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Pilotstudie fuer die Entwicklung von Geraeten zur Bewuchsbekaempfung mittels Reinigung von Schiffen im Hamburger Hafen

Dissolved methane concentration variability along freshwater-sea continuum at Cuxhaven, northern Germany, 2021

The dataset is about temporal variability of dissolved methane along the freshwater-sea continuum in northern Germany. Sensors were installed at fixed stations at in total three sites at different water depths. This dataset is from the station in Cuxhaven (53.8771 N, 8.7048 E) taken at about 2-7m depth (depending on the tide). The data was obtained between 11 April and 28 August 2021 in high frequency measurements (1 min) with a methane sensor from Kongsberg (4H Jena model CONTROS HydroC CH4). Methane concentrations were calculated according to manufacturer's instructions, based on temperature and salinity values from COSYNA Container Cuxhaven. For the quality control of the data a local range of 0.1 – 1000 nmol/L was set, a technical range for the pump power 2 – 8 Watt, a spike and gradient value of 1. Due to heavy biofouling the external pump of the sensor failed, resulting in data gaps. For a more detailed description see the article cited in References.

CTD and oxygen measurements at lander_1 in a coastal peatland at the German Baltic Sea in 2021

Rewetting peatlands is an important measure to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, after rewetting, the areas are highly heterogeneous in terms of GHG exchange, which depends on water level and source, vegetation, previous use, and duration of rewetting. These challenging conditions require new technologies that go beyond discrete sampling. Here we present data from two autonomous lander platforms deployed at the sediment-water interface (bottom lander) of a shallow coastal peatland (approx. 1 m water depth) that was rewetted by brackish water from the Baltic Sea, thus becoming part of the coastal water through a permanent connection. These landers were equipped with six commercially available state-of-the-art sensors, and temporal high-resolution measurements of physico-chemical variables, including partial pressures of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), were made. The resolution of the field data ranged from 10 seconds to 120 minutes and was obtained for partial pressure of CO2 (Contros HydroC-CO2) and CH4 (Contros HydroC-CH4), temperature, salinity, pressure (water depth), oxygen (O2) (CTD-O2 with SBE-37SMP-ODO), the concentrations of phosphate (SBE HydroCycle PO4), nitrate (SBE SUNA V2), chlorophyll a and the turbidity (both with SBE-FLNTUSB ECO) as stationary measurements at two different locations in close proximity. The CTD and oxygen measurements provide exact water depth data for the respective lander locations. In the other data sets (e.g., CO2 measurements) rounded data are inserted instead of the exact depth data, which is 0.6 m for lander_1 and 0.9 m for lander_2. SUNA raw data are provided for completeness. However, we found them of insufficient quality to estimate nitrate concentrations due to interferences and biofouling. The deployment and recovery of the landers, and thus the measurements, took place between 02 June 2021 and 09 August 2021, and the sensors were operated under permanent wired power supply and a centralized timestamp. The sensors were maintained and cleaned bi-weekly. Results show considerable temporal fluctuations expressed as multi-day, diurnal, and event-based variability, with spatial differences caused by biologically-dominated variables.

Continuous turbidity observations near DynaCom experimental in the back-barrier tidal flat, Spiekeroog, Germany, 2018-09 to 2023-09

Data presented here were collected between September 2018 to September 2023 within the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems) involving the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Experimental islands and saltmarsh enclosed plots were established in the back-barrier tidal flat and in the saltmarsh zone of the island of Spiekeroog (Germany). To measure local turbidity, a turbidity recorder equipped with a Seapoint® turbidity meter (RBRsolo Tu, RBR Ltd., Ontario/Canada) was installed in the back-barrier tidal flat near the experimental islands in a shallow tidal creek (0.9 m NHN). Another one was installed at the saltmarsh edge (1.2 m NHN). Both loggers were bottom mounted through a steel girder (buried 0.3 m deep in the sediment) and were positioned 15 cm above sediment surface, as was determined by using a portable differential GPS. This resulted in the sensor falling dry during low tide. The turbidity recorders were pre-calibrated by the manufacturer (Seapoint Sensors, Inc., NH/USA). Recorded data were internally logged and exported using Ruskin software V2.24.3.x (RBR Ltd., Ontario/Canada). Subsequent data processing was done using MATLAB (R2024b). Post-processing and quality control included the removal of (a) low tide data (sensors exposed to air), (b) data covering maintenance activities, (c) data affected by biofouling, and (d) implausible values, i.e. negative values and values exceeding the linear response range of the sensor (1250 NTU). According to manufacturer specifications, the linear measurement range extends up to 1250 NTU, while 750 NTU represent a more conservative estimate of linearity. Therefore, 1250 NTU was adopted as the upper threshold for valid measurements in this dataset.

Continuous current observations near DynaCom experimental islands in the back-barrier tidal flat, Spiekeroog, Germany, 2019-11 to 2023-09

Data presented here were collected between November 2019 to September 2023 within the research unit DynaCom (Spatial community ecology in highly dynamic landscapes: From island biogeography to metaecosystems, https://uol.de/dynacom/ ) involving the Universities of Oldenburg, Göttingen, and Münster, the iDiv Leipzig and the Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Experimental islands and saltmarsh enclosed plots were established in the back-barrier tidal flat and in the saltmarsh zone of the island of Spiekeroog (Germany). A recording current meter (RCM; SEAGUARD® Recording Current Meter, Aanderaa Data Instruments AS, Bergen/Norway) was installed in the back-barrier tidal flat near the experimental islands. The sensor was bottom-mounted in a shallow tidal creek (0.59 m NHN) using a steel girder buried in the sediment, which caused the sensor to be exposed during low tide. All low-tide data have been removed from the dataset. The system was equipped with a ZPulse Doppler Current Sensor (DCS), a conductivity sensor, an oxygen optode, and two analogue sensors for chlorophyll-a and turbidity (16445). All sensors were pre-calibrated by the manufacturer. Recorded data were internally logged until readout with the SeaGuard Studio software (V1.5.23). Salinity was derived in the SeaGuard Studio software using temperature-dependent, nonlinear seawater conductivity compensation following the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78). Subsequent data processing was done using MATLAB (R2024b). Turbidity and chlorophyll-a data were excluded from the final dataset, as the recorded signals show implausible values and did not pass quality-control criteria. Post-processing and quality control included (a) the removal of low tide data, data covering maintenance activities, and data affected by biofouling, (b) the removal of implausible values, c) an outlier detection using the Hampel filter method, and (d) visual checks. Identified outlier were removed and synchronously removed across all associated parameters of the respective sensor.

Oceanographic data of Time Series Station Spiekeroog for 2009

The Time Series Station Spiekeroog (TSS) was setup in 2002, in the tidal inlet between the East Frisian Islands of Langeoog and Spiekeroog in the Southern German Bight, at position 53°45′01.0″ N, 007°40′16.3″ E. The aim was to ensure the continuous measurement of physical, biological, chemical and meteorological parameters, even under extreme weather conditions such as storms, ice, and storm surges. The TSS was financed as part of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) research unit BioGeoChemistry of Tidal Flats and the Ministry for Science and Culture of the Land of Lower Saxony (MWK). Here, water temperature and conductivity were measured in the year 2009. All raw data were revised and corrected for steps as range, outliers and stationarity checks. Water temperature and conductivity were measured in five different depths (4 m, 5.5 m, 7.5 m, 9.5 m, 11.5 m below MSL). Due to marine biofouling at the sensors and accompanying drift of instruments, the measured water temperature and conductivity data were corrected via linear regression by using reference data. As the water column in this region is well mixed and the water depth of the measurements varies with the tide, data from all five depths were averaged and referenced to a water depth of 4 m. Absolute salinity was derived from conductivity, temperature and pressure data according to TEOS 10. Data were smoothed and a quality flag was assigned for water temperature and salinity. The quality flags refer to the standard for data quality control of SeaDataNet https://www.seadatanet.org/ (0 = raw data, 1 = good data, 2 = probably good data, 3 = questionable data). Water level data for 2009 obtained at TSS are published by Holinde et al. (2015). A detailed description of the Time Series Station Spiekeroog, its structure and instrumentation can be found in Zielinski et al. (2022) and in Reuter et al. (2009).

Oceanographic data of Time Series Station Spiekeroog for 2008

The Time Series Station Spiekeroog (TSS) was setup in 2002, in the tidal inlet between the East Frisian Islands of Langeoog and Spiekeroog in the Southern German Bight, at position 53°45′01.0″ N, 007°40′16.3″ E. The aim was to ensure the continuous measurement of physical, biological, chemical and meteorological parameters, even under extreme weather conditions such as storms, ice, and storm surges. The TSS was financed as part of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) research unit BioGeoChemistry of Tidal Flats and the Ministry for Science and Culture of the Land of Lower Saxony (MWK). Here, water temperature and conductivity were measured in the year 2008. All raw data were revised and corrected for steps as range, outliers and stationarity checks. Water temperature and conductivity were measured in five different depths (4 m, 5.5 m, 7.5 m, 9.5 m, 11.5 m below MSL). Due to marine biofouling at the sensors and accompanying drift of instruments, the measured water temperature and conductivity data were corrected via linear regression by using reference data. As the water column in this region is well mixed and the water depth of the measurements varies with the tide, data from all five depths were averaged and referenced to a water depth of 4 m. Absolute salinity was derived from conductivity, temperature and pressure data according to TEOS 10. Data were smoothed and a quality flag was assigned for water temperature and salinity. The quality flags refer to the standard for data quality control of SeaDataNet https://www.seadatanet.org/ (0 = raw data, 1 = good data, 2 = probably good data, 3 = questionable data). Water level data for 2008 obtained at TSS are published by Holinde et al. (2015). A detailed description of the Time Series Station Spiekeroog, its structure and instrumentation can be found in Zielinski et al. (2022) and in Reuter et al. (2009).

Grundlagenforschung zur Ausnutzung hydrodynamischer Effekte zur Verringerung des Membranfoulings durch die Einführung spezieller Anordnungen neuartiger Feed-Spacer-Geometrien in Kombination mit unregelmäßigen Membranoberflächenmustern

Umkehrosmose- (UO) und Nanofiltrationsmembranen (NF) sind bekannt für ihre hohe Selektivität gegenüber gelösten Stoffen und neu auftretenden Schadstoffen, die in verschiedenen Wassertypen vorhanden sind. Elemente mit spiralförmig gewickelten Membranen sind die am häufigsten verwendete Membrankonfiguration in UO/NF-Anlagen. Sie bestehen aus mehreren Taschen aus Dünnschichtverbundmembranen (TFC), einem Permeatrohr sowie Spacer (Abstandshalter) für Permeat (Produkt) und Feed (Zulauf). Feed-Spacer bilden einen Strömungskanal zwischen zwei benachbarten Taschen. Sie spielen eine wesentliche Rolle für die Flüssigkeitscharakteristika innerhalb der Feed-Strömungskanäle und folglich bei der Beeinflussung der Querströmungsgeschwindigkeit und des Druckabfalls. Dies beeinflusst Membranverschmutzung (Fouling) und Energieverbrauch und damit die Betriebskosten. Feed-Spacer sind vorteilhaft, um den Massentransport, die Fluidmischung und die Scherrate zu verbessern, was die Konzentrationspolarisation (Ansammlung zurückgehaltener Stoffe in einer Grenzschicht nahe der Membranoberfläche) und das Scaling (Überschreiten des Löslichkeitsgleichgewichts von Salzen) mildern sollte. Es wird jedoch auch beobachtet, dass Spacer zu Zonen mit schlechtem Massentransport führen, in denen dann partikuläres Fouling und Biofouling verstärkt auftreten. Die Nutzung von synergetischen Einflüssen einer Oberflächen-Mikrostrukturierung der Membran (regelmäßiges Muster im Mikro- oder Nanometerbereich auf der aktiven Seite) sowie des Designs und der Ausrichtung der FeedSpacer kann potenziell eine Flüssigkeitsmischung fördern und den Massentransport durch eine erhöhte Scherrate an der Membranoberfläche und in den Feed-Spacer-Strukturen verbessern. Dies mildert die Adhäsion von Partikeln und Biofouling erheblich, reduziert die Konzentrationspolarisation und erhöht somit den durchschnittlichen Permeatfluss und den für das Einsetzen von Fouling kritischen Fluss. Bisher wurden das Partikelablagerungsverhalten und die Neigung zu Biofouling in mit Spacern gefüllten Kanälen oberflächenstrukturierter TFC-Membranen weder in theoretischen (Simulation) noch experimentellen Studien untersucht. Das vorgeschlagene Forschungsprojekt soll das Verständnis grundlegender Design- und Betriebsaspekte im Hinblick auf neue und innovative Entwicklungsansätze fördern. Basierend auf experimentell ermittelten räumlichen Verteilungen von Partikeln und Biofoulants in Feed-Spacern soll die Topographie der Membranoberfläche an die Geometrie der Feed-Spacer angepasst und spezifisch gestaltet werden. Dies führt zu einer neuen Generation maßgeschneiderter Membrantaschen, die verbesserte Trennleistung und Antifouling-Eigenschaften aufweisen. Dieses neue Entwicklungskonzept wird eine Erhöhung der Prozesseffizienz und der Modullebensdauer sowie eine Verringerung des Energieverbrauchs bewirken und damit nachhaltigere und kostengünstigere Wasserreinigungsprozesse ermöglichen.

Leistungssteigerung bei der Querstrommikrofiltration durch Dean-Wirbel

Druckgetriebene Filtrationsprozesse, wie z.B. die Querstrommikrofiltration, sind in ihrer Leistungsfaehigkeit durch Effekte wie Fouling und Konzentrationspolarisation bzw. Deckschichtwachstum beschraenkt. Ziel der hier genannten Arbeit ist es, durch eine gezielte Induzierung von Stroemungsinstabilitaeten in Form von Sekundaerstroemungen das Deckschichtwachstum an der Membran zu limitieren, somit hoehere Filtratfluesse zu erzielen und den Filtrationsprozess insgesamt effizienter zu betreiben. Die Stroemungsinstabilitaeten werden durch die Stroemungsfuehrung in maeanderfoermig gekruemmten Kapillarmembranen aufgrund von Zentrifugalkraeften erzeugt. In Technikumsversuchen mit Latex- und Hefesuspensionen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass sich der Filtratfluss durch den Einsatz von Dean Wirbeln gegenueber der Filtration mit geraden Kapillarmembranen um bis zu 140 Prozent steigern laesst, die Effizienz des Prozesses kann bei gleichem spezifischen Filtratfluss sogar um bis zu 400 Prozent hoeher sein. Neben den experimentellen Untersuchungen erfolgt eine intensive theoretische Betrachtung des Filtrationsprozesses. Mit Hilfe einer CFD-Software werden die hydrodynamischen Vorgaenge untersucht und in Hinblick auf den Deckschichtaufbau analysiert. Die Berechnung mehrphasiger Stroemungen und der Ablagerungsmechanismen von Partikeln soll in Zukunft durch die Simulation des dynamischen Deckschichtaufbaus in maeanderfoermig gekruemmten Kapillarmembranen erfolgen und zur Optimierung von Filtrationsmodulen hinsichtlich der Hydrodynamik herangezogen werden.

Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 1537: Skalenübergreifende Quantifizierung von Ökosystemprozessen in ihrer räumlich-zeitlichen Dynamik mittels smarter autonomer Sensornetzwerke, Teilprojekt C02: Antibiofouling und Antischmutzbeschichtungen

Wir untersuchen, wie Sensorknoten, die als Bodensonden und Blattsensoren in direktem Kontakt mit der Umwelt stehen, gestaltet werden müssen, so dass sie langlebig und stabil sind, indem sie Fouling-Prozesse wie die Ansammlung von Schmutz oder bakterielles Wachstum verhindern. Dies erfordert maßgeschneiderte Oberflächenstrukturen und Antifouling-Beschichtungen, deren Spezifikation stark vom Standort des Sensors abhängt. Im Boden sind sie langen feuchten Phasen ausgesetzt, während sie an der Luft großen Temperatur- und Feuchtigkeitsschwankungen oder einfach der Ansammlung von Schmutz ausgesetzt sind.

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