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Untersuchung der katalytischen Prozesse in Elektrolyse- und Synthesereaktionen (im Verbundprojekt: Entwicklung eines tubularen Dampf-Elektrolyseurs mit integrierter Kohlenwasserstoffsynthese)

Im Rahmen der in Deutschland stattfindenden Energiewende werden zur Substituierung fossiler Energieträger zunehmend erneuerbare Energien eingesetzt. Die regelmäßige Verfügbarkeit dieser Energiequellen ist nur bei einem kleinen und kaum erweiterbaren Teil, hauptsächlich der Wasserkraft und der Biomasseverwertung, gegeben. Die Nutzung von Wasserstoff als Energieträger der erneuerbaren Energien (Wasserstoffwirtschaft) erscheint aufgrund hoher Anfangsinvestitionen zur Umrüstung der auf Kohlenwasserstoffen basierenden Energieinfrastruktur sowie der geringen volumetrischen Energiespeicherdichte des Wasserstoffs problematisch. Eine interessante Möglichkeit zur Lösung der Speicherproblematik bei gleichzeitiger Beibehaltung der vorhandenen Infrastruktur besteht in der Herstellung von Methanol aus Kohlendioxid und Elektrolyse-Wasserstoff, der mittels erneuerbarer Energien erzeugt wird. Durch eine stoffliche Nutzung von Kohlendioxid lassen sich in Folge CO2 ?Emissionen mindern, und CO2 wird dadurch in einem Kreislauf genutzt, ohne dass die Atmosphäre durch zusätzliche Emissionen belastet wird. Für die Umsetzung dieses Konzepts müssen geringe Systemkosten bei hohen Wirkungsgraden erreicht werden. Beide Kriterien sprechen für die Nutzung der Hochtemperaturelektrolyse zur Herstellung von Wasserstoff für eine anschließende Kohlenwasserstoffsynthese. Bisher wurden in Hochtemperatur?Elektrolyseuren sauerstoffleitende Elektrolyte verwendet. Das Teilvorhaben der Professur für Technische Thermodynamik innerhalb des Verbundprojektes umfasst die Charakterisierung der eingesetzten Katalysatoren sowie deren Wirkungsweise und die Untersuchung der katalytischen Prozesse mit experimentellen Methoden. Damit soll der Gesamtprozess hinsichtlich der Katalysatoren optimiert werden.

G12825 - Feststellung des Unterbleibens einer Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (UVP) für das Vorhaben Wesentliche Änderung einer Bioethanolanlage in 16303 Schwedt/Oder

Die Firma VERBIO Schwedt GmbH, Passower Chaussee 111 in 16303 Schwedt/Oder, beantragt die Genehmigung nach § 16 des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes (BImSchG), auf dem Grundstück in 16303 Schwedt/Oder, Passower Chaussee 111 in der Gemarkung Schwedt, Flur 29, Flurstücke 28 und 39 eine Bioethanolanlage wesentlich zu ändern (Az.: G12825). Das Vorhaben umfasst im Wesentlichen die Erhöhung der Produktionskapazität von Bioethanol von 200 000 Tonnen pro Jahr auf 260 000 Tonnen pro Jahr und der Getreideverarbeitung von 670 000 Tonnen pro Jahr auf 840 000 Tonnen pro Jahr. Weiterhin sollen in der Destillation verunreinigtes Ethanol mit einer maximalen Menge von 87 600 Tonnen pro Jahr verarbeitet werden. Der Destillationsprozess bleibt dabei unverändert. Auch die Leistungserhöhung der Getreideverarbeitung und die damit verbundene erhöhte Maischeproduktion wird durch Ausnutzen von bereits vorhandenen Anlagenreserven beziehungsweise Anpassungen/Austausch von bestehenden Anlagenteilen erreicht. Eine Erweiterung der Anlagentechnik ist dafür nicht vorgesehen. Das verunreinigte Ethanol und die zusätzlichen Getreidemengen sollen per LKW angeliefert werden. Die Zwischenlagerung des verunreinigten Ethanols erfolgt in einem bestehenden Tank mit einer Lagerkapazität von 710 Tonnen. Es handelt sich dabei um eine Anlage der Nummer 4.1.2 GE in Verbindung mit den Nummern 1.2.2.1 V, 1.2.3.1 V, 7.21 EG, 8.10.1.1 EG und 8.12.1.1 EG des Anhangs 1 der Verordnung über genehmigungsbedürftige Anlagen (4. BImSchV) sowie um ein Vorhaben nach Nummer 4.2 A in Verbindung mit den Nummern 1.2.2.1 S und 1.2.3.1 S der Anlage 1 des Gesetzes über die Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (UVPG). Nach § 9 Absatz 3 Satz 1 Nummer 2 UVPG war für das beantragte Vorhaben eine allgemeine Vorprüfung durchzuführen. Die Feststellung erfolgte nach Beginn des Genehmigungsverfahrens auf der Grundlage der vom Vorhabensträger vorgelegten Unterlagen sowie eigener Informationen. Im Ergebnis dieser Vorprüfung wurde festgestellt, dass für das oben genannte Vorhaben keine UVP-Pflicht besteht.

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field experiment: Araneae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, spiders were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Spiders were identified to species according to Nentwig et al. (2019). Spider hunting strategy (active hunter or web-builder) was used as the feeding trait according to Cardoso et al. (2011).

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field study: Araneae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, spiders were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Spiders were identified to species according to Nentwig et al. (2019). Spider hunting strategy (active hunter or web-builder) was used as the feeding trait according to Cardoso et al. (2011).

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field experiment: Carabidae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, carabids were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Carabids were identified to species according to Hůrka (1996). Carabid feeding behavior was classified according to Homburg et al. (2014). To simplify the dataset, carabid feeding behavior was classified as predominantly granivorous (species mainly feed on seeds and fruits) or as carnivorous/omnivorous, because carnivorous and omnivorous species are potentially feeding on aphids and other non-plant material.

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field study: Carabidae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, carabids were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Carabids were identified to species according to Hůrka (1996). Carabid feeding behavior was classified according to Homburg et al. (2014). To simplify the dataset, carabid feeding behavior was classified as predominantly granivorous (species mainly feed on seeds and fruits) or as carnivorous/omnivorous, because carnivorous and omnivorous species are potentially feeding on aphids and other non-plant material.

Molecular DOM composition (relative peak intensities) obtained through ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS)

Here we present the dissolved organic matter (DOM) data of the sea surface microlayer (SML) and underlying water (ULW) during a multidisciplinary mesocosm study at the Sea sURface Facility (SURF) of the Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM) in Wilhelmshaven, Germany (53.5148 °N, 8.1463 °E). The study was conducted from 18 May to 16 June 2023. Water samples were collected using a glass plate for the SML and a tube at a depth of 40 cm. DOM was extracted and desalinated by solid-phase extraction as described by Dittmar et al. (2008). The extracts were stored frozen in methanol until analysis. Aliquots were mixed with 50% ultrapure water (50:50 v/v) and diluted to a final carbon concentration of 2.5 ppm. DOM composition was analysed using a SolariX XR FT-ICR-MS (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany) with a 15 Tesla superconducting magnet and an electrospray ionisation source (ESI; Bruker Apollo II ion source) in negative ion mode. Data processing and molecular formula assignment were performed in ICBM-OCEAN, as described by Merder et al. (2020).

Water and sediment analysis from column experiments

This data set contains data from water analyses from column experiments. The water analyses included cations (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese), anions (nitrate, chloride, sulphate, bromide and phosphate) and selected trace elements (arsenic, cobalt, nickel, vanadium and zinc). The column experiments were conducted with two different types of unconsolidated sandy sediments from aquifers in Denmark (Quaternary) and Germany (Cretaceous). In both sediments, the nitrate degradation capacity was almost exhausted. To induce denitrification, 5 mmol ethanol was added to the column experiments. This also caused a decrease in the concentration of trace elements in the water. A sequential extraction procedure was performed to determine the trace element sinks. The data set therefore also contains contents of selected elements (equal to water analyses) from the sequential extraction procedure of the sediment before and after the column tests. The results observed in the laboratory were additionally modeled with Phreeqc. The Phreeqc input data complete the data set.

Reproductive parameters and oocyte fatty acid compositions in European sprat Sprattus sprattus sampled in the Baltic Sea

Fecundity of marine fish species is highly variable, but trade-offs between fecundity and egg quality have rarely been observed at the individual level. We investigated spatial differences in reproductive investment of individual European sprat Sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus 1758) females by determining batch fecundity, condition indices (somatic condition index and gonadosomatic index) as well as oocyte dry weight, protein content, lipid content, spawning batch energy content, and fatty acid composition. Sampling was conducted in five different spawning areas within the Baltic Sea between March and May 2012. Sampling was conducted in the Baltic Sea during three cruises of the German RV “Alkor” in March (https://www2.bsh.de/aktdat/dod/fahrtergebnis/2012/20120331.htm), April (http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/CR_AL390), and May (http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/CR_AL392) 2012. Five different areas were sampled: KB, AB, Bornholm Basin (BB), Gdansk Deep (GD), and Gotland Basin (GB). Fish were caught with a pelagic trawl. Trawling time was in general 30 minutes per haul. The total lengths (TL, ±0.1 cm) of at least 200 sprat per haul were measured for length frequency analysis. Only female sprat with ovaries containing fully hydrated oocytes were sampled, running ripe females were rejected to avoid possible loss of oocytes, as this would lead to an underestimation of batch fecundity. Sprat were sampled immediately after the haul was on deck and stored on crushed ice. The sampled fish were weighed (wet mass WM, ±0.1 g) and measured (TL, ±0.1 cm), and their ovaries were dissected carefully. Oocytes were extracted from a single ovary lobe, rinsed with deionized water, and counted under a stereo microscope (Leica MZ 8). A counted number of oocytes (around 50 oocytes per fish) were transferred to pre-weighed tin-caps (8 x 8 x 15 mm). These samples were used to determine the oocyte dry weight, lipid content, and fatty acid composition. In addition, a counted number of oocytes (around 10 oocytes per fish) were sampled in Eppendorf caps for determination of protein content. Oocyte samples were stored at -80 °C for subsequent fatty acid and protein analysis in the laboratory. Finally, both ovary lobes were stored in 4% buffered formaldehyde solution for further fecundity analysis. Ovary free body mass (OFBM, ±0.1 g) of sampled frozen fish and fixed ovary mass (OM, ±0.1 g) were measured (Sartorius, 0.01 g) in the laboratory on land, to avoid imprecise measurements due to the ship's motion at sea. Absolute batch fecundity (ABF) was determined gravimetrically using the hydrated oocyte method suggested by Hunter et al. (1985) for indeterminate batch spawners. For ascertainment of the relative batch fecundity per unit body weight (RBF), ABF was divided by OFBM. Further, a condition index (CI) was determined: CI = (OFBM/〖TL〗^3 )× 100. A gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated with the following formula: GSI = (OM/OFBM)× 100. Oocyte dry weight was determined to the nearest 0.1 µg (Sartorius SC 2 micro-scale), using the samples stored in pre-weighed tin caps, after freeze-drying (Christ Alpha 1-4) for at least 24 hours. After subtracting the weight of the empty tin cap, the average oocyte dry mass (ODM) was then calculated by dividing the total weight by the number of oocytes contained in the tin cap. The fatty acid signature of oocytes was determined by gas chromatography (GC). Lipid extraction of the dried oocytes was performed using a 1:1:1 solvent mix of dichloromethane:methanol:chloroform. A five component fatty acid methyl ester Mix (13:0 - 21:0, Restek, Bad Homburg, Germany; c = 8.5 ng component µl-1) was added as an internal standard and a 23:0 fatty acid standard (Restek, Bad Homburg, Germany, c = 25.1 ng µl-1) was added as an esterification efficiency control. Esterification was performed over night at 50 °C in 200 µl 1% H2SO4 and 100 µl toluene. The solvent phase was transferred to 100 µl n-hexane and a 1 µl aliquot measured in a Thermo Fisher Trace GC Ultra with a Thermo Fisher TRACETM TR-FAME column (10 m*0.1 mm*0.2 µm). For more details on sample preparation and GC settings, see Hauss et al. (2012). The total lipid content per oocyte was determined by adding up the weights of all detected fatty acids. To ensure comparability with past studies, results for FA are given as a percentage of the combined weights of all detected FA. An average of 10 oocytes were transferred to 5*9 mm tin cups (Hekatech) and dried at 50 °C for >24 h. Total organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content was measured using a Thermo Fisher Scientific Elemental Analyzer Flash 2000. From the total amount of N in the sample, the oocyte protein content was calculated according to Kjeldahl (Bradstreet, 1954), using a factor of 6.25. The oocyte gross energy content was calculated on the basis of measured protein and lipid content, which were multiplied with corresponding energy values from literature. The measured amount of proteins per given oocyte (P, mg) was multiplied by a factor of 23.66 J mg-1 and was added to the total amount of lipids per oocyte (L, mg) multiplied by 39.57 J mg-1 (Henken et al. 1986). Consequently, the oocyte energy content of each individual female sprat was multiplied by its relative batch fecundity in order to obtain a standardized estimate of the total amount of energy invested into a single spawning batch (SBEC, J g-1 OFBM): SBEC = [(P × 23.66 (J )/mg)+(L × 39.57 (J )/mg)]× RBF

Concentrations of 27 polar metabolites in gill and mantle tissue of Ostrea edulis measured by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy during a chronic alkalinity-enhancement exposure experiment

This dataset contains concentrations of 27 polar metabolites measured in gill and mantle tissue of individual European flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) sampled before the start of the chronic alkalinity-enhancement exposure (7 May 2024, baseline, n = 10 per tissue) and after 21, 42 and 63 days of exposure (28 May, 18 June and 9 July 2024) to one of five treatments, with 3 to 5 individuals sampled per treatment, tissue and timepoint. Extraction: Frozen gill and mantle samples were wet-weighed (100 to 400 mg WW) and, if necessary, ground to smaller pieces with a mortar and pestle pre-chilled in liquid nitrogen before being transferred to Precellys tubes. Polar metabolites were extracted following the protocol of Tripp-Valdez et al. (2017), adjusted as follows: 400 µL methanol and 125 µL MilliQ water for homogenization and 400 µL chloroform and 400 µL MilliQ water for phase separation. All steps used pre-chilled (0 to 4 °C) instruments and reagents to minimize metabolite degradation. The polar upper layer was transferred to 1.5 mL tubes and dried overnight in a SpeedVac vacuum concentrator at 30 °C (RVC 2-18, Martin Christ Freeze Dryers GmbH, Germany). Dried polar metabolites were resuspended in D2O containing 3-(trimethylsilyl)propionic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid sodium salt (TSP; 0.05 wt %; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) as internal standard and chemical shift reference, in a 1:1 ratio of µL D2O per mg tissue WW. Measurement: Untargeted metabolite profiling was performed using an ultra-shielded vertical 9.4 T NMR spectrometer (Avance III HD 400 WB, Bruker-BioSpin GmbH, Germany) equipped with a 1.7 mm TXI MicroProbe. Metabolite spectra were acquired using TopSpin 3.2 (Bruker-BioSpin GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany) at room temperature, with the following parameters: 1D-Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse train with f1 presaturation (cpmgpr1d), 90° pulse 8.4 µs, TD 70.656, sweep width 8802 Hz (22 ppm), acquisition time 4.01 s, relaxation delay 4 s, 4 dummy scans and 128 scans per sample. ¹H-NMR spectra were processed and analyzed in Chenomx NMR Suite V.12.0 (Chenomx Inc., Canada): automated zero-filling, exponential multiplication (0.3 Hz line broadening), phase correction, baseline correction, shim correction and TSP calibration. Spectra from each tissue type within experimental groups were overlaid in Chenomx Profiler to evaluate spectral quality, comparability, linewidths, shifts and baselines, a step critical for accurate metabolite quantification. The adenylates ATP, ADP and AMP were summed as one metabolite (adenylates), resulting in a total of 27 metabolites.

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