Der INSPIRE Dienst Verteilung der Vogel-Arten (D-F) in Deutschland - Vorkommen stellt bundesweite Vorkommensdatensätze gemäß den Vorgaben der INSPIRE Richtline Annex III Thema bereit. Die Vorkommensdaten wurden vom Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten (DDA) zusammengestellt und mit den Vogelschutzwarten und Fachverbänden der Bundesländer abgestimmt. Die Vorkommensdaten wurden im nationalen Vogelschutzbericht 2019 nach Art. 12 der Vogelschutzrichtlinie der EU übermittelt. Für die Vorkommensdaten wurden Daten des Atlas deutscher Brutvogelarten (Gedeon et al. 2014), Angaben aus dem Internetportal www.ornitho.de sowie einzelne ergänzende Daten aus einzelnen Bundesländern zusammengeführt. Die Angaben sind methodisch unterschiedlich erhoben worden. Die Erhebungsdaten stammen aus dem Zeitraum 2005 – 2016. Der Dienst enthält keine Informationen zu sensiblen Arten.
Im Kreisgebiet wird die Jagd in 82 Jagdbezirken ausgeübt. Die Fläche der jagdlich nutzbaren Fläche beträgt rund 32.000 Hektar. Die Grundeigentümer (Bund, Land, Kommunen, private Eigentümer) verwalten Jagdflächen, die über 75 Hektar groß sind. Die Grundstückseigentümer, die in einer sogenannten Jagdgenossenschaft zusammengeschlossen sind, verpachten die meisten der kleineren jagdlich nutzbaren Flächen an interessierte Jäger. Diese Jagdgenossenschaft unterliegt als Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts der Aufsicht durch die Kreisverwaltung.
Anzahl der Proben: 27 Gemessener Parameter: Cyclohexan-1,2-dicarboxylat-mono(oxo-isononyl)ester ist ein sekundäres Abbauprodukt von DINCH®. Probenart: 24h-Sammelurin Eine ideale Matrix für das Human-Biomonitoring, weil mit dem Urin Chemikalien und/oder deren Metabolite ausgeschiedenen werden, die zuvor in direktem Kontakt mit dem Organismus standen. Messungen im Urin können somit zuverlässige Aussagen über die interne Belastung des Menschen liefern. Probenahmegebiet: Münster Bedeutende Universitätsstadt sowie Dienstleistungs- und Verwaltungszentrum in Nordrhein-Westfalen.
Phthalate sind Ester der Phthalsäure, die als Weichmacher für Kunststoffe wie PVC, Nitrocellulose oder auch für Gummi verwendet werden. Sie werden industriell in großen Mengen erzeugt und sind in vielen Verbraucherprodukten enthalten. Einer der wichtigsten Vertreter der Phthalate stellt das Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalat dar (DEHP). Die breite Verwendung dieses Stoffes hat innerhalb weniger Jahrzehnte zu einer ubiquitären Verbreitung in der Umwelt geführt. In den Jahren zwischen 1996 und 2005 betrug das Marktvolumen von Weichmachern in Europa etwa 1 Mio. Tonnen pro Jahr (Hildenbrand et al. 2006). Der wichtigste Kunststoff, in dem Phthalate eingesetzt werden, ist das Polyvinylchlorid (PVC). Veröffentlicht in Umwelt & Gesundheit | 01/2012.
In der letzten Zeit haben sich die Probleme mit Kontaminationen von Lebensmitteln durch Mineralöle aus Verpackungen gehäuft. Eine Quelle für diese Kontaminationen bildeten Inhaltsstoffe der für den Druck benutzten Druckfarben. Dieses Projekt sollte klären, ob Mineralöle in Zeitungsdruckfarben durch vegetabile Öle bzw. deren Ester ersetzbar sind, inwieweit sich dieser Ersatz in den Deinkingergebnisse bei der Papier-bzw. Kartonherstellung zeigt und wie stark sich der Gehalt an Mineral-bzw. vegetabilen Ölen durch einen Deinkingprozess verringern lässt. Veröffentlicht in Texte | 08/2014.
Kasper-Sonnenberg, Monika; Koch, Holger M.; Apel, Petra; Rüther, Maria; Pälmke, Claudia; Brüning, Thomas; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health (2019), online 1. August 2019 DINCH (cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-diisononyl ester) is a phthalate plasticizer substitute introduced into the market in 2002. It is increasingly used especially in the production of toys, food contact materials and medical devices. In this measurement campaign on 24-h urine samples of young adults (20–29 years) from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) collected in 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017 (in total 300 samples, 60 samples/year) we analyzed three specific, oxidized DINCH metabolites (OH-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(hydroxy-isononyl) ester; cx-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(carboxy-isooctyl) ester, oxo-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(oxo-isononyl) ester). We merged these data with earlier data of the ESB from the years 1999-2012 and are now able to report levels and time trends of internal DINCH exposure from 1999 to 2017. After first detections of the major oxidized DINCH metabolite OH-MINCH in 2006 (6.7%) detection rates rapidly increased to 43.3% in 2009, 80% in 2010 and 98.3% in 2011 and 2012. From the year 2013 on we could detect OH-MINCH in every urine sample analyzed. The median concentrations of OH-MINCH rapidly increased from 0.15 μg/L in 2010 to twice the concentration in 2011 (0.31 μg/L) with further increases in 2013 (0.37 μg/L), 2015 (0.59 μg/L) and 2017 (0.70 μg/L). Similar increases, albeit at lower detection rates and concentration levels, could be observed for cx-MINCH and oxo-MINCH. All metabolites strongly correlate with each other. For the ESB study population, DINCH exposures are still far below health based guidance values such as the German Human Biomonitoring Value (HBM-I; 4,500 μg/L for the sum of OH-MINCH and cx-MINCH) or the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of EFSA (1 mg/kg bw/d). The median daily DINCH intake (DI) calculated for 2017 was 0.23 μg/kg bw/d, thus 4,310-times lower than the TDI. The maximum DI calculated for one individual in 2012 (42.60 μg/kg bw/d) was a factor of more than 20 below the TDI. The ongoing increase in DINCH exposure needs to be closely monitored in the future, including populations with potentially higher exposures such as children. This close monitoring will enable timely exposure and risk reduction measures if exposures reached critical levels, or if new toxicological data lead to lower health based guidance values. DINCH belongs to the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) priority substances for which policy relevant questions still have to be answered. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.07.011
Schütze, André; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike; Apel, Petra; Brüning, Thomas; Koch, Holger M. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health (2013), online 16. August 2013 DINCH (diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate) was introduced into the world market in 2002 as a non-aromatic plasticizer and phthalate substitute. We analyzed 300 urine samples (24 h voids) of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB for Human tissues, ESB Hum) for specific DINCH metabolites by on-line HPLC-MS/MS with isotope dilution quantification. Urine samples of the ESB Hum were from the years 1999, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2012, chosen to investigate the appearance and a possible trend of DINCH exposure since its market introduction. No DINCH metabolites were detected in the 1999 and 2003 samples. From 2006 on, the percentage of samples with DINCH metabolites above the LOQ increased significantly over the years (7% in 2006, 43% in 2009 and 98% in 2012). The cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(hydroxy-isononyl) ester (OH-MINCH) was the predominant metabolite. Median (and 95th percentile) concentrations (in μg/L) increased from <LOQ (0.09) in 2006, to <LOQ (1.02) in 2009 to 0.39 (2.09) in 2012. All oxidized DINCH metabolites (OH-MINCH, cx-MINCH, oxo-MINCH) correlated strongly among each other (ρ>0.75, p < 0.001). The median (95th percentile) DINCH intake in 2012 was calculated to be 0.14 (1.07) μg/kg body weight/day which is considerably below daily intakes currently deemed tolerable. DINCH is regarded to have a preferred toxicological profile over certain anti-androgenic phthalates. The continuation of DINCH measurements in the ESB Hum and other human biomonitoring studies like the German Environmental Survey (GerES) allows tracking the development of DINCH body burdens, the distribution of exposure levels and daily intakes, providing basic data for future toxicological assessment and further epidemiological studies. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.08.004
Production mix technologyComment of decarboxylative cyclization of adipic acid (RER): decarboxylative cyclization of adipic acid technologyComment of formic acid production, methyl formate route (RER): The worldwide installed capacity for producing formic acid was about 330 000 t/a in 1988. Synthesis of formic acid by hydrolysis of methyl formate is based on a two-stage process: in the first stage, methanol is carbonylated with carbon monoxide; in the second stage, methyl formate is hydrolyzed to formic acid and methanol. The methanol is returned to the first stage. Although the carbonylation of methanol is relatively problem-free and has been carried out industrially for a long time, only recently has the hydrolysis of methyl formate been developed into an economically feasible process. The main problems are associated with work-up of the hydrolysis mixture. Because of the unfavorable position of the equilibrium, reesterification of methanol and formic acid to methyl formate occurs rapidly during the separation of unreacted methyl formate. Problems also arise in the selection of sufficiently corrosion-resistant materials Carbonylation of Methanol In the two processes mentioned, the first stage involves carbonylation of methanol in the liquid phase with carbon monoxide, in the presence of a basic catalyst: imageUrlTagReplacea0ec6e15-92c8-4d44-82bb-84e90e58b171 As a rule, the catalyst is sodium methoxide. Potassium methoxide has also been proposed as a catalyst; it is more soluble in methyl formate and gives a higher reaction rate. Although fairly high pressures were initially preferred, carbonylation is carried out in new plants at lower pressure. Under these conditions, reaction temperature and catalyst concentration must be increased to achieve acceptable conversion. According to published data, ca. 4.5 MPa, 80 °C, and 2.5 wt % sodium methoxide are employed. About 95 % carbon monoxide, but only about 30 % methanol, is converted under these circumstances. Nearly quantitative conversion of methanol to methyl formate can, nevertheless, be achieved by recycling the unreacted methanol. The carbonylation of methanol is an equilibrium reaction. The reaction rate can be raised by increasing the temperature, the carbon monoxide partial pressure, the catalyst concentration, and the interface between gas and liquid. To synthesize methyl formate, gas mixtures with a low proportion of carbon monoxide must first be concentrated. In a side reaction, sodium methoxide reacts with methyl formate to form sodium formate and dimethyl ether, and becomes inactivated. The substances used must be anhydrous; otherwise, sodium formate is precipitated to an increasing extent. Sodium formate is considerably less soluble in methyl formate than in methanol. The risk of encrustation and blockage due to precipitation of sodium formate can be reduced by adding poly(ethylene glycol). The carbon monoxide used must contain only a small amount of carbon dioxide; otherwise, the catalytically inactive carbonate is precipitated. Basic catalysts may reverse the reaction, and methyl formate decomposes into methanol and carbon monoxide. Therefore, undecomposed sodium methoxide in the methyl formate must be neutralized. Hydrolysis of Methyl Formate In the second stage, the methyl formate obtained is hydrolyzed: imageUrlTagReplace2ddc19c0-905f-42c3-b14c-e68332befec9 The equilibrium constant for methyl formate hydrolysis depends on the water: ester ratio. With a molar ratio of 1, the constant is 0.14, but with a water: methyl formate molar ratio of 15, it is 0.24. Because of the unfavorable position of this equilibrium, a large excess of either water or methyl formate must be used to obtain an economically worthwhile methyl formate conversion. If methyl formate and water are used in a molar ratio of 1 : 1, the conversion is only 30 %, but if the molar ratio of water to methyl formate is increased to 5 – 6, the conversion of methyl formate rises to 60 %. However, a dilute aqueous solution of formic acid is obtained this way, and excess water must be removed from the formic acid with the expenditure of as little energy as possible. Another way to overcome the unfavorable position of the equilibrium is to hydrolyze methyl formate in the presence of a tertiary amine, e.g., 1-(n-pentyl)imidazole. The base forms a salt-like compound with formic acid; therefore, the concentration of free formic acid decreases and the hydrolysis equilibrium is shifted in the direction of products. In a subsequent step formic acid can be distilled from the base without decomposition. A two-stage hydrolysis has been suggested, in which a water-soluble formamide is used in the second stage; this forms a salt-like compound with formic acid. It also shifts the equilibrium in the direction of formic acid. To keep undesirable reesterification as low as possible, the time of direct contact between methanol and formic acid must be as short as possible, and separation must be carried out at the lowest possible temperature. Introduction of methyl formate into the lower part of the column in which lower boiling methyl formate and methanol are separated from water and formic acid, has also been suggested. This largely prevents reesterification because of the excess methyl formate present in the critical region of the column. Dehydration of the Hydrolysis Mixture Formic acid is marketed in concentrations exceeding 85 wt %; therefore, dehydration of the hydrolysis mixture is an important step in the production of formic acid from methyl formate. For dehydration, the azeotropic point must be overcome. The concentration of formic acid in the azeotropic mixture increases if distillation is carried out under pressure, but the higher boiling point at high pressure also increases the decomposition rate of formic acid. At the same time, the selection of sufficiently corrosion-resistant materials presents considerable problems. A number of entrainers have been proposed for azeotropic distillation. Reference: Gräfje, H., Körnig, W., Weitz, H.-M., Reiß, W.: Butanediols, Butenediol, and Butynediol, Chapter 1. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Sev-enth Edition, 2004 Electronic Release (ed. Fiedler E., Grossmann G., Kersebohm D., Weiss G. and Witte C.). 7 th Electronic Release Edition. WileyInterScience, New York, Online-Version under: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ueic/articles/a04_455/frame.html technologyComment of oxidation of butane (RER): The liquid-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons is an important process to produce acetic acid, formic acid or methyl acetate. About 43 kg of formic acid is produced per ton of acetic acid. Unreacted hydrocarbons, volatile neutral constituents, and water are separated first from the oxidation product. Formic acid is separated in the next column; azeotropic distillation is generally used for this purpose. The formic acid contains about 2 wt % acetic acid, 5 wt % water, and 3 wt % benzene. Formic acid with a content of about 98 wt % can be produced by further distillation. Reference: Gräfje, H., Körnig, W., Weitz, H.-M., Reiß, W.: Butanediols, Butenediol, and Butynediol, Chapter 1. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Sev-enth Edition, 2004 Electronic Release (ed. Fiedler E., Grossmann G., Kersebohm D., Weiss G. and Witte C.). 7 th Electronic Release Edition. WileyInterScience, New York, Online-Version under: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ueic/articles/a04_455/frame.html
Grundwassermessstellen dienen der Überwachung des Grundwassers. Dieser Datensatz enthält die Messdaten der Messstelle E SW Kleve Br.5. Wasserart: reines Grundwasser
Grundwassermessstellen dienen der Überwachung des Grundwassers. Dieser Datensatz enthält die Messdaten der Messstelle E SW Kleve Br.9. Wasserart: reines Grundwasser
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