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D 6.1: Improving fruit set and quality standards of mango in the mountainous area of Vietnam

Das Projekt "D 6.1: Improving fruit set and quality standards of mango in the mountainous area of Vietnam" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Kulturpflanzenwissenschaften, Fachgebiet Ertragsphysiologie der Sonderkulturen (340f) durchgeführt. A major problem in mango production in Northern Vietnam is a premature fruit drop. However, the underlying plant processes in response to environmental and/or crop management factors are not understood. There is a general belief that this phenomenon is caused by different combinations of stressing factors which may vary between different regions and sites. In the mountainous area of northern Vietnam (Son La Province), fruit drop in mango may be caused by relatively hot, dry prevailing winds which typically occur in February/March. Consequently, it has to be determined which plant process responds sensitively to specific environmental conditions and subsequently causes, through its alteration, premature fruit drop. The identification of the physiological basis of premature fruit drop not only is of scientific interest but also of commercial significance, allowing the development of effective, fruit drop reducing crop management strategies and thus ensuring a economically sustainable cultivation of mango in this region. The research project has two main parts; environmental crop physiology and fruit quality. The environmental crop physiology part investigates whether premature fruit drop is caused by high temperature/vapour pressure deficit (VPD) conditions and related to: 1. temperature dependence of pollen tube growth and flower quality; 2. altered carbon fixation and carbon partitioning between sources (leaves) and sinks (fruit), thus possible limitations of carbon supply to developing mango fruit; 3. altered basipetal auxin export from fruit and fruit ethylene concentration. The fruit quality part will primarily carry out sensory fruit analyses and establish harvest quality criteria with the aim to improve the economic returns and thereby the economic situation of the fruit growers in the long-term.

UV-Reflexion von Fruechten

Das Projekt "UV-Reflexion von Fruechten" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bonn, Institut für Obstbau und Gemüsebau durchgeführt. Durch den zunehmenden Abbau der Ozonschicht in der Stratosphaere u.a. durch FCKWs werden auch die Fruechte im Obst- und Gemuesebau UV- und verstaerkt UVB-Strahlen ausgesetzt. Ziel des Projektes ist, negative Auswirkungen auf die Fruchtqualitaet obst- und gemuesebaulicher Nahrungsmittel zu untersuchen. Seit 1997 ist in den USA ein tragbares Spektralphotometer auf dem Markt, mit dem u a die Lichtreflexion im Bereich 190-1000 nm gemessen werden kann. Eigene Messungen an Apfelfruechten zeigten, dass hellgruene Fruechte wie 'Golden Delicious' das meiste und dunkelrote wie 'Royal Gala' das wenigste sichtbare Licht reflektieren. Im Bereich der UV-Strahlen war die Reflektion jedoch bei allen untersuchten Sorten mit Werten unter 1 Prozent sehr gering, so dass die UV-Strahlen fast ungehindert in das Fruchtfleisch eindringen koennen.

PLANT-KBBE III: SAFQIM - Zucker und Fruchtqualität bei Melonen

Das Projekt "PLANT-KBBE III: SAFQIM - Zucker und Fruchtqualität bei Melonen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie durchgeführt. Das Hauptziel dieses Projekts wird es sein, den Saccharose Stoffwechsel der Melone mittels einer Kombination von genetischen, Transkriptom- und Metabolomansätzen zu verstehen. Vor allem durch Saccharose vermittelte Fruchtsüße, ist eine der wichtigsten Eigenschaften für Melonen Züchter, Produzenten und Konsumenten. Wir werden uns hierzu die genetischen und genomischen Tools (Kartierungspopulationen, Tilling und EcoTILLING Plattformen, EST Sammlungen, Microarray, Entwurf Genomsequenz) die jetzt auch in der Melone zur Verfügung stehen, zu Nutze machen, um Gene zu finden, die potentiell wertvolle Phänotypen bedingen. Das ultimative Ziel ist, Melonenlinien mit neuen Allele von Genen, die das Zucker-Profil und nach der Ernte Stabilität der Zucker im Obst verbessern, zu charakterisieren. Der Vorschlag ist in vier Arbeitspakete aufgeteilt. AP1 konzentriert sich auf die Identifizierung von QTLs der Zuckerakkumulation in der Melonenfrucht mittels Kartierungspopulationen. AP2 wird sich mit dem Studium der Quellen-Senken-Beziehungen und der Stabilität der Saccharose nach der Ernte in klimakterischen Melonenarten beschäftigen. In beiden Fällen wird dieses mit Hilfe eines Transkriptom-und Metabolom Ansatzes geschehen. AP3 wird Melonen TILLING und EcoTILLING Plattformen auf der Suche nach Zuckerstoffwechselmutanten durchmustern. Schließlich ist das Ziel des Arbeitspaketes 4 neues Pflanzenmaterial zu generieren, um die Zuckerakkumulation in dieser Art zu verstehen

Teilprojekt 2

Das Projekt "Teilprojekt 2" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Agrartechnik, Fachgebiet Verfahrenstechnik in der Pflanzenproduktion (440d) durchgeführt. Trauben (vitis vinifera L.) werden weltweit angebaut. Obwohl traditionell ohne Bewässerung kultiviert, werden sie in ariden Regionen oftmals bewässert, um Ertragseinbußen durch ausgeprägten Wasserstress zu vermeiden. Aber auch in gemäßigten Breiten werden Reben bewässert, um Trockenphasen zu überbrücken. Generell spielt bei der Rebenbewässerung das Bewässerungsmanagement eine wichtige Rolle, da z.B. durch reduzierte Wassergaben und kontrollierten moderaten Wasserstress die Fruchtqualität gesteigert und als Folge dessen auch die Wassernutzungseffizienz optimiert werden kann. Ziel des Projekts ist die Entwicklung eines drahtlosen Sensor- und Kontrollsystems (SKS) zur Überwachung des exakten Wasserstatus bei Reben. Der Wasserstatus der Reben wird dabei nicht aus Klima- oder Bodenfeuchtemessungen abgeleitet, sondern direkt an der Pflanze über energieautarke Wassergehaltsmessungen im Stamm der Reben ermittelt. Die Wasserstatus-Daten werden über Mobilfunk an Computer oder Smartphone des Weinbauers gesendet. Zusammen mit in der Benutzersoftware implementierten Standortsinformationen hat der Weinbauer dadurch einen aktuellen und zeitlich lückenlosen Überblick über den Wasserstatus sowie über die relative Wasserstatusentwicklung der beobachteten Reben.

E 1.2: Multi-layer drying models for optimising high value crop drying in small scale food industries

Das Projekt "E 1.2: Multi-layer drying models for optimising high value crop drying in small scale food industries" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Agrartechnik, Fachgebiet Agrartechnik in den Tropen und Subtropen durchgeführt. Fruit tree cultivation is a suitable option for erosion control in mountainous regions of Southeast Asia. However, seasonal overproduction and insufficient access to markets can cause economic losses. The possibility of processing fruits locally could contribute considerably to increase and stabilize farm income. Currently, fruit drying methods in these areas are yielding products of inferior quality. Pre-treatments such as sulphurizing are commonly used, but can make the product undesirable for international markets. In addition, high energy requirements increase production costs significantly. Therefore, the objective of subproject E1.2 is to optimize the drying process of small-scale fruit processing industries in terms of dryer capacity, energy consumption and efficiency and end product quality. During SFB-phase II in E1.1, drying fundamentals for the key fruits mango, litchi and longan were established. In laboratory experiments, impacts of drying parameters on quality were investigated and numerical single-layer models for simulation of drying kinetics have been designed. In SFB-phase III this knowledge will be expanded with the aim of optimizing practical drying processes. Therefore, the single-layer models will be extended to multi-layer models for simulating bulk-drying conditions. The Finite Element Method (FEM) will be adapted to calculate heat and mass transfer processes. Thermodynamic behavior of batch and tray dryers will be simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. Drying facilities will be optimized by systematic parameter variation. For reduction of energy costs, the potential of solar energy and biomass will be investigated in particular. Further research approaches are resulting from cooperation with other subprojects. A mechanic-enzymatic peeling method will be jointly used with E2.3 for studying the drying behavior of peeled litchi and longan fruits. Furthermore, a fruit maturity sensor based on Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy (ARS) will be developed in cooperation with E2.3 and B3.2. Finally, an internet platform will be built for exchange of farmer-processor information about harvest time and quantities to increase utilization of the processing facilities.

T 2: Development of energy-efficient systems for high-quality fruit drying - initiated by the SFB subproject E1

Das Projekt "T 2: Development of energy-efficient systems for high-quality fruit drying - initiated by the SFB subproject E1" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Agrartechnik, Fachgebiet Agrartechnik in den Tropen und Subtropen durchgeführt. Background: Thailand is an agriculture-based economy with production of high value fruits as one of the main sources of crop revenue. Among them, longan and litchi have significant importance for the economy. Those fruits are produced mainly in the northern region. Litchi is grown primarily by smallholders in the mountainous areas. However, the orchards are being substituted by seasonal field crops because the profitability of litchi growers has been jeopardized by unstable prices and insufficient access to markets. Consequently, this substitution have resulted on increasing levels of erosion, pesticide use and water demands. Local production of dried fruits by small-scale industries or farmer cooperatives is a promising solution for the upland growers. Such practice keeps the value adding process in the rural area, allows decoupling producer from the unstable fresh market and eliminates the middle man from the value chain. However, with the rising fuel cost the profitability of this operation may be reduced. Particularly because the current drying technology used in small-scale food processing industries has low energy efficiency and yield heterogeneous product, not allowing them to achieve the standards of the international market. Therefore small-scale fruit drying equipment has to be optimized to increase energy efficiency and to meet export quality standards. Additionally, renewable sources like biomass or biogas produced from fruit processing wastes, such as pruning wood, seeds, and peels, can provide energy for drying and replace fossil fuels. Therefore, biogas and biomass combustion should be integrated in the drying systems. Results until now: A survey of litchi drying facilities in Northern Thailand was conducted. Semi-structured questionnaires were applied to evaluate the facilities in terms of age, equipment, operational procedures, energy, labor and costs. Various types of cabinet tray dryers heated either with LPG or firewood were found and it was observed that in general producers face difficulties in achieving uniform batches. An additional survey was carried at the sites where the LPG-fueled tray dryer from the Likhitchewan company are used. Users mentioned its convenient operation, good temperature control and cost-capacity ratio as its main advantages. The high fuel consumption and non-uniformity of the drying batch were consistently regarded as drawbacks. The quality and energy performance of the Likhitchewan tray dryer was experimentally analyzed for litchi drying in a farmers cooperative. Non-uniform temperature distribution in the drying chamber was observed resulting on heterogeneous batch. Regarding the energy performance, about 15 kg of LPG was required per batch which yielded approximately 15 kg of dry litchi. Losses via exhaust air and convective losses were the main heat sinks identified. (abridged text)

E 2.2: Contributions of expanded raw material availability and waste utilization to sustainable fruit processing in the tropics and subtropics

Das Projekt "E 2.2: Contributions of expanded raw material availability and waste utilization to sustainable fruit processing in the tropics and subtropics" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Lebensmittelwissenschaft und Biotechnologie, Fachgebiet Lebensmittel pflanzlicher Herkunft (150d) durchgeführt. Since the beginning of the Uplands Program in 2000, subproject E2 has been aimed at adjusted strategies for the utilization of mangoes, lychees and longans. The whole processing chain from fruit production through fruit processing to marketing has been studied in an interdisciplinary approach together with subprojects D1.1 (Fruit production) and E3.1 (Market potential) in Thailand. Various levels, such as raw material quality as well as technological and economic evaluation of fruit processing, have been investigated. In fruit processing, technological focus has been on fluid mango products. Continuation of E2 in phase 2 of the Uplands Program aims at sustainable food processing on two levels. Regarding quality profiles of raw fruits for fresh marketing or processing, quality and food safety aspects of fruits produced out of season is in the center of attention, since increased capacity utilization is expected due to increase or extension of harvesting periods per year, which should be based on ecologically compatible fruit production. Continuing research on mango processing, material circulation in food processing is intended by utilization of waste from fruit processing to recover by-products, especially pectins as gelling and stabilizing agents or bioactive fiber, prior to the use of residual waste as feed, thus reducing disposal problems and increasing added value by processing of the whole raw material into high-value main and by-products. Investigating the long-term effects of present and new off-season fruit production techniques applied by D1.1-2 (Alternate bearing) on fruit yield and quality in terms of appearance, basic components such as soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamins and selected secondary plant metabolites (polyphenols), E2.2 is involved in the interdisciplinary research on the potential of off-season fruit production. Present public discussion on food safety, which is caused by increasing export problems due to exessive use of agrochemicals in Thailand, requires to test the effect of long-term application of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and KClO3. Both agrochemicals are presently used in root treatment of mango and longan trees, respectively, to induce flowering and off-season fruit production. Quantitative residue analyses in fruits will be performed by E2.2 applying GC-MS and HPLC. Conflicting reports on PBZ mobility in the plant support the need to prove the absence of non-tolerable PBZ residues in off-season mango fruits, thus strengthening the objective of D1.2 (Alternate bearing) in replacement of PBZ. Together with B2.2 (Agrochemical transport), residue analysis in the soil will be performed for the highly persistent triazolic plant growth regulator PBZ to monitor the impact of long-term application of PBZ on environmental risks in present off-season fruit production techniques over the period of phase 2. (abridged text)

B 3.1: Efficient water use of mixed cropping systems in watersheds of Northern Thailand highlands

Das Projekt "B 3.1: Efficient water use of mixed cropping systems in watersheds of Northern Thailand highlands" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Kulturpflanzenwissenschaften (340), Fachgebiet Düngung und Bodenstoffhaushalt (340i) durchgeführt. Worldwide an important part of agricultural added value is produced under irrigation. By irrigation unproductive areas can be cultivated, additional harvests can be obtained or different crops can be planted. Since its introduction into Northern Thailand lychee has developed as one of the dominating cash crops. Lychee is produced in the hillside areas and has to be irrigated during the dry season, which is the main yield-forming period. Water therefore is mainly taken from sources or streams in the mountain forests. As nowadays all the available resources are being used do to increased production, a further increase in production can only be achieved by increasing the water use efficiency. In recent years, partial root-zone drying has become a well-established irrigation technique in wine growing areas. In a ten to fifteen days rhythm one part of the root system is irrigated while the other dries out and produces abscisic acid (ABA) a drought stress hormone. While the vegetative growth and thus labor for pruning is reduced, the generative growth remains widely unaffected. Thereby water-use efficiency can be increased by more than 40Prozent. In this sub-project the PRD-technique as well as other deficit irrigation strategies shall be applied in lychee and mango orchards and its effects on plant growth and yield shall be analyzed. Especially effects of this water-saving technology on the nutrient balance shall be considered, in order to develop an optimized fertigation strategy with respect to yield and fruit quality. As shown in preliminary studies, the nutrient supply is low in soils and fruit trees in Northern Thailand (e.g. phosphate) and even deficient for both micronutrients boron (B) and zinc (Zn). Additionally, non-adapted supply of nitrogen (mineralization, fertilization) can induce uneven flowering and fruit set. Therefore, improvement is necessary. For a better understanding of possible influence of low B and Zn supply on flowering and fruit set, mobility and retranslocation of both micronutrients shall be investigated for mango and lychee. Finally, the intended system of partial root-zone fertigation (PRF) shall guarantee an even flowering and a better yield formation under improved use of the limited resource water. As this modern technique, which requires a higher level of irrigation-technology, cannot be immediately spread among the farmers in the region, in a parallel approach potential users shall be integrated in a participative process for adaptation and development. Water transport and irrigation shall be considered, as both factors offer a tremendous potential for water saving. Local knowledge shall be integrated in the participatory process (supported by subproject A1.2, Participatory Research) in order to finally offer adapted technologies for application within PRF systems for the different conditions of farmers in the hillsides of Northern Thailand.

Teilprojekt D

Das Projekt "Teilprojekt D" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie durchgeführt. Auf der Basis von molekularen Markern soll ein einfaches Testsystem entwickelt werden, dass Tomatenproduzenten hilft, die Qualität ihrer Erzeugnisse frühzeitig bestimmen zu können. Der Assay soll in einer schnellen Vor-Ort Identifizierung die für eine verbesserte Tomatenqualität ausschlaggebenden genetischen Faktoren anzeigen. Hierbei soll insbesondere der positive Effekt der Inokulation mit arbuskulären Mykorrhizapilzen (AMP) auf die Produktion qualitativ hochwertiger Tomaten ausgenutzt werden. Mittels vergleichender Transkriptome-Analyse sollen genetische Marker gefunden und in unabhängigen Versuchen validiert werden. Bestätigte Marker werden genutzt, um den Test auf Basis von RNA-DNA-Hybridisierung mit anschließender Farbreaktion zu entwickeln. Der Test wird quantitative Daten zur Einschätzung der Tomatenqualität ermöglichen und anzeigen, wie der Einsatz von AMP die Fruchtqualität verbessert. - Identifizierung und Validierung von Kandidatengenen: Über die Kombination von Metaboliten- und Transkript-Profiling werden Gene identifiziert, deren Expression in den Früchten durch die AMP erhöht wurde und die mit der Verbesserung des Geschmacks korrelieren. Mittels funktioneller Studien wird überprüft, inwieweit die selektierten (Text gekürzt)

Teilprojekt A

Das Projekt "Teilprojekt A" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von INOQ GmbH durchgeführt. Einsatz arbuskulärer Mykorrhizapilze als Bodenhilfsstoff zur Produktion qualitativ hochwertiger Tomaten im Gewächshaus Kurzbeschreibung per E-Mail senden: Sie können folgende Kurzbeschreibung verwenden (maximal 3.000 Zeichen): Für den Einsatz von arbuskulären Mykorrhizapilzen (AMP) als Hilfsstoff zur Produktion qualitativ hochwertiger Tomaten im Gewächshaus muss eine Methode entwickelt werden, die es ermöglicht, Tomatenpflanzen unter Hydrokultur-Bedingungen stabil zu mykorrhizieren. Basierend auf einer vorliegenden AMP-Genbank werden unterschiedliche AMP zum Einsatz kommen und auf ihre Eignung zur Tomaten-Geschmacksverbesserung und Verkürzung der Zeit bis zur ersten Blüte getestet. Gleichzeitig sollen Testsysteme entwickelt werden, die auf der Basis von molekularen Markern anzeigen können, wie der Einsatz von AMP die Fruchtqualität verbessert. Die kommerzielle Nutzung der AMP-Produkte einschließlich des entwickelten Verfahrens zur Mykorrhizierung soll damit zu einer nachhaltigen Geschmacksverbesserung und einer früheren Ernte bei gleichzeitig verlängerter Produktionszeit von im Gewächshaus produzierten Tomaten führen.

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