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Seismic data, seismic crustal velocity and anisotropy models for Sri Lanka

The data present the intermediate to final results when we introduce a two-step fully Bayesian approach with coupled uncertainty propagation for estimating crustal isotropic and radial anisotropy models using Rayleigh and Love dispersion data along with receiver functions in Sri Lanka. In the first step, 2D surface wave tomography is used to generate period-wise ambient noise phase velocity maps for Rayleigh and Love waves along with their associated uncertainties. Here we provide the inter-station dispersion data (folder: 2024-003_1_Ke-et-al_interstation_surface_ dispersion_curves; ASCII) for the 2D surface wave tomography process, along with the results of the tomography, including the velocity maps (folder: 2024-003_Ke-et-al_2_velocity_map; ASCII). In addition, the results (folder: 2024-003_3_Ke-et-al_2Dmcmc_inversion_results) are available in MAT format, along with a MATLAB script to allow users to extract the data independently. In a second step, local surface wave dispersion and model errors are derived from the velocity maps. The surface wave dispersion receiver functions are jointly inverted to obtain the isotropic mean shear wave and radial anisotropy profiles as a function of depth at each station site. The input data (folder: 2024-003_Ke-et-al_4_inv_data; ASCII) of surface dispersion and receiver function for the inversion are presented here, as well as the final result model from the inversion (folder: 2024-003_Ke-et-al_5_model; ASCII and .dat formats).

Catalogues of bulge and fountain formation at Strokkur geyser in 2017, 2020 and 2022: Heights, rising speeds and seismic signal

Strokkur is a pool geyser in southwest Iceland that erupts every 3.7 minutes. Eruptions start with a blue water bulge that soon turns white (bulge phase) before the water bubble bursts into a jetting water fountain (jet phase). We measured the bulge rising velocity and height and fountain rising velocity and height using video cameras and drones from GFZ and the accompanying ground motion using seismometers from the University of Potsdam. We publish the derived products from video data and seismic data here.

Active seismic surveys for drilling target characterisation in Ossola valley, ICDP expedition 5071, DIVE phase I (Drilling the Ivrea-Verbano zonE) seismic dataset

For the determination of the exact location and drilling geometry of the ICDP expedition 5071 DIVE (Drilling the Ivrea-Verbano zonE) phase 1 boreholes, we have carried out a series of active seismic experiments to image the subsurface at high resolution (Greenwood et al., 2024). The two drilling sites of DIVE phase 1 are located in the Ossola valley (Figure 1) in the Central part of the Ivrea-Verbano zone, one in Megolo di Mezzo (5071_1_A: IGSN ICDP5071EH10001, Münthener, 2024a) and the other near Ornavasso (5071_1_B: IGSN ICDP5071EH30001, Münthener, 2024a). A total of 4 seismic reflection surveys, one in Megolo, two in Ornavasso (Ornavasso primary and Or-navasso secondary), and a transect crossing from Premosello-Chiovenda south towards Megolo, make up the MicrO-SEIZE (MOS) data base. The MOS surveys were conducted over a period of 12 days mid to late June 2019, utilizing a 26,000 lb (12,247 kg) EnviroVibe2™ vibrator source. Survey planning utilised existing roads, pathways, and open grass fields to cover as much area as possible around the borehole sites, to reduce the envi-ronmental impact on cultivation, and to ease operation logistics. A full description of the data can be found in Greenwood et al. (2024) and the data description file accessible via the data download link.

Multiparametric measurements of the 2021 Tajogaite eruption on La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain

This data repository contains electrical and seismic tremor measurements, thermal infrared imagery, atmospheric conditions and information on plume heights that were recorded and collected during the 2021 Tajogaite eruption on La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain. The 2021 Tajogaite eruption lasted from 19 September until 13 December 2021. The "data description" file provides more detailed information on each dataset and the way the data is formatted. The electrical data was recorded using a Biral Thunderstorm Detector BTD-200. This sensor was installed at two consecutive locations: BTD1 (28.635°N, 17.876389°W) recorded from 11-26 October 2021 and BTD2 (28.602365°N, 17.880475°W) recorded from 27 October 2021 until the end of the eruption. The volcanic tremor measurements were recorded at seismic station PLPI (28.5722°N, 17.8654°W), which was operated by the Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias. Here we provide the seismic tremor amplitudes within the Very Long Period (0.4-0.6 Hz) and the Long Period (1-5 Hz) frequency bands between 10 September and 20 December 2021. Thermal infrared videography of the explosive volcanic activity was done using an InfraTec HD thermal infrared (TIR) video camera. This camera was installed in El Paso (28.649361°N, 17.882279°W) and recorded almost continuously between 3-8 November 2021. Here we provide individual thermal infrared frames. Atmospheric conditions were obtained from weather balloon measurements at Güímar (station nr. 60018) on Tenerife, which were provided by the University of Wyoming, Department of Atmospheric Science (http://weather.uwyo.edu/). In addition, atmospheric data was collected from ground-based weather stations at El Paso and Roque de los Muchachos, which were operated by the State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) of Spain on La Palma. Information on the volcanic plume heights was obtained from both the Toulouse Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (https://vaac.meteo.fr/volcanoes/la-palma/) as well as the Plan de Emergencias Volcánicas de Canarias.

Randomized rock microstructures - Collection of raster data, properties, and finite element simulation package

This collection contains 10500 computationally generated, randomised 2D microstructures, their geometrical and electrical properties, and the Matlab software package used to calculate these properties. The two-phase microstructures (mineral matrix, pore space) represent three different pore space types (microfracture networks, intergranular pore space, oomoldic pore space) and are organised into 35 ensembles - with common modelling parameters - of 100 individual microstructure realisations each. For all realisations, several geometrical properties (percolation, total porosity, connected porosity, isolated porosity, surface area, fractal dimension) and physical properties (formation factor from electrical resistivity, electrical tortuosity) are given. The collection also includes a Matlab-based finite element simulation package derived from the FEMALY library, which can be used to compute the properties of any given 2D raster microstructure.

Seismological Monitoring using Interferometric Concepts (SeisMIC)

Monitoring Velocity Changes using Ambient Seismic Noise SeisMIC (Seismological Monitoring using Interferometric Concepts) is a python software that emerged from the miic library. SeisMIC provides functionality to apply some concepts of seismic interferometry to different data of elastic waves. Its main use case is the monitoring of temporal changes in a mediums Green's Function (i.e., monitoring of temporal velocity changes). SeisMIC will handle the whole workflow to create velocity-change time-series including: Downloading raw data, Adaptable preprocessing of the waveform data, Computating cross- and/or autocorrelation, Plotting tools for correlations, Database management of ambient seismic noise correlations, Adaptable postprocessing of correlations, Computation of velocity change (dv/v) time series, postprocessing of dv/v time series, plotting of dv/v time-series

Dataset to Geothermal Resources and ATES Potential of Mesozoic Reservoirs in the North German Basin

This dataset provides point-shapefiles and geotiffs, related to the figures presented in (Frick et al., 2022a, 2022b). It covers most of northern Germany, with the boundaries defined by the extent of the North German Basin, which is part of the Central European Basin System. The files contain information on the depth (m.b.s. = meter below surface), thickness, temperature, heat in place and heat storage potential of selected geological units and the formations therein. These data are an addendum to the data presented in (Frick et al., 2022a, 2022b), resolving 5 geological units and 9 formations. The data are presented as regularly spaced point-shapefiles, with a spacing of 1000 m. The data were produced as part of the Helmholtz Climate Initiative (HICAM), which focuses on Net Zero 2050 (mitigation) and Adapting to Extreme Events (adaptation). As part of this initiative, estimates of the heat in place and heat storage potential of the subsurface play an important part for mitigation of fossil fuel bound emissions as they pose a promising alternative (geothermal energy). The data presented here, therefore give an overview of areas which might be suited for geothermal applications in the different geothermal target units and formations. We integrated the recently published TUNB Model (BGR et al., 2021) as well as available borehole data, data from the Sandsteinfazies and GeoPoNDD projects (Franz et al., 2018, 2015) and temperature data from two models (Agemar et al., 2014; Frick et al., 2021) the process of which will be described in the following.

IGMAS+: Interactive Gravity and Magnetic Application System

IGMAS+ is a software combining 3-D forward and inverse modeling, interactive visualization and interdisciplinary interpretation of potential fields and their applications under geophysical and geological data constrains. The software has a long history starting 1988 and has seen continuous improvement since then with input by many contributors. Since 2019, IGMAS+ is maintained and developed at The Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences by the staff of Section 4.5 – Basin Modelling and Section 5.2 – eScience Centre with strong ongoing support by H.-J. Götze and S. Schmidt from CAU Kiel. The official webpage of IGMAS+ is available at https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas. Each major version of IGMAS+ is assigned with a DOI. Intermediate releases including changelog can be found at https://git.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas/igmas-releases/-/releases/. This is a collection DOI referring to all versions of IGMAS+. Links to each published version are redundantly available via the "Files" section and the Related Work section ("includes").

IGMAS+: Interactive Gravity and Magnetic Application System

IGMAS+ is a software combining 3-D forward and inverse modeling, interactive visualization and interdisciplinary interpretation of potential fields and their applications under geophysical and geological data constrains. The software has a long history starting 1988 and has seen continuous improvement since then with input by many contributors. Since 2019, IGMAS+ is maintained and developed at The Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences by the staff of Section 4.5 – Basin Modelling and Section 5.2 – eScience Centre with strong ongoing support by H.-J. Götze and S. Schmidt from CAU Kiel. The official webpage of IGMAS+ is available at https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas. Each major version of IGMAS+ is assigned with a DOI. Intermediate releases including changelog can be found at https://git.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas/igmas-releases/-/releases/.

3D-URG: 3D gravity constrained structural model of the Upper Rhine Graben

We provide a set of grid files that collectively allow recreating a 3D geological model which covers the Upper Rhine Graben and its adjacent tectonic domains, such as portions of the Swiss Alps, the Molasse Basin, the Black Forest and Vosges Mountains, the Rhenish Massif and the Lower Rhine Graben. The data publication is a complement to the publication of Freymark et al. (2017). Accordingly, the provided structural model consists of (i) 14 sedimentary and volcanic units; (ii) a crystalline crust composed of seven upper crustal units and a lower crustal unit; and (iii) two lithospheric mantle units. The files provided here include information on the regional variation of these geological units in terms of their depth and thickness, both attributes being allocated to regularly spaced grid nodes with horizontal spacing of 1 km. The model has originally been developed to obtain a basis for numerical simulations of heat transport, to calculate the lithospheric-scale conductive thermal field and assess the related geothermal potentials, in particular for the Upper Rhine Graben (a region especially well-suited for geothermal energy exploitation). Since such simulations require the subsurface variation of physical rock properties to be defined, the 3D model differentiates units of contrasting materials, i.e. rock types. On that account, a large number of geological and geophysical data have been analysed (see Related Work) and we shortly describe here how they have been integrated into a consistent 3D model (Methods). For further information on the data usage and the characteristics of the units (e.g., lithology, density, thermal properties), the reader is referred to the original article (Freymark et al., 2017). The contents and structure of the grid files provided herewith are described in the Technical Info section.

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