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GTS Bulletin: ISAH02 HKLP - Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR (details are described in the abstract)

The ISAH02 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (I): Observational data (Binary coded) - BUFR T1T2 (IS): Surface/sea level T1T2A1 (ISA): Routinely scheduled observations for distribution from automatic (fixed or mobile) land stations (e.g. 0000, 0100, … or 0220, 0240, 0300, …, or 0715, 0745, ... UTC) A2 (H): 90°E - 0° tropical belt(The bulletin collects reports from stations: HKLP;) (Remarks from Volume-C: XXX)

Model Output Statistics for HEL (12135)

DWD’s fully automatic MOSMIX product optimizes and interprets the forecast calculations of the NWP models ICON (DWD) and IFS (ECMWF), combines these and calculates statistically optimized weather forecasts in terms of point forecasts (PFCs). Thus, statistically corrected, updated forecasts for the next ten days are calculated for about 5400 locations around the world. Most forecasting locations are spread over Germany and Europe. MOSMIX forecasts (PFCs) include nearly all common meteorological parameters measured by weather stations. For further information please refer to: [in German: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/met_verfahren_mosmix/met_verfahren_mosmix.html ] [in English: https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/met_application_mosmix/met_application_mosmix.html ]

Measurements of bending properties of kelp, Laminaria hyperborea, Heligoland, Germany

The flexural rigidity and bending modulus of kelp, Laminaria hyperborea, collected at the MarGate area (https://www.awi.de/en/science/special-groups/scientific-diving/margate.html) north of Heligoland, Germany (latitude: 54° 11.700'N, longitude: 7° 52.600'E) was determined from measurements performed at the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research. Scientific divers from the Biological Institute Helgoland, AWI, collected nine kelps (Laminaria hyperborea) from the MarGate area on 21.06.2022. The collected kelps were transported into the laboratory in boxes filled with seawater from the site and stored in laboratory sinks filled with running aerated seawater from the North Sea during the experiments. The measurements were carried out on 23.06.2022, 25.06.2022, and 27.06.2022. They consisted of cutting strips 20 cm in length (L) and 2.5 cm in width (b) from the blades close to the stipe of each kelp. The cut-out strips were towel-dried, and their thickness (t, mm) and weight in grams were measured. The weight in grams was converted to weight per unit area (w, N/m²) to compute the flexural rigidity per unit width (J, Nm). A standard ruler with precision for the nearest millimeter was used to measure the length (L), width (b), and cantilever length (l) of strips. The thickness (t) of the strip was measured with a caliper gauge that measured to the nearest 0.01 millimeter. The weight of the strip was measured by a weighing scale (Sartorius, LE323S), which had a precision of 0.001 grams. The cut-out strips from each kelp form the nine samples tested for the bending properties. Each sample is used to repeat the cantilever test four times, i.e., both sides' ends, as Henry (2014) recommended to improve the accuracy. An apparatus consisting of two planes, one angled at 45° (θ = 45°) and the other parallel to the horizontal, was used for the test. The device was clamped onto a table on the horizontal plane. The experimental protocol consists of laying each strip onto the apparatus with the strip's edge coinciding with the apparatus's angled edge. After that, the strip is slowly moved forward with a ruler, with the ruler's zero coinciding with the strip's edge. This is done until the tip of the strip touches the inclined plane. The horizontal projection of the length of the hanging strip is equal to the distance between the ruler's tip and the apparatus's angle, termed the cantilever length (l). The flexural rigidity per unit width (J, Nm) and the bending modulus (Eb, N/m²) are then calculated with the second moment of area (I, m⁴) as in Henry (2014).

Laminaria digitata gametophyte survival and sporophyte formation during exposure to increased temperatures

To assess the thermal adaptation of microscopic stages of the kelp Laminaria digitata along latitudes, we conducted laboratory experiments on samples from six locations in the NE Atlantic (Spitsbergen (SPT), Tromsø (TRM), Bodø (BOD; all Norway), Helgoland (HLG; Germany), Roscoff (ROS) and Quiberon (QUI; both France)), spanning the species' entire distribution range. Gametophyte stock cultures from the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research were used. Prior to the experiments, cultures were stored at 15°C in iron-free ½ Provasoli enriched seawater in 3-4 µmol photons/m²/s red light. In experiment 1, we exposed gametophytes to (sub-) lethal high priming temperatures (20-25°C) for two weeks, followed by two weeks of recovery at 15°C, to observe gametophyte survival and sporophyte formation. During the experiments, samples were kept in 15 µmol photons/m²/s white light under a 16:8h light:dark cycle.

Laminaria digitata gametophyte survival and microscopic sporophyte formation, abundance and growth during exposure to decreased temperatures

To assess the thermal adaptation of microscopic stages of the kelp Laminaria digitata along latitudes, we conducted laboratory experiments on samples from six locations in the NE Atlantic (Spitsbergen (SPT), Tromsø (TRM), Bodø (BOD; all Norway), Helgoland (HLG; Germany), Roscoff (ROS) and Quiberon (QUI; both France)), spanning the species' entire distribution range. Gametophyte stock cultures from the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research were used. Prior to the experiments, cultures were stored at 15°C in iron-free ½ Provasoli enriched seawater in 3-4 µmol photons/m²/s red light. In experiment 2, samples were subjected to (sub-) optimal low temperatures (0-15°C) for 21 days, to assess gametophyte survival, sporophyte formation and growth. During the experiments, samples were kept in 15 µmol photons/m²/s white light under a 16:8h light:dark cycle. Sporophyte growth rates both in length and in width were determined as follows: GR = (x2-x1)/(t2-t1), where x is the length or width (μm) and t is the time in weeks at time point 1 and 2.

Integrated survival of Laminaria digitata gametophytes exposed to increased temperatures

To assess the thermal adaptation of microscopic stages of the kelp Laminaria digitata along latitudes, we conducted laboratory experiments on samples from six locations in the NE Atlantic (Spitsbergen (SPT), Tromsø (TRM), Bodø (BOD; all Norway), Helgoland (HLG; Germany), Roscoff (ROS) and Quiberon (QUI; both France)), spanning the species' entire distribution range. Gametophyte stock cultures from the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research were used. Prior to the experiments, cultures were stored at 15°C in iron-free ½ Provasoli enriched seawater in 3-4 µmol photons/m²/s red light. In experiment 1, we exposed gametophytes to (sub-) lethal high priming temperatures (20-25°C) for two weeks, followed by two weeks of recovery at 15°C, to observe gametophyte survival and sporophyte formation. During the experiments, samples were kept in 15 µmol photons/m²/s white light under a 16:8h light:dark cycle.

Local adaptation of microscopic stages of North Atlantic Laminaria digitata to high and low temperatures along latitudes: survival, reproduction and growth

To assess the thermal adaptation of microscopic stages of the kelp Laminaria digitata along latitudes, we conducted laboratory experiments on samples from six locations in the NE Atlantic (Spitsbergen (SPT), Tromsø (TRM), Bodø (BOD; all Norway), Helgoland (HLG; Germany), Roscoff (ROS) and Quiberon (QUI; both France)), spanning the species' entire distribution range. In experiment 1, we exposed gametophytes to (sub-) lethal high priming temperatures (20-25°C) for two weeks, followed by two weeks of recovery at 15°C, to observe gametophyte survival and sporophyte formation. In experiment 2, samples were subjected to (sub-) optimal low temperatures (0-15°C) for 21 days, to assess gametophyte survival, sporophyte formation and growth. During the experiments, samples were kept in 15 µmol photons/m²/s white light under a 16:8h light:dark cycle. Prior to the experiments, cultures were stored at 15°C in iron-free ½ Provasoli enriched seawater in 3-4 µmol photons/m²/s red light.

Photosynthetically active radiation measured in different water depths near the island of Helgoland in summer 2014

In-situ photosynetically active radiation (PAR) was measured in different depths (1.2, 2.9, 4.4, 6.6 m) every 10-15 min during summer 2014. Odyssey PAR loggers were calibrated against a cosine-corrected planar PAR sensor (LI-190SA quantum sensor, LI-COR Inc., USA) over a 24 h period at 4 m depth in the Helgolandic South harbor. During the Laminaria hyperborea sampling period (seven weeks), incoming PAR was recorded continuously every 15 min at 1.2 and 2.9 m, and every 30 min at 4.4 and 6.6 m near the sampling area of sporophytes. To avoid biofouling of the sensor heads, PAR loggers were cleaned every week (1.2 m) or every second week (all other depths) by SCUBA divers.

Information on Laminaria hyperborea samples off the island of Helgoland in summer 2014

Laminaria hyperborea off the island of Helgoland (North Sea, Germany) was sampled along a depth gradient (0.5, 2, 4, 6 m) throughout summer 2014. Stipe length of the sporophyte was measured. In blade discs from three different blade regions (5, 25 and 50 cm above the stipe-blade transition zone) dry mass, fresh mass and dry mass:area ratio were measured.

Photosynthesis versus irradiance curves of Laminaria hyperborea off the island of Helgoland in summer 2014

Laminaria hyperborea off the island of Helgoland (North Sea, Germany) was sampled along a depth gradient (0.5, 2, 4, 6 m) throughout summer 2014. Discs were cut from three different blade regions (5, 25 and 50 cm above the stipe-blade transition zone) and set into photosynthesis versus irradiance (PI) curves. Incident light was generated by a slide projector (Liesegang Dianfant, Leitz Prado, Germany) equipped with a halogen lamp (Osram Xenophot 400 W/36 V, Germany) and 11 Schott neutral gray filters. Eleven light steps were conducted between 0 and 560 µmol photons m-2 s-1. Dark respiration was measured first for 20 mins followed by increasing light steps in 10 min intervals. Oxygen concentration expressed in % air saturation was logged by the OxyView software (Presens, Regensburg, Germany) and corrected for air pressure, salinity and logged temperature according to Tengberg et al. (2006). During post-processing, the oxygen production rate for each photon flux density (PFD) level was calculated by plotting a linear regression model through all O2-values measured during the time interval, and was normalized to either fresh mass (FM, unit: µmol O2 g–1 h–1) or disc surface area (DA, unit: µmol O2 cm–2 h–1).

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