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Noise measurements of unmanned aircraft vehicles: experiences, challenges and recommendations for standards taken from flight trials

Over the past decades, drone technology has evolved to become a key element for various purposes in todayâ€Ìs globalized society. Besides the various technical challenges of implementing and utilizing their onboard systems as well as challenges with respect to the integration of these new airspace users into the existing airspace, one major factor for their success is their acceptance by the general public. In order to proactively address the concerns of the public with regards to the noise pollution of drones, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) together with the German Environment Agency (UBA) has undertaken flight trials to measure the noise emission levels of a variety of different types of drones. In particular, one flight test campaign was focused on measuring the sound pressure levels (i.e. pollution levels) of drones overflying static microphones, and another flight test campaign was focused on measuring the sound power levels (i.e. emission levels) of drones using a microphone hemisphere.This scientific publication focuses on three relevant elements of these flight trials and discusses the obtained experiences, mainly from a drone pilotsâ€Ì perspective, and provides recommendation for future regulations and standards. First, an overview of the measured drones is given including relevant vehicle specifics such as vehicle configuration, take-off mass, and their dimensions. Second, this publication describes the various flight scenarios including specific drone maneuvers that have been performed with the airborne drones during the flight tests. These maneuvers include hovering, forward level flights as well as take-off and landing maneuvers. Third, this publication highlights the challenges encountered when following the applicable EN ISO 3744 standard, which has been used for the second flight tests campaign as a reference document for setting up the measurement equipment required to perform the acoustical measurements. As a result, this publication lists several recommendations for establishing reasonable and practical requirements for future drone noise measurements taken from the obtained experiences coming from these flight tests. For example, one key recommendation is that the standards and regulations on how to measure noise levels of drones should be as detailed as possible and take the drone pilots perspective into account. In essence, this publication aims to pave the way for enhancing the public acceptance of drones by sharing obtained lessons learned from acoustical flight tests and provides recommendation for new regulations and standard that might be used for future drone noise measurements. © Copyright 2023 IEEE

China's pilot emissions trading systems and electricity markets (Hubei and Shenzhen)

Dieser Bericht analysiert den Einfluss der Gestaltungsmerkmale von Chinas Pilot-Emissionshandelssystemen (EHS) in der Provinz Hubei und der Stadt Shenzhen sowie der Strommarktentwicklungen auf die Qualität des CO2-Preissignals. Auf der Basis von öffentlich zugänglichen Daten und Experteninterviews leiten wir im Folgenden vier zentrale Erkenntnisse zu den Auswirkungen der Gestaltungsmerkmale von CO2-Märkten und der Strommarktstruktur auf die Qualität des CO2-Preises ab. Erstens weisen die Pilot-EHS in Hubei und Shenzhen aufgrund der spezifischen lokalen Gegebenheiten sehr unterschiedliche Gestaltungsmerkmale auf und zielen darauf ab, eine Balance zwischen Emissionsminderungen und wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung zu schaffen. Zweitens werden trotz ihrer vollständigen Ausgestaltung die Pilot-EHS in Hubei und Shenzhen sowie die damit zusammenhängenden CO2-Preise von der mangelnden Übersichtlichkeit und Durchsetzung bestimmter Regelungen und der begrenzten Unterstützung durch die chinesische Zentralregierung beeinflusst. Drittens hat die starke staatliche Regulierung des chinesischen Stromsektors, einschließlich der Strommärkte in Hubei und Shenzhen, dazu geführt, dass die CO2-Bepreisung nur eine sehr begrenzte Rolle bei der Förderung CO2-armer Investitionen gespielt hat. Schließlich hat die Reform des Elektrizitätssektors seit 2015 zur Verabschiedung einiger ehrgeiziger Pläne geführt, die die Deregulierung der Strompreisgestaltung für bestimmte Endverbraucher sowie die Etablierung eines marktorientierteren Stromhandelsmarktes vorsehen, was gleiche Wettbewerbsbedingungen für die CO2-Bepreisung schaffen wird. Allerdings spricht einiges dafür, dass der Reformprozess in erster Linie vom politischen Interesse getrieben wurde, die Strompreise kurzfristig zu senken. Daher wird die Effektivität von Chinas EHS in Bezug auf die Internalisierung der CO2-Kosten zukünftig insbesondere von der politischen Akzeptanz steigender Strompreise abhängen, die mit einem starken CO2-Preissignal einhergehen. Die vorliegende Fallstudie ist Teil des Projekts "Influence of market structures and market regulation on the carbon market", welches zum Ziel hat, die Auswirkungen der Marktstrukturen und Regulierungen auf CO2-Märkte zu identifizieren und die Abhängigkeiten von CO2- und Energiemärkten in Europa, Kalifornien, China, Südkorea und Mexiko zu untersuchen. Quelle: Forschungsbericht

Regulations for the protection against noise from wind turbines in Germany

The generation of energy by wind turbines is essential for the implementation of the energy transition. Especially in Germany, the number of wind turbine installations has continuously increased over the last years. In 2018, there were 29213 wind turbines with an installed wind power capacity of 52931 MW [1]. Within the framework of the importance of wind energy, the protection of the population from wind turbine noise has to be taken into consideration. The legal basis are the German Federal Immission Control Act and the "Technical Instructions on Noise Abatement, TI Noise". The TI Noise deals with the determination and the assessment of noise generated from industrial and commercial installations, including wind turbines. Especially, it contains ambitious binding immission values for immission points outside buildings. These regulations will be explained in detail. Moreover, the low-frequency noise immission of wind turbines will be discussed and evaluated. In: Saschita ot powyschennogo schuma i wibrazii / Sbornik dokladow Pod redakziej N.I. Iwanowa. - Sankt-Peterburg - (2019), Seite 15

German regulations on building acoustics - The new standard DIN 4109

Support for development of CDM projects in Thailand

Das Projekt "Support for development of CDM projects in Thailand" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von GFA Envest GmbH durchgeführt. The objective of the project is to support the client for successful development of CDM projects in the agro-industry sector in Thailand. Sector for CDM project development is agro-industry with focus on starch factories. Starch industry is highly energy intensive and produces significant amounts of wastewater. Furthermore, as part of the Cassava processing, pulp is separated as organic waste. The projects aim to introduce biogas generation from organic waste in starch production and decrease the factories dependence on fossil fuels. The supported CDM projects consist of two components: methane avoidance and fuel switch of electricity from the grid and fossil fuels to renewable energy. The technical solutions included the treatment of wastewater and pulp from starch industry for biogas production. The generated biogas will be used for electricity and heat generation. The development of the projects as CDM projects enables co-financing of the investment via the carbon sales. Services provided: The support consisted of 3 packages: Revision of the PDD for biogas from wastewater project: Technical revision of the Project Design Document as a '3rd party'; Assessment and revision of the 'additionality of the project and emission reduction calculations; Development of the PDD for the pulp to energy biogas projects: Development of a project design document (PDD) according to the regulations of the Kyoto protocol; Assessment and demonstration of the 'additionality of CDM projects which use pulp from starch factories for biogas generation; Preparation of the study about the pulp in the starch factories in Thailand: Development of the concept for the study; Determination of methodology, approach and stakeholders for the study development.

Genetic Dissection of Flowering Time in Wheat by High-density Genome-wide Association Mapping

Das Projekt "Genetic Dissection of Flowering Time in Wheat by High-density Genome-wide Association Mapping" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Landessaatzuchtanstalt (720) durchgeführt. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown worldwide and is one of the most important crops for human nutrition. Einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum) is a diploid relative of bread wheat and both have the A genome in common. The timing of flowering is of major importance for plants to optimally adjust their life cycle to diverse environments. QTL mapping studies indicated that flowering time in cereals is a complex trait, which is controlled by three different pathways: vernalization, photoperiod and earliness per se. In wheat, high-resolution genome-wide association mapping is now possible, because of the availability of a high density molecular marker chip. The main goal of the proposed project is to investigate the regulation of flowering time in wheat using a genome-wide association mapping approach based on a novel high-density SNP array. In particular, the project aims to (1) investigate the phenotypic variation of flowering time of bread wheat and Einkorn wheat in response to environmental cues in multilocation field trials, (2) study the effects of Ppd alleles on flowering time in a candidate 3 gene approach, (3) determine the genetic architecture of flowering time in a high-density genome-wide association mapping, and (4) investigate the plasticity of the genetic architecture of flowering time in wheat by a comparison between bread wheat and Einkorn wheat.

Development of a modelling system for prediction and regulation of livestock waste pollution in the humid tropics

Das Projekt "Development of a modelling system for prediction and regulation of livestock waste pollution in the humid tropics" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Tropische Agrarwissenschaften (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institut), Fachgebiet Pflanzenbau in den Tropen und Subtropen (490e) durchgeführt. Introduction: In Malaysia, excessive nutrients from livestock waste management systems are currently released to the environment. Particularly, large amounts of manure from intensive pig production areas are being excreted daily and are not being fully utilised. Alternatively, the excess manure can be applied as an organic fertiliser source in neighbouring cropping systems on the small landholdings of the pig farms to improve soil fertility so that its nutrients will be available for crop uptake instead of being discharged into water streams. Thus, there is a need for better tools to analyse the present situation, to evaluate and monitor alternative livestock production systems and manure management scenarios, and to support farmers in the proper management of manure and fertiliser application. Such tools are essential to quantify, and assess nutrient fluxes, manure quality and content, manure storage and application rate to the land as well as its environmental effects. Several computer models of animal waste management systems to assist producers and authorities are now available. However, it is felt that more development is needed to adopt such models to the humid tropics and conditions of Malaysia and other developing countries in the region. Objectives: The aim is to develop a novel model to evaluate nutrient emission scenarios and the impact of livestock waste at the landscape or regional level in humid tropics. The study will link and improve existing models to evaluate emission of N to the atmosphere, and leaching of nutrients to groundwater and surface water. The simulation outputs of the models will be integrated with a GIS spatial analysis to model the distribution of nutrient emission, leaching and appropriate manure application on neighbouring crop lands and as an information and decision support tool for the relevant users.

Transformation of organic carbon in the terrestrial-aquatic interface

Das Projekt "Transformation of organic carbon in the terrestrial-aquatic interface" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg, Institut für Boden, Wasser, Luft, Lehrstuhl für Gewässerschutz, Forschungsstelle Bad Saarow durchgeführt. The overarching goal of our proposal is to understand the regulation of organic carbon (OC) transfor-mation across terrestrial-aquatic interfaces from soil, to lotic and lentic waters, with emphasis on ephemeral streams. These systems considerably expand the terrestrial-aquatic interface and are thus potential sites for intensive OC-transformation. Despite the different environmental conditions of ter-restrial, semi-aquatic and aquatic sites, likely major factors for the transformation of OC at all sites are the quality of the organic matter, the supply with oxygen and nutrients and the water regime. We will target the effects of (1) OC quality and priming, (2) stream sediment properties that control the advective supply of hyporheic sediments with oxygen and nutrients, and (3) the water regime. The responses of sediment associated metabolic activities, C turn-over, C-flow in the microbial food web, and the combined transformations of terrestrial and aquatic OC will be quantified and characterized in complementary laboratory and field experiments. Analogous mesocosm experiments in terrestrial soil, ephemeral and perennial streams and pond shore will be conducted in the experimental Chicken Creek catchment. This research site is ideal due to a wide but well-defined terrestrial-aquatic transition zone and due to low background concentrations of labile organic carbon. The studies will benefit from new methodologies and techniques, including development of hyporheic flow path tubes and comparative assessment of soil and stream sediment respiration with methods from soil and aquatic sciences. We will combine tracer techniques to assess advective supply of sediments, respiration measurements, greenhouse gas flux measurements, isotope labeling, and isotope natural abundance studies. Our studies will contribute to the understanding of OC mineralization and thus CO2 emissions across terrestrial and aquatic systems. A deeper knowledge of OC-transformation in the terrestrial-aquatic interface is of high relevance for the modelling of carbon flow through landscapes and for the understanding of the global C cycle.

Concept and Implementation of the New Regulations on End-of-Life-Vehicles in Germany, Great Britain, Holland and Sweden

Das Projekt "Concept and Implementation of the New Regulations on End-of-Life-Vehicles in Germany, Great Britain, Holland and Sweden" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Öko-Institut. Institut für angewandte Ökologie e.V. durchgeführt.

Forest-Climate Projects KWAMP and PAPSTA (Rwanda)

Das Projekt "Forest-Climate Projects KWAMP and PAPSTA (Rwanda)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von GFA Envest GmbH durchgeführt. Aim of the assignment was to undertake a feasibility study within the Kirehe 'Community Based Watershed Management Project' (KWAMP) and the 'Project for the Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture' (PAPSTA) do qualify as CDM projects according to the regulations of the Kyoto protocol. Services provided: Clarification of the additionality for both projects; Determination whether the projects can be implemented as Programme of Activities (PoA); Revision and improvement of technical mechanisms for monitoring, for continued support to the establishment of agroforestry systems, and for sharing monetary incentives with participating farmers; Assessment of the carbon finance opportunities for the planned small-scale biogas fermenters; Development of the Carbon Finance Documents for both projects based on the standard of the BioCarbon Fund of the World Bank.

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