Fachleute besorgt über Fehlbildungen bei Meeresbewohnern – Ursachenforschung in Nord- und Ostsee nötig Die Geschlechtsorgane der Aalmutter (Zoarces viviparus) in Nord- und Ostsee sind geschädigt. Das zeigt eine Untersuchung für die Umweltprobenbank des Bundes (UPB), die das Institut für angewandte Ökologie (IFAÖ) an den Geschlechtsorganen (Gonaden) dieser Meeresfische durchführte. Die UPB sammelt bereits seit 1985 jährlich tausende Proben aus der Umwelt und vom Menschen. Diese werden eingelagert und stehen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern für Analysen der Schadstoffbelastung zur Verfügung. So erlaubt der Probenstock der Aalmutter repräsentative Rückschlüsse auf die Chemikalienbelastung dieses typischen Küstenfisches in Nord- und Ostsee. Erstmals hat die UPB nun die Geschlechtsorgane eines jährlichen Aalmutterfangs auf Veränderungen des Gewebes untersuchen lassen. Das von der UPB damit beauftragte Rostocker Institut für angewandte Ökologie (IFAÖ) fand Besorgnis erregende Ergebnisse: Eindeutig weibliche Geschlechtszellen bildeten sich in den Hoden der männlichen Aalmutter. Solche Fehlbildungen werten Fachleute als Indiz für eine Belastung der Tiere mit hormonell aktiven Schadstoffen, die in das Fortpflanzungssystem eingreifen. Diese so genannten endokrinen Stoffe können mit der Produktion und Verwendung von Industriechemikalien oder der Anwendung von Haushaltsprodukten, Pflanzenschutzmitteln und Medikamenten in das Meer gelangen. Hinweise auf die Verweiblichung männlicher Fische in der Ostsee gibt es bereits seit längerem. Erstmalig entdeckte das IFAÖ diese Fehlbildung nun auch in Aalmuttern der deutschen Nordsee. In den Geschlechtsorganen der weiblichen Aalmuttern fanden die Rostocker Fachleute ebenfalls Fehlbildungen: Die Eizellen in den Eierstöcken waren bereits Wochen vor der Geschlechtsreife und dem Beginn der Paarungszeit massiv degeneriert. Dieses Phänomen ist als unspezifischer Indikator für Stress bekannt, den nicht nur Chemikalien, sondern auch andere Faktoren hervorrufen können. Neu ist das Ausmaß der Veränderung: In nahezu jeder gefangenen Aalmutter fanden die Fachleute mittelschwere bis schwere Degenerationen der Eizellen. Welchen Einfluss haben diese Schädigungen der Geschlechtsorgane auf den Fortpflanzungserfolg der Aalmutter? Die wenigen Eizellen in den Hoden beeinträchtigt die Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit der Männchen wahrscheinlich nicht nennenswert. Bei den Weibchen besteht hingegen der begründete Verdacht, dass die deutlichen Befunde auf eine gestörte Fruchtbarkeit der Tiere hinweisen. Die Ursachen dieser degenerativen Veränderungen sind derzeit noch nicht hinreichend bekannt. Die UPB untersucht jetzt weitere Aalmuttern, die von anderen, zum Teil unbelasteten Stellen in Nord- und Ostsee stammen. Die Studien sollen zeigen, ob und falls ja, welchen Anteil Chemikalien an den Veränderungen der Geschlechtsorgane haben und welche anderen Ursachen in Frage kommen. Dessau, 29.05.2008
Der Bericht richtet sich an Wissenschaftler, Behörden und die Öffentlichkeit. Er zeigt mittels Analysen an Meerestieren aus Nord- und Ostsee, ob diese mit krebserregenden Schadstoffen aus versenkter Weltkriegsmunition belastet sind. Dabei wurde die Entwicklung der zeitlichen Belastung von Miesmuscheln mit Sprengstoffen, die toxisch und krebserregend sind, s.g. sprengstoff-typischen Verbindungen, über die vergangenen 30 Jahre untersucht. Es konnte ein steter, geringfügiger Anstieg der Belastung gemessen werden. Bei Untersuchung der räumlichen Verteilung der Belastung von Sediment, Plattfischen und Muscheln in Nord- und Ostsee wurden diese Schadstoffe in Fischen und Sedimenten aus niedersächsischen Küstengewässern nachgewiesen. Bis auf die untersuchten Plattfische fanden sich keine Hinweise auf eine Anreicherung in der Nahrungskette. Dazu wurden Organe von Aalmuttern, Eiderenten, Schweinswalen und Seehunden untersucht. Als indirekter Nachweis für chemische Kampfstoffe wurde die Arsenbelastung der deutschen Nord- und Ostsee im Vergleich mit den Munitionsversenkungsgebieten analysiert und kein Zusammenhang festgestellt. Veröffentlicht in Texte | 129/2024.
Rüdel, Heinz; Fliedner, Annette; Kösters, Jan; Schröter-Kermani, Christa Environ Sci Pollut Res 17 (2010), 5, 1025-1034 As one component of the German ecological environment observation, the Environmental Specimen Bank program was initiated in the mid-1980s. Under the program, representative specimens of marine, fresh water, and terrestrial ecosystems are sampled regularly and archived under chemically stable conditions. An initial characterization of the samples provides data regarding the status quo of the respective ecosystems. The aim of the present publication is to give insight into these real-time monitoring data, which have been generated for the last 10 to 20 years. This is done exemplarily for the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) in marine specimens of the Baltic and the North Sea. Bladder wrack (Fucus vesiculosus), blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), and eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) were sampled at one location in the Baltic Sea and at two sites in the North Sea (Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea and Lower Saxony Wadden Sea). Annual samples were pooled, homogenized, and analyzed for a set of elements. Cd and Pb were quantified after freeze-drying and microwave digestion using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Total Hg in freeze-dried samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using a direct mercury analyzer. Time series data covering up to two decades revealed comparable cadmium levels at all three locations. Concentrations in bladder wrack ranged between 0.10 and 0.37 µg/g on a wet weight basis (ww). Respective values for blue mussel and eelpout liver were 0.07–0.29 and 0.01–0.10 µg/g ww. Herring gull eggs were not included in cadmium analyses. Declining trends were observed in North Sea bladder wrack and mussels, eelpout from the Lower Saxony site, and mussels from the Baltic Sea. Upward trends were apparent in eelpout from the Schleswig-Holstein location. Mercury concentrations in Baltic Sea specimens ranged from 1.1–2.7 ng/g ww in bladder wrack to 2.6–5.1, 26–52, and 86–226 ng/g ww in blue mussel, eelpout muscle, and herring gull eggs, respectively. No temporal trends were observed. North Sea bladder wrack had accumulated 5.4–24 ng/g ww Hg. The respective Hg values for blue mussel and eelpout muscle were 19–64 and 73–187 ng/g ww. Highest Hg contents were detected in herring gull eggs (90–1,100 ng/g ww). Declining trends of Hg were observed in herring gull eggs at both North Sea locations and in blue mussels at the Lower Saxony site. Lead concentrations in Baltic Sea specimens were 48–222 ng/g ww in bladder wrack, 85–189 ng/g ww in blue mussel, 2.0–9.5 and 10–42 ng/g ww in eelpout muscle and liver, and 2.7–26 ng/g ww in herring gull eggs. In the North Sea, Pb concentrations were as follows: 68–397 ng/g ww in bladder wrack, 101–507 ng/g ww in blue mussels, 2.6–35 and 5.9–158 ng/g ww in eelpout muscle and liver, and 3.5–55 ng/g ww in herring gull eggs. Highest Pb-levels were found at the Lower Saxony site. Declining Pb-trends were observed in bladder wrack from the Baltic Sea; in bladder wrack and mussel at the Schleswig-Holstein location; and in bladder wrack, mussels, eelpout liver, and herring gull eggs at the Lower Saxony site. During the 10 to 20 years of monitoring, reliable data were obtained which allow a good insight into metal contamination of marine biota. Assessment of the data according to OSPAR criteria (OSPAR 2005) revealed cadmium levels above the derived background concentrations in mussels of all three sites. Mercury levels above background concentrations were found at both North Sea locations, whereas only mussels at the Lower Saxony site had Pb concentrations above the reference value. Archived specimens are available for further analyses and questions which may arise in the future (speciation of elements, metallomics). Electronic supplementary material: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11356-009-0280-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Zur Veröffentlichung | doi:10.1007/s11356-009-0280-8
Dreyer, Annekatrin; Neugebauer, Frank; Lohmann, Nina; Rüdel, Heinz; Teubner, Diana; Grotti, Marco; Rauert, Caren; Koschorreck, Jan Environmental Pollution 253 (2019), 850-863; online 17. Juli 2019 To get an overview about distribution, levels and temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and halogenated flame retardants (HFR) of emerging concern, different types of environmental samples archived in the German Environment Specimen Bank as well as fish filet samples from the Arctic (n = 13) and Antarctica (n = 5) were analysed for 43 substances (24 PBDE, 19 HFR) using a multi-column clean-up and GC-API-MS/MS or GC-MS. Sample types were herring gull egg (n = 3), blue mussel (n = 3) and eelpout filet (n = 3) from the German North- and Baltic Sea, bream filet (n = 7), zebra mussel (n = 6) and suspended particulate matter (SPM, n = 7) from German freshwater ecosystems as well as tree leaves (n = 9)/shoots (n = 10), soil (n = 4), earthworm (n = 4) and deer liver (n = 7) as representatives of German terrestrial ecosystems. PBDE and emerging HFR were present in each investigated matrices from Germany and Polar regions showing their widespread distribution. The presence in Arctic and Antarctic fish samples confirms their long-range transport potential. Average concentrations of total emerging HFR were highest in SPM (26 ng g -1 dry weight (dw)), zebra mussel (10 ng g -1 dw) and herring gull egg (2.6 ng g -1 dw). Lowest levels were measured in fish filet samples from Antarctica (0.02 ng g -1 dw). Average total PBDE concentrations were highest in bream filet (154 ng g -1 ), herring gull egg (61 ng g -1 dw), SPM (21 ng g -1 dw), and zebra mussel 18 (ng g -1 ) and lowest in deer liver (0.04 ng g -1 dw). The patterns of non-fauna terrestrial samples (leaves, shoots, soil) as well as SPM were dominated by DBDPE and BDE209. Elevated proportions of DPTE and in most cases the absence of DBDPE characterized all fauna samples with the exception of Polar samples. Overall, emerging HFR appeared to be less bioaccumulative than PBDE. Temporal trends were generally decreasing with few exceptions such as DBDPE. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.070
Rüdel, Heinz; Böhmer, Walter; Schröter- Kermani, Christa J. Environ. Monit. 8 (2006), 812-823 The polycyclic musk compounds HHCB (Galaxolide) and AHTN (Tonalide) are commonly used as synthetic fragrances in personal care products and household cleaners. These and other synthetic musk fragrances were quantified in different aquatic samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). While HHCB and AHTN were found in almost all samples, most of the other musk fragrances were detected only in a few samples and mostly at lower concentration levels. Blue mussels from the North Sea showed varying levels of 0.5-1.7 ng g(-1) ww for HHCB and 0.4-2.5 ng g(-1) ww for AHTN (ww, wet weight) in the period from 1986 to 2000, while blue mussels from the Baltic Sea were only slightly contaminated with synthetic musk fragrances. Lipid weight-related concentrations of synthetic musk compounds in blue mussels were higher than in eelpout muscles, bladder wrack and herring gull eggs. In comparison to the marine specimens, muscles of bream from German rivers had higher concentrations of HHCB and AHTN. The ranges of HHCB and AHTN concentrations in bream from the Elbe River were 545-6400 ng g(-1) lw and 48-2130 ng g(-1) lw, respectively (lw, lipid weight; five sampling sites, period 1993-2003). In the Rhine River, HHCB and AHTN levels of bream muscles were highest at the Iffezheim site (up to 9750 ng g(-1) lw HHCB, 1998). Even higher synthetic musk levels were detected in bream from the rivers Saale and Saar. In recent years, levels of both compounds determined in bream from most sampling sites have decreased from maximum values in the 1990s. As the concentrations of AHTN have decreased faster, the ratio of HHCB to AHTN increased from 2-4 in the 1990s to 10-20 in recent years. Zur Veröffentlichung (Volltext) | DOI:10.1039/B602389B
Rüdel, Heinz; Müller, Josef; Jürling, Heinrich; Bartel-Steinbach, Martina; Koschorreck, Jan Environ Sci Pollut Res 18 (2011), 9, 1457-1470 Samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) covering particularly the years 1994-1996, 2000-2002, and 2006-2009 were analyzed for perfluorinated compounds (PFC; mainly C4-C13 carboxylic and sulfonic acids) to gain an overview on current PFC levels and patterns in marine, limnetic, and terrestrial biota; to assess their concentrations in different trophic levels; and to investigate whether risk management measures for PFC are successful. Specimens, either standardized annual pooled samples (blue mussels, eelpout liver, bream liver, pigeon eggs) or individual single samples (cormorant eggs, rook eggs), were collected for the German ESB program from representative sampling sites according to documented guidelines. After appropriate extraction, PFC were quantified under ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation by HPLC/MS-MS with isotopically labeled internal standards. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.2-0.5 ng/g. Data are reported on a wet weight basis. In most samples the predominant PFC was perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). However, in marine mussels from North and Baltic Seas, PFOS levels were mostly below the LOQ, but low residues of PFOS amide were found which declined in recent years. Livers of eelpout showed maximum concentrations of 15-25 ng/g PFOS in the period 2000-2002 and low amounts of perfluoropentanoate in all years. Beside PFOS (median 48 ng/g) several PFC could be determined in cormorant eggs sampled in 2009 from a Baltic Sea site. For a freshwater ecosystem, current PFC burdens for cormorant eggs were even higher (median 400 ng/g PFOS). Livers of bream from rivers showed concentrations of 130-260 ng/g PFOS, but for bream from a reference lake levels were only about 6 ng/g. In contrast to cormorants, eggs of rook and feral pigeon from terrestrial ecosystems displayed only low PFC burdens (up to 6 ng/g PFOS). Generally, PFC levels were lower in marine than in freshwater biota. PFC burdens were higher in biota from the ESB-North Sea sites than in Baltic Sea organisms. Levels of PFC were quite high especially in top predators of both limnetic and marine ecosystems. Only low PFC levels were detected in eggs of terrestrial birds. A decrease of PFOS levels from maximum values around the year 2000 observed at least in North Sea biota may be a result of a production cease and shifts in marketing pattern. doi:10.1007/s11356-011-0501-9
Cormann, Anna-Marie; Schwemmer, Philipp; Mercker, Moritz; Asmus, Harald; Klein, Roland; Boner, Markus; Hofem, Sabine; Koschorreck, Jan; Garthe, Stefan Environ Monit Assess 190 (2018), 8, 461; online 11. Juli 2018 Marine ecosystems are exposed to increasing human pressures and climatic change worldwide. It has therefore become essential to describe ecosystem statuses with respect to multinational protection schemes, often necessitating long-term monitoring programmes. Changes in the food-web structure, which can be monitored via stable isotope measurements, represent an important descriptor of the status of marine ecosystems. We investigated long-term changes (29 years) in isotopic values (δ13C and δ15N) in four indicative organisms at different trophic levels in the southern North and Baltic Seas: bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus), blue mussel (Mytilus ssp.), eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), and herring gull (Larus argentatus). Time series analyses using generalised additive models revealed largely consistent declines in δ13C and δ15N throughout all trophic levels of the coastal food web at all study sites, indicating a clear change in these coastal regions from 1988 to 2016. There were no clear long-term patterns in egg biometrics for herring gulls, except for a consistent increase in eggshell thickness. The declines in stable isotope values were in line with the results of previous long-term studies of single higher-trophic-level species, which suggested that the noted changes were mainly caused by altered foraging patterns of the studied species. The current results demonstrate that declines in δ13C and δ15N have occurred throughout the whole food web, not just in particular species. We discuss the possible reasons for the decrease in stable isotope values, including decreasing eutrophication and an increase in terrestrial carbon sources. doi: 10.1007/s10661-018-6827-8
Rüdel, Heinz; Lepper, Peter; Steinhanses, Jürgen; Schröter-Kermani, Christa Environmental Science & Technology 37 (2003), 9, 1731-1738 In archived samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank, organotin compounds including tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) as well as their degradation products were quantified. Biota samples from North Sea and Baltic Sea areas were analyzed by gas chromatography/atomic emission detection-coupling after extraction and Grignard or ethylborate derivatization. TBT and TPT were detected in nearly all samples. A decrease of TPT contamination was observed in bladder wrack, common mussels, and eelpout muscle tissues in the period 1985-1999. In this period, TPT concentrations in North Sea mussels decreased from 98 to 7 ng/g (as organotin cation concentration in wet tissue). Concentrations of TBT remained relatively constant with 17 ± 3 ng/g for mussels from a site with nearby marine traffic and 8 ± 2 ng/g for a more remote area. The results reflect that TBT is still used an a biocide in antifouling paints whereas the use of TPT as a co-toxicant in such preparations had been ceased in the 1980s. The fact that the use of TBT in antifouling paints was banned in 1991 for small boats within the European Community seems not to have resulted in a decrease of TBT levels in marine biota. doi: 10.1021/es026059i
Fliedner, Annette; Rüdel, Heinz; Dreyer, Annekatrin; Pirntke, Ulrike; Koschorreck, Jan Environmental Sciences Europe 32 (2020), 36; online 2. März 2020 Descriptor 8 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (Directive 2008/56/EC) addresses the good environmental status with regard to pollution of marine waters by chemical contaminants. Commission decision (EU) 2017/848 lays down the criteria and methodological standards on good environmental status of marine waters. Member States, in regional or subregional cooperation, shall establish lists of relevant contaminants beside those already covered by the Water Framework Directive (WFD). To provide information on emerging contaminants in marine biota, the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) has compiled data of blue mussels and eelpouts from coastal sites in the North and Baltic Seas. Substances identified by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) as of emerging concern for the marine environment have been used as a starting point. doi: 10.1186/s12302-020-00312-x
Fliedner, Annette; Rüdel, Heinz; Knopf, Burkhard; Lohmann, Nina; Paulus, Martin; Jud, Michael; Pirntke, Ulrike; Koschorreck, Jan Environ Sci Pollut Res (2018); online 14. Juli 2018 Descriptor 9 (D9) of the European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive refers to the compliance of contaminant levels in fish and other seafood of a defined marine region or subregion with human health threshold values. This requires georeferenced samples that are often difficult to obtain when relying on commercial fisheries or programs designed for monitoring human exposure. The present study examines whether georeferenced samples of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) fillet of the German environmental specimen bank (ESB) can be used in this context. The suitability of the ESB samples, procedures, and analytical methods is evaluated with respect to D9 requirements. Based on ESB data for the D9 relevant contaminants Pb, Cd, Hg, ∑4 PAHs, PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like (dl)-PCBs, and indicator non-dl-PCBs and the potentially relevant substances TBT, PFOS, PBDE, and HBCDD, the Good Environmental Status for D9 is assessed at the ESB sites in the North and Baltic Seas. The overall evaluation indicates that ESB samples are suitable for D9 assessment with the limitation that only coastal areas of the North and Baltic Seas are covered. Over a period of up to 30 years, concentrations of the D9 relevant contaminants were well below the maximum levels allowed for human consumption. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-2728-1
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