changes). SeisMIC will handle the whole workflow to create velocity-change time-series including: Downloading raw data, Adaptable preprocessing of the waveform data, Computating cross- and/or autocorrelation, Plotting tools for correlations, Database management of ambient seismic noise correlations, Adaptable postprocessing of correlations, Computation of velocity change (dv/v) time series, postprocessing of dv/v time series, plotting of dv/v time-series
Volcanic projectiles are centimeter- to meter-sized clasts – both solid-to-molten rock fragments or lithic eroded from conduits – ejected during explosive volcanic eruptions that follow ballistic trajectories. Despite being ranked as less dangerous than large-scale processes such as pyroclastic density currents (hot avalanches of gas and pyroclasts), volcanic projectiles still represent a constant threat to life and properties in the vicinity of volcanic vents, and frequently cause fatal accidents on volcanoes. Mapping of their size, shape, and location in volcanic deposits can be combined to model possible trajectories of projectiles from the vent to their final position, and to estimate crucial source parameters of the driving eruption, such as ejection velocity and pressure differential at the vent. Moreover, size and spatial distributions of volcanic projectiles from past eruptions, coupled with ballistic modelling of their trajectory, are crucial to forecast their possible impact in future eruptions. The reliability of such models strongly depends on i) the appropriate physical functions and input parameters and ii) observational validations. In this study, we aimed to unravel intra-conduit processes that strongly control the dynamic of volcanic projectiles by combining numerical modelling and novel experimentally-determined source parameter. In particular, the multiphase ASHEE model (Cerminara 2016; Cerminara et al. 2016) suited for testing post-fragmentation conduit dynamics based on a robust shock tube experimental dataset. By exploding mixtures of pumice and dense lithic particles within a specially designed transparent autoclave, and by using a raft of pressure sensors, ultra-high-speed cameras and pre-sieved natural particles, we observed and quantified: i) kinematic data of the particles and of the gas front along the shock tube and outside, ii) pressure decay at 1GHz resolution. By feeding the ASHEE model with these datasets, and using initial and boundary conditions similar to that of the experiment, we defined domains composed by a pressurized shock tube and the outside chamber at ambient conditions, and tested particles particle motion according to a Lagrangian approach, as well as gas flow with a Eulerian approach (a 3D finite-volume numerical solver, compressible). The comparison between data and model yields estimate of the particle kinematic inside the tube, the pressure evolution at the top and the bottom of the tube, and the eruption source parameters at the tube exit.
This data repository contains electrical and seismic tremor measurements, thermal infrared imagery, atmospheric conditions and information on plume heights that were recorded and collected during the 2021 Tajogaite eruption on La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain. The 2021 Tajogaite eruption lasted from 19 September until 13 December 2021. The "data description" file provides more detailed information on each dataset and the way the data is formatted. The electrical data was recorded using a Biral Thunderstorm Detector BTD-200. This sensor was installed at two consecutive locations: BTD1 (28.635°N, 17.876389°W) recorded from 11-26 October 2021 and BTD2 (28.602365°N, 17.880475°W) recorded from 27 October 2021 until the end of the eruption. The volcanic tremor measurements were recorded at seismic station PLPI (28.5722°N, 17.8654°W), which was operated by the Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias. Here we provide the seismic tremor amplitudes within the Very Long Period (0.4-0.6 Hz) and the Long Period (1-5 Hz) frequency bands between 10 September and 20 December 2021. Thermal infrared videography of the explosive volcanic activity was done using an InfraTec HD thermal infrared (TIR) video camera. This camera was installed in El Paso (28.649361°N, 17.882279°W) and recorded almost continuously between 3-8 November 2021. Here we provide individual thermal infrared frames. Atmospheric conditions were obtained from weather balloon measurements at Güímar (station nr. 60018) on Tenerife, which were provided by the University of Wyoming, Department of Atmospheric Science (http://weather.uwyo.edu/). In addition, atmospheric data was collected from ground-based weather stations at El Paso and Roque de los Muchachos, which were operated by the State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) of Spain on La Palma. Information on the volcanic plume heights was obtained from both the Toulouse Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (https://vaac.meteo.fr/volcanoes/la-palma/) as well as the Plan de Emergencias Volcánicas de Canarias.
Active volcanoes frequently show substantial topographic changes and variable eruption intensity, style and/or directionality. Here we provide high-resolution photogrammetric data sets of Stromboli’s crater terrace collected during 5 field campaigns between May 2019 and January 2020 supporting the publication Schmid, M, Kueppers U, Ricci T, Taddeucci J, Civico R and Dingwell DB (2021) “Characterizing Vent and Crater Shape Changes at Stromboli: Implications for Risk Areas”. The aerial imagery for the photogrammetric reconstruction of the crater terrace geometry was acquired by UAVs (DJI Phantom 4Pro+ & Mavic 2 Pro) and processed with the commercial software Metashape by Agisoft. The created digital elevation models (DEMs), orthomosaics and 3D models were used to characterize vent and crater shape and their changes through time. The activity during the observational period was characterized by elevated Strombolian activity and two paroxysms on 3 July and 28 August 2019. Our study revealed significant changes to crater terrace morphology and vent geometry on various time scales and the strong control of vent geometry on the directionality of explosions.
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