Das Projekt "Nutzung von Solarstrom in PKW" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Volkswagen AG durchgeführt. Objective: Technologies for the production of more cost-advantageous photocells (particularly thin-film cells) are well known in principles and are undergoing rapid further development. Their use in vehicles has so far only been tried in a few simple special applications (solar fan for ventilation when stationary, battery trickle charging) as well as for the ultimately utopian direct propulsion of vehicles. There have been no investigations into the integration of photocells into the electrical system of a largely conventional passenger car. General Information: A number of different techniques for the application of P.V. panels to the curved body of a vehicle had been identified and investigated. Sunroofs or sliding roofs in sizes for passengers cars (0.2 to 0.3 m2) with crystalline solar cells can be obtained from small series production. Similar samples with amorphous cells, directly deposited on curved glass substrates are still in development. To cover large areas with amorphous P.V. panels, flexible solar mats on thin stainless steel substrates are available. First series of experiments on fuel economy and comfort improvements through the use of P.V. power were conducted. The potential for fuel saving by supplying the electrical need of a vehicle from solar battery instead of the alternator is displayed. The lower curve corresponds to a very low level of electricity consumption, and the upper curve to an average level. Fig. 3 finally shows the potential of solar ventilation for a car parked in the sun. The test was done in a climatic chamber with sunlight simulation, which underestimates the effect a little because of higher solar cell temperatures. It can be statet, therefore, that solar ventilation decreases the level of overheating of a parked car by around 20 k. Achievements: Tests and investigations have shown that solar current can already be put to economical use for various applications in motor vehicles. Given the decreasing price of solar cells, due to constantly improving efficiency and reduced production costs, use of solar current will become even more widespread in vehicles, particularly in view of the increased output being provided by new efficient manufacturing machinery. Depending on the vehicle concerned, the operating conditions and the amount of solar radiation, fuel consumption in motor vehicles can be reduced by between 3 and 9 per cent through the use of solar current.
Das Projekt "Clean Sky" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fraunhofer-Institut für Elektronische Nanosysteme durchgeführt. Die Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative (JTI) ist ein innovatives Europäisches Programm mit dem Ziel, den Einfluss des Luftverkehrs auf die Umwelt massiv zu senken. Als privat-öffentliche Partnerschaft arbeiten insgesamt 86 industrielle und Forschungspartner an ambitionierten Zielen wie - Verringerung des Treibstoffverbrauchs, - Reduktion der Emissionen, - Ökologisches Design, Produktion und Wartung sowie - Schnellere Überleitung innovativer Technologien in den Markt. 'Clean Sky' ist in sechs Integrated Technology Demonstrators (ITD): Smart Fixed Wing Aircraft (SFWA), Green regional aircraft (GRA), ECO Design ITD (ED), Systems for green operation (SGO), Sustainable and Green Engines (SAGE) und Green Rotorcraft (GRC) unterteilt. Einige technologische Aspekte aus den Arbeiten in Clean Sky finden ihre Parallelen auch im Automobilbau, so z. B. Leichtbau und Structural health monitoring (SHM) aktive Strömungsbeeinflussung Drahtlostechnologie Optimierte Integration innovativer Technologien. CleanSky soll den Einfluss des Luftverkehrs auf die Umwelt radikal verbessern und gleichzeitig die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Europäischen Luftfahrtindustrie stärken und sichern. Die ITDs demonstrieren und validieren die technologischen Durchbrüche, die notwendig sind, um die vom ACARE (Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe) als die Europäische Technologieplattform für Aeronautics & Air Transport gesteckten Umweltziele zu erreichen. Zusammen mit Agusta Westland, Airbus, Alenia Aeronautica, Dassault Aviation, EADS-CASA, Eurocopter, Liebherr-Aerospace, Rolls-Royce, Saab AB, Safran und Thales ist die Fraunhofer Gesellschaft einer der Plattform-Leiter und Mitglied im 'Clean Sky' JTI Governing Board.
Das Projekt "Solar waermegewinnungsanlage 1 Tonne Dampf/pro Stunde bei 190 Grad c (M.A.N.-Agip-Nucleare)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg, Bereich Neue Technologie durchgeführt. Im Rahmen der Ausschreibung 'Demonstrationsvorhaben im Bereich der Sonnenenergie' der Kommission der Europaeischen Gemeinschaften wird von ACIP-Nucleare (Italien) und M.A.N. - neue Technologie eine Solar-Farm-Anlage zur Erzeugung von 1 Tonne Dampf/h von 190 Grad Celsius in Pisticci/Sueditalien errichtet werden. Die solare Prozesswaermeanlage wird parallel zu vorhandenen leichtoelbefeuerten Dampferzeugern zur Brennstoffeinsparung betrieben. 54 Kollektoren vom Typ Helioman 3/32 erhitzen Thermooel, das ueber einen Waermetauscher Frischdampf von 190 Grad Celsius erzeugt. Der Dampf wird in einer petrochemischen Fabrik der ENI-Gruppe als Prozessdampf verwendet, die den Grund fuer die Anlage zur Verfuegung stellt und dieselbe nach Inbetriebnahme betreibt. Die Arbeiten werden zu ca. 50 v.H. von M.A.N. bzw. ACIP-Nucleare uebernommen.
Das Projekt "Operation of a large heat pump installed in the return pipe of a district heating system" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von EAB Fernwärme GmbH durchgeführt. Objective: To build a 10 MW heat-pump which, linked to the Berlin urban district heating network, will take advantage of the heat still contained in the heating water returning to the city's power plant. General Information: The current Berlin BEWAG heating system provides hot water at 105 degree of Celsius. for the local network. After use the water returns to the power plant with a temperature of about 50 degree of Celsius. depending on the outside temperature. The project covers the construction of an industrial size heat-pump on the return network of the above urban heating system. The heat-pump will have a capacity of 10 MW and generate 35,000 MWh on the basis of an annual operation of minimum 3,500 hours at full capacity. 10,000 MWh will be fed back in the current system to save heating fuel and 25,000 MW will be used to feed an extension of the network. The project consists of 4 phases: 1. Planning 2. Construction 3. Commissioning 4. Measurement and Operation The project would be deemed successful if 2 x 25,000 MWh can be delivered during phase 4.
Das Projekt "Optimierung des elektrischen Antriebsstranges des el.di.car-Fahrzeuges No. two" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von el.di.car Automobilbau durchgeführt. Optimierung des Elektro-Antriebsstranges des Fahrzeuges No. two: - Neuentwicklung und Neubau der elektronischen Motorsteuerung, - Abstimmung Elektromotor, Getriebe und Kupplung, sowie Anpassung an das Fahrzeug.
Das Projekt "Verbesserung der Qualitaet von Biogas mit dem Ziel der Erhoehung seines Heizwertes auf Heizgasstandard" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Tiefbauamt durchgeführt. Objective: To construct a plant for the purification of biogas produced in a sewage treatment plant and to upgrade its calorific value. A projected 10 000 m3 of biogas will be processed daily. General Information: The biogas, which contains a high percentage of CO2, has a calorific value of 7.45 Kwh/m3. In addition, for final use H2S should be eliminated from the biogas. In order to reach the prescribed calorific value of 11.2 Kwh/m3 it may be necessary to add some hydrocarbons such as propane. The CO2 and H2S are removed in a regenerative alcanolamin process (MEA) for which the required steam of the MEA-lye is obtained from the sludge incineration plant. The condensate is conveyed back to the boiler on the sludge incineration plant. For purification the sewage gas has to go through the following process: - removal of CO2 and H2S by means of regenerative alcanolamine scrubbing; - drying, compression and absorption on activated aluminium oxide; - analysis of the CO2 content and dew point of the purified gas; - odorization with a pungent substance added by metering pump; - conditioning of the purified gas with LPG, to comply with the prescribed calorific value for fuel gas. Achievements: Experimental operation of the plant carried out from 5/9 to 11/9/1985 with the agreement of the Public Works Department and the City Gas Company was successfully completed. During this period approx. 40000 m3 purified sewage gas of natural gas quality were fed into the city's mains gas supply. The plant was thus deemed to be accepted and was transferred to the authority of the Public Works Department on 12/9/1985. Output Data of the plant were the following: Crude gas approx. 606 Nm3/h CO2 approx. 36 - 38 per cent vol. H2S approx. 270 - 320 mg/Nm3 N2 + 02 approx. 0.6 - 1.8 per cent vol. t approx. 20 deg. C. Purified gas max. 369 Nm3/h min. 128 Nm3/h. From commissioning in September 1985 until the end of 1988 3.8 million m3 of purified gas have been produced. This is equivalent to 3.7 million litres or 3.2 million kg of heating oil. The guaranteed performance of the plant is exceeded and the consumption of operating materials falls below the stated values. Despite increased output the guaranteed composition of purified gas is below the required levels. Operating costs of the main sewage plant are slightly reduced by sewage gas processing.
Das Projekt "Das 'Drei-Liter-Auto'" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Institut für Landes- und Stadtentwicklungsforschung Nordrhein-Westfalen durchgeführt. Vor dem Hintergrund des sich verschaerfenden Klimaproblems und des bedeutenden Anteils des Verkehrssektors (insbesondere des Strassenverkehrs) an der Emission von Treibhausgasen soll der moegliche Beitrag eines Kraftfahrzeuges mit besonders niedrigem Energieverbrauch, des sogenannten 'Drei-Liter-Autos', zur Loesung dieser Probleme untersucht werden. In diesem Zusammenhang werden u. a. die von der Politik zu schaffenden Rahmenbedingungen fuer eine Einfuehrung derartiger Fahrzeuge in nennenswerten Stueckzahlen, die Marktchancen eines solchen Produktes sowie geeignete Marketingstrategien und die technischen Merkmale eines 'Drei-Liter-Autos' Forschungsgegenstand sein.
Das Projekt "10 Hybridbusse in Hamburg-Holstein - HH-Holstein" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Verkehrsbetriebe Hamburg, Holstein Aktiengesellschaft durchgeführt. Mit dem Einsatz von 10 Hybridbussen sollen CO2 -Emissionen im Öffentlichen Personennahverkehr im Echtbetrieb durch Kraftstoffverbrauchsreduzierung gesenkt werden. Es soll der Nachweis erbracht werden, dass die Hybridtechnik wirtschaftlich sein kann und somit einen alternativen Antrieb für den innerstädtischen Verkehr darstellt. Zu Beginn des Projektes werden die Mitarbeiterschulungen durchgeführt und die Beschaffung der Dacharbeitsbühne, der Diagnosegeräte und der Spezialwerkzeuge organisiert. Abschlusstermin: 30.Oktober 2013. Die Beschaffung der Hybrid-KOM wird bis zum 30. November 2013 abgeschlossen sein. Der Einsatz der KOM ist für Dezember 2013 vorgesehen. In erste Zeitperiode werden bis zum 30.06.2014 die Tankdaten und die Km-Laufleistung erfasst und an vergleichbaren Dieselbussen referenziert. Parallel dazu werden die Aufwendungen für die Instandhaltung erfasst.
Das Projekt "New large scale heat-pump with non-polluting refrigerant R134A" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von MAN Technologie AG durchgeführt. Objective: To demonstrate the viability of a large heat pump using an alternative type of refrigerant, which is not harmful for ozone layer. 6 cylinder gas engine drives a HP using a newly developped rugged screw type compressor and a new type of refrigerant developped by Hoechst, the R134A. The gas motor is of low polluting type and the refrigerant posseses no chlorine atom and thus does not cause breakdown of ozone layer nominal ratio heat output/gas input is 537/287 km, ie 1,87. 3 units are proposed for low temperature (46 degree of Celsius) heating of an existing office building, using outside air as heat source. 50 per cent of gas saving is forecast. Innovation: use of a new type of refrigerant in a large heat. General Information: 6 cylinder gas engine drives a HP using a newly developed rugged screw type compressor and a new type of refrigerant developed by Hoechst, the R134a. The gas motor is of low polluting type and the refrigerant posseses no chlorine atom and thus does not cause breakdown of ozone layer nominal ratio heat output/gas input is 537/287 km, ie 1,87. 3 units are proposed for low temperature (46 degree of Celsius) heating of an existing office building, using outside air as heat source. 50 per cent of gas saving is forecast. Innovation: use of a new type of refrigerant in a large heat.
Das Projekt "Gas-fuelled rapid heating furnace" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Gaswärme-Institut e.V. durchgeführt. Objective: To demonstrate the feasibility of reducing energy consumption in the reheating of forgings and to improve forging quality by the replacement of electric and conventional gas-fired furnaces, by a new gas-fuelled rapid heating furnace incorporating and combining known technical features: these will considerably reduce energy consumption and advance the engineering design of conventional gas-fired reheating furnaces. General Information: Rapid heating furnaces are often installed in forging shops to treat small forgings. It is important to heat the forging rapidly and evenly and to minimize scale formation. The object of this research is to produce a micro-structure to eliminate the need for further heat treatment. The advantage of an inductive, over a conventional gas-fuelled furnace is the low level of scale formation due to the brief furnace dwell time. On the other hand, inductive furnaces are operated by a secondary source of energy (electricity) and are therefore expensive to operate. In addition, temperature distribution in a charge heated by a conventional furnace is unsatisfactory. The furnace to be designed, installed and operated for the project is a gas fuelled rapid heating installation using natural gas as the primary energy source. Charge heating will be in 3 zones (soaking, heating-up and preheating) to reheat the charge. As in the case of pusher type furnaces, charge and atmosphere movement will be counter current. In order to minimize scale formation, the soaking zone will be fired in the fuel-rich mode, while the heating-up zone will be fuelled by a fuel-lean gas and air mixture, burning uncombusted gases from the soaking zone. Staged combustion minimizes NO output and environmental impact. Fuel-rich soaking zone operation necessitates tests to establish combustion air preheat temperature, the acceptability of the fuel/air system with respect to sooting and safety aspects associated with CO formation. Forgings will be charged in transverse mode and a recuperator incorporated in the furnace for combustion air preheating: the furnace control system will feature high precision fuel/air ration controllers for heating-up and soaking zones. Each controller is capable of maintaining an air factor of between 0.5 and 1.5 to allow exact adjustment of the fuel/air ratio and to minimize scaling. An optical control system monitors the temperature of the charge leaving the furnace. Fuel gas flow is adjusted by temperature controller as a function of the difference between temperature as measured by the optical system and set point temperature. When fuel gas flow is adjusted, combustion air flow will also be adjusted by the fuel/air ratio control system. A shop function is also incorporated in the furnace control system: this is capable of lowering gas flow to between to 10-30 per cent of rated flow. For this purpose the control system will immediately reduce gas flow if furnace operation is switched to idle mode. Simultaneously...
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