Das Hauptziel des Projekts ist die Untersuchung und die Entwicklung von Methoden nicht nur zur punktuellen, sondern auch zur flächenhaften Bestimmung der Bodenfeuchte. Zur Anwendung sollen Geländetechniken wie Time-Domain Reflectrometry (TDR), Georadar (GPR), Elektrische Widerstand (ER), Elektromagnetische Induktion (EMI) sowie GNSS Scatterometry kommen. Eine der methodischen Hauptfragen ist die Nutzung der GNSS Scatterometry zur Ermittlung der Bodenfeuchte im Feldmaßstab. Eine weitere grundlegende Forschungsfrage wird die weitere Entwicklung der elektrischen und elektromagnetischen geophysikalischen Techniken für bodenkundliche Anwendungen sein.
Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV, Baculoviridae) is one of the most important agents for the control of codling moth (CM, Cydia pomonella, L.) in both biological and integrated pest management. The rapid emergence of resistance against CpGV-M, which was observed in about 40 European CM field populations from 2003 on, could be traced back to a single, dominant, sex-linked gene. Since then, resistance management has been based on mixtures of new CpGV isolates (CpGV-I12, -S), which are able to overcome this resistance. Recently, resistance even to these novel isolates was observed in CM field populations. This resistance does not follow the described dominant, sex-linked inheritance trait. At the same time, another isolate CpGV-V15 was identified showing high virulence against these resistant populations. To elucidate this novel resistance mechanism and to identify the resistance gene(s) involved, we propose a comprehensive analysis of this resistance on the cellular and genomic level of codling moth. Because of the lack of previous knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of virus resistance in insects, several different and complementary approaches will be pursued. This study will not only give an in-depth insight into the genetic possibilities for development of baculovirus resistance in CM field populations and how the virus overcomes it, but can also serve as an important model for other baculovirus-host interaction systems.
Soil organic matter (SOM) controls large part of the processes occurring at biogeochemical interfaces in soil and may contribute to sequestration of organic chemicals. Our central hypothesis is that sequestration of organic chemicals is driven by physicochemical SOM matrix aging. The underlying processes are the formation and disruption of intermolecular bridges of water molecules (WAMB) and of multivalent cations (CAB) between individual SOM segments or between SOM and minerals in close interaction with hydration and dehydration mechanisms. Understanding the role of these mediated interactions will shed new light on the processes controlling functioning and dynamics of biogeochemical interfaces (BGI). We will assess mobility of SOM structural elements and sorbed organic chemicals via advanced solid state NMR techniques and desorption kinetics and combine these with 1H-NMR-Relaxometry and advanced methods of thermal analysis including DSC, TGADSC- MS and AFM-nanothermal analysis. Via controlled heating/cooling cycles, moistening/drying cycles and targeted modification of SOM, reconstruction of our model hypotheses by computational chemistry (collaboration Gerzabek) and participation at two larger joint experiments within the SPP, we will establish the relation between SOM sequestration potential, SOM structural characteristics, hydration-dehydration mechanisms, biological activity and biogechemical functioning. This will link processes operative on the molecular scale to phenomena on higher scales.
The basidiomycete Armillaria mellea s.l. is one of the most important root rot pathogens of forest trees and comprises several species. The aim of the project is to identify the taxa occurring inSwitzerland and to understand their ecological behaviour. Root, butt and stem rots caused by different fungi are important tree diseases responsible for significant economic losses. Armillaria spp. occur world-wide and are important components of many natural and managed forest ecosystems. Armillaria spp. are known saprothrophs as well as primary and secondary pathogens causing root and butt rot on a large number of woody plants, including forest and orchard trees as well as grape vine and ornamentals. The identification of several Armillaria species in Europe warrants research in the biology and ecology of the different species. We propose to study A. cepistipes for the following reasons. First, A. cepistipes is dominating the rhizomorph populations in most forest types in Switzerland. This widespread occurrence contrasts with the current knowledge about A. cepistipes, which is very limited. Second, because the pathogenicity of A. cepistipes is considered low this fungus has the potential for using as an antagonist to control stump colonising pathogenic fungi, such as A. ostoyae and Heterobasidion annosum. This project aims to provide a better understanding of the ecology of A. cepistipes in mountainous Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests. Special emphasis will be given to interactions of A. cepistipes with A. ostoyae, which is a very common facultative pathogen and which often co-occurs with A. cepistipes. The populations of A. cepistipes and A. ostoyae will be investigated in mountainous spruce forests were both species coexist. The fungi will be sampled from the soil, from stumps and dead wood, and from the root system of infected trees to determine the main niches occupied by the two species. Somatic incompatibility will be used to characterise the populations of each species. The knowledge of the spatial distribution of individual genets will allow us to gain insights into the mode of competition and the mode of spreading. Inoculation experiments will be used to determine the variation in virulence expression of A. cepistipes towards Norway spruce and to investigate its interactions with A. ostoyae.
Das Ziel dieser Studie ist zu verstehen, wie komplexe zeitliche und räumliche Prozesse die Biodiversität und funktionelle Diversität der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft im Hainich CZE steuern. Ebenso wollen wir die dafür verantwortlichen Mechanismen entschlüsseln. Wir werden zur Hypothesenbildung mathematische Nahrungsnetzmodelle simulieren, und wie in der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft sich die Biodiversität, funktionelle Diversität und Ökosystemfunktion verhalten. Die Hypothesen werden anhand empirischer Felddaten getestet. Dafür werden wir Daten der verschiedenen AquaDiva Projekte aus der ersten und zweiten Phase synthetisieren und analysieren.
The detritusphere is an excellent model to study microbial-physicochemical interactions during degradation of the herbicide MCPA. Whereas during the first phase of SPP 1315 we focused on bacterial and fungal abundance at the soil litter interface and carbon flow between different compartments, the second phase will be devoted to elucidating complex regulation mechanisms of MCPA degradation in the detritusphere: (1) At the cellular level, co-substrate availability and laccase abundance might be important regulators, (2) at the community level, bacteria harbouring different classes of tfdA genes might control degradation of MCPA and (3) at the microhabitat level, interaction between MCPA degraders and organo-mineral surfaces as well as transport processes might be important regulators. The concept of hierarchical regulation of MCPA degradation will be included into the modelling of small-scale microbial growth, MCPA transport and MCPA degradation near the soil-litter interface.
We study the effects of plants and root-associated fungi on wind erosion within the alpine environment of Tibet. China is one of the countries most affected by desertification processes and Tibet, in particular, a key region in desertification combat. The presented project focuses on the Barkha Plain surrounded by Mount Kailash and the Lake of Manasarovar (Ngari Prefecture). This Western Tibet region experienced little scientific attention but, nowadays, faces rapidly increasing touristic activities and expanding local settlements associated with socio-economic changes that are serious threats to the delicate ecological balance and potential triggers of desertification. It exists almost unanimous agreement that revegetation is the most efficient and promising strategy to combat wind erosion and desertification in the long term. However, re-colonising success is often poor, mainly under extreme environmental conditions. Compared to conventional practices, the approach of the presented project attains better accordance with natural succession processes and promises acceleration of both plant and soil development and, conclusively, more efficient desertification control. The project assesses the potential of native plants and symbiotic fungi to control wind erosion and desertification processes. It aims to identify key plants and fungi that increase soil aggregate stability and efficiently drive succession into a natural and self-maintaining cycle of the ecosystem. Furthermore, it provides crucial information for implementing environmentally compatible and cost-effective measures to protect high-elevation ecosystems against desertification. Within three successional stages (early, intermediate, late), field investigations are performed on the basis of Modified-Whittaker plots. Classic methods of vegetation analysis and myco-sociology are combined with analysis of distribution patterns at different scales (patchiness, connectivity). Comprehensive soil analysis is performed comprising grain size distribution, aggregate stability, pH as well as water and nutrient contents. Additionally, important parameters of wind erosion are measured concurrently and continuously to assess their magnitude and variability with respect to vegetation and soil at different levels of development. The parameters addressed, include sediment transport, air temperature, radiation, precipitation, relative humidity as well as speed and direction of wind. Surface moisture is recorded periodically and roughness described. Species and environmental parameters are checked for spatial correlation. Cutting edge technologies are applied in laboratory work, comprising molecular methods for fungal species identification and micro-tomography to analyse soil structure. Furthermore, successfully cultivated fungi and plants are subject of synthesis experiments and industrial propagation in view of practical implementation in restoration measures.
WebMapService (WMS) mit den Probestellen aus der Trinkwasserdatenbank ZTEIS in Hamburg. Der WMS-Dienst unterliegt Datenschutzrechtlichen Bestimmungen und ist ausschließlich für die Visualisierung im Trinkwasserportal. In der Trinkwasserdatenbank ZTEIS (zentrales Trinkwassererfassungs- und Informationssystem) werden Untersuchungsergebnisse gesammelt, die vom Trinkwasserlabor der Hamburger Wasserwerke nach § 14 Trinkwasserverordnung (TrinkwV) und vom Institut für Hygiene und Umwelt nach § 19 TrinkwV durchgeführt werden. Die Untersuchungen erfolgen im Rahmen der Umsetzung der Trinkwasserverordnung und und stammen sowohl aus den Wasserwerken, wie auch aus dem Leitungsnetz. Der Behörde für Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz (BGV) obliegt die Überprüfung der öffentlichen Wasserversorgung. Die Datenbank hat primär den Zweck, die Berichterstattung gemäß § 21 TrinkwV zu gewährleisten. Seit 2003 werden in der Trinkwasserdatenbank ca. 24.000 Proben mit ca. 1,2 Mio. Untersuchungsergebnissen (Stand Februar 2014) gespeichert. Zur genaueren Beschreibung der Daten und Datenverantwortung nutzen Sie bitte den Verweis zur Datensatzbeschreibung.
Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) is a plant pathogen of economic and ecologic importance. It is globally distributed in a wide range of forest, fruit, and ornamental trees and shrubs. In several areas of cherry and walnut production CLRV causes severe losses in yield and quality. With current reference to the rapid dissemination and strong symptom expression in Finnish birches and the Germany-wide distribution of CLRV in birches and elderberry, we continuously investigate and gradually reveal CLRV transmission pathways as by pollen, seeds or water. However, modes and interactions responsible for the wide intergeneric host transmission as well as for the exceptional CLRV epidemic in Fennoscandia still remain unknown. In this project systematic studies shall investigate biological vectors as a causal agent to finally derive control mechanisms and strategies to avoid new epidemics in different hosts and geographic regions. Detailed monitoring of the invertebrate fauna of birch stands/forests and elderberry plantations in Germany and Finland shall reveal potential vectors to subsequently study them in detail by approved virus detection methods and transmission experiments. Molecular analyses of the CLRV coat protein shall prove its role as a viral determinant for a virus/vector interaction. Consequently, this project essentially will contribute important answers on the CLRV epidemiology, and this will be a key element within the first network of research on plant viral pathogens in forest trees.
In der Trinkwasserdatenbank ZTEIS (zentrales Trinkwassererfassungs- und Informationssystem) werden Untersuchungsergebnisse gesammelt, die vom Trinkwasserlabor der Hamburger Wasserwerke nach § 14 Trinkwasserverordnung (TrinkwV) und vom Institut für Hygiene und Umwelt nach § 19 TrinkwV durchgeführt werden. Die Untersuchungen erfolgen im Rahmen der Umsetzung der Trinkwasserverordnung und und stammen sowohl aus den Wasserwerken, wie auch aus dem Leitungsnetz. Der Behörde für Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz (BGV) obliegt die Überprüfung der öffentlichen Wasserversorgung. Die Datenbank hat primär den Zweck, die Berichterstattung gemäß § 21 TrinkwV zu gewährleisten. Seit 2003 werden in der Trinkwasserdatenbank ca. 24.000 Proben mit ca. 1,2 Mio. Untersuchungsergebnissen (Stand Februar 2014) gespeichert.
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