Taken from materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: Aphids were counted on 50 randomly selected shoots in two crop rows (100 shoots in total) per plot and sampling round. To reduce edge effects, rows with less than 20 cm to the edge were excluded. Counting took place twice a year, that is, once during crop flowering (BBCH 61; beginning of aphid population growth) and once during crop milk ripening stage (BBCH 75).
Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, spiders were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Spiders were identified to species according to Nentwig et al. (2019). Spider hunting strategy (active hunter or web-builder) was used as the feeding trait according to Cardoso et al. (2011).
Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, carabids were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Carabids were identified to species according to Hůrka (1996). Carabid feeding behavior was classified according to Homburg et al. (2014). To simplify the dataset, carabid feeding behavior was classified as predominantly granivorous (species mainly feed on seeds and fruits) or as carnivorous/omnivorous, because carnivorous and omnivorous species are potentially feeding on aphids and other non-plant material.
Taken from the methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107237: Vegetation surveys were performed once in July for both study years. Plant species were classified and each species' percent cover for both the arable plant community and the crop were visually estimated per plot. Species were divided into rare arable plants, other spontaneously occurring arable plants, the sown crop species, and volunteer crops that re-emerged after cultivation in previous years. To measure the productivity of our plots, both the crop biomass and arable plant biomass (rare arable plants + volunteer crops + spontaneous arable plants) were collected in July and August in both study years. For the arable plant biomass, three 0.5 m × 0.5 m sampling quadrats were randomly placed in the plot, harvested, and dried at 65 °C for 48 h. Crop biomass was measured after cutting, drying, and weighing three randomly selected crop rows per plot. To minimize edge effects, the outmost crop rows were excluded from the sampling. Arable plants and crop biomasses were projected as g m ⁻².
Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, spiders were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Spiders were identified to species according to Nentwig et al. (2019). Spider hunting strategy (active hunter or web-builder) was used as the feeding trait according to Cardoso et al. (2011).
Taken from materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: Aphids were counted on 50 randomly selected shoots in two crop rows (100 shoots in total) per plot and sampling round. To reduce edge effects, rows with less than 20 cm to the edge were excluded. Counting took place twice a year, that is, once during crop flowering (BBCH 61; beginning of aphid population growth) and once during crop milk ripening stage (BBCH 75).
Taken from the methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107237: The effect of rare arable plants on soil nutrient concentration was measured by taking soil samples in the 1st and 2nd study year (March 2018 and August 2019). One soil sample per plot was taken to a 20 cm depth and analyzed by the AGROLAB Group (Landshut, Germany) for soil organic matter [%] and nitrogen concentration [%] (DIN EN 15936; 2012 and DIN EN 16168; 2012-11).
Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, carabids were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Carabids were identified to species according to Hůrka (1996). Carabid feeding behavior was classified according to Homburg et al. (2014). To simplify the dataset, carabid feeding behavior was classified as predominantly granivorous (species mainly feed on seeds and fruits) or as carnivorous/omnivorous, because carnivorous and omnivorous species are potentially feeding on aphids and other non-plant material.
Taken from the methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107237: Vegetation surveys were performed once in July for both study years. Plant species were classified and each species' percent cover for both the arable plant community and the crop were visually estimated per plot. Species were divided into rare arable plants, other spontaneously occurring arable plants, the sown crop species, and volunteer crops that re-emerged after cultivation in previous years. To measure the productivity of our plots, both the crop biomass and arable plant biomass (rare arable plants + volunteer crops + spontaneous arable plants) were collected in July and August in both study years. For the arable plant biomass, three 0.5 m × 0.5 m sampling quadrats were randomly placed in the plot, harvested, and dried at 65 °C for 48 h. Crop biomass was measured after cutting, drying, and weighing three randomly selected crop rows per plot. To minimize edge effects, the outmost crop rows were excluded from the sampling. Arable plants and crop biomasses were projected as g m ⁻².
Das Projekt umfasst die Betreuung, Pflege, Erneuerung von Anpflanzungen von insges. ca. 240 Baum- und Straucharten im Versuchsgelände Liliental der Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt Baden-Württemberg. Es beinhaltet die Dokumentation, Aufnahme- und Boniturarbeiten sowie Auswertung der Anpflanzungen und Anbauversuche im Versuchsgelände. Da es sich bei vielen der im Liliental angebauten Versuche um exotische Arten handelt, können Erkenntnisse über deren Anbauwert in Bezug auf Klimawandel gewonnen bzw. aktualisiert werden. Darüber hinaus werden die Anpflanzungen/Anlagen und Anbauversuche in ein waldpädagogisches Konzept intergriert, welches laufend an die Leitlinien der FVA und von Forst-BW angepasst wird.
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